For other uses see Emergence (disambiguation) and Emergency. An emergency is a situation which poses an immediate risk to Health, Life, Property or environment.

See also the closely related articles: Spontaneous order and self-organization. See also the closely related articles Emergence and Self-organization. Self-organization is a process of Attraction and repulsion in which the internal organization of a System, normally an open system, increases

In philosophy, systems theory and the sciences, emergence refers to the way complex systems and patterns arise out of a multiplicity of relatively simple interactions. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Systems theory is an Interdisciplinary field of Science and the study of the nature of Complex systems in Nature, Society, and Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Emergence is central to the theories of integrative levels and of complex systems. An integrative level, or level of organization is a set of phenomena emerging on pre-existing phenomena of lower level This article describes complex system as a type of system For other meanings see Complex systems.

Contents 1 Definitions 2 Strong vs. weak emergence 3 Objective or subjective quality 4 Emergence in philosophy 5 Emergent properties and processes 6 Emergent structures in nature 6.1 Non-living, physical systems 6.2 Living, biological systems 7 Emergence in culture and engineering 7.1 Economics 7.2 World Wide Web 7.3 Architecture and cities 7.4 Mathematics 7.5 Language 7.6 Fads and beliefs 8 Emergence in political philosophy 8.1 Emergence in organisational theory 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References and bibliography 12 External links

Definitions

The concept behind the term has been in use since at least the time of Aristotle. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. ^[1] John Stuart Mill^[2] and Julian Huxley^[3] are just some of the historic luminaries who have written on the concept. John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 &ndash 8 May 1873 British Philosopher, political economist, civil servant and Member of Parliament, was an influential Sir Julian Sorell Huxley FRS ( 22 June 1887 &ndash 14 February 1975) was an English Evolutionary biologist

The term "emergent" was coined by the pioneer psychologist G. H. Lewes, who wrote:

"Every resultant is either a sum or a difference of the co-operant forces; their sum, when their directions are the same -- their difference, when their directions are contrary. George Henry Lewes (18 April 1817&ndash28 November 1878 was an English Philosopher, literary and theatre critic Further, every resultant is clearly traceable in its components, because these are homogeneous and commensurable. It is otherwise with emergents, when, instead of adding measurable motion to measurable motion, or things of one kind to other individuals of their kind, there is a co-operation of things of unlike kinds. The emergent is unlike its components insofar as these are incommensurable, and it cannot be reduced to their sum or their difference. " (Lewes 1875, p.  412)(Blitz 1992)

Professor Jeffrey Goldstein in the School of Business at Adelphi University provides a current definition of emergence in the journal, Emergence. Adelphi University is a private Nonsectarian university located in Garden City, in Nassau County New York. (Goldstein 1999). For Goldstein, emergence can be defined as: "the arising of novel and coherent structures, patterns and properties during the process of self-organization in complex systems. "(Corning 2002)

Goldstein's definition can be further elaborated to describe the qualities of this definition in more detail:

"The common characteristics are: (1) radical novelty (features not previously observed in systems); (2) coherence or correlation (meaning integrated wholes that maintain themselves over some period of time); (3) A global or macro "level" (i. e. there is some property of "wholeness"); (4) it is the product of a dynamical process (it evolves); and (5) it is "ostensive" - it can be perceived. For good measure, Goldstein throws in supervenience -- downward causation. In Philosophy, supervenience is a kind of dependency relationship typically held to obtain between Sets of properties. " (Corning 2002)

Strong vs. weak emergence

Emergence may be generally divided into two perspectives, that of "weak emergence" and "strong emergence". Weak emergence describes new properties arising in systems as a result of the interactions at an elemental level. Weak Emergence is a type of Emergence in which the emergent property is reducible to its individual constituents Emergence, in this case, is merely part of the language, or model that is needed to describe a system's behaviour. Scientific modelling is the process of generating abstract, conceptual, Graphical and or mathematical models.

But if, on the other hand, systems can have qualities not directly traceable to the system's components, but rather to how those components interact, and one is willing to accept that a system supervenes on its components, then it is difficult to account for an emergent property's cause. System (from Latin systēma, in turn from Greek systēma is a set of interacting or interdependent Entities, real or abstract In Philosophy, supervenience is a kind of dependency relationship typically held to obtain between Sets of properties. These new qualities are irreducible to the system's constituent parts (Laughlin 2005). The principle of Irreducibility, in Philosophy, has the sense that a complete account of an Entity will not be possible at lower levels of explanation and which has The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. This view of emergence is called strong emergence. Strong emergence is a type of Emergence in which the emergent property is irreducible to its individual constituents Some fields in which strong emergence is more widely used include etiology, epistemology and ontology. Strong emergence is a type of Emergence in which the emergent property is irreducible to its individual constituents Etiology (alternatively aetiology, aitiology) is the study of causation. Epistemology (from Greek επιστήμη - episteme, "knowledge" + λόγος, " Logos " or theory of knowledge In Philosophy, ontology (from the Greek, genitive: of being (part

Regarding strong emergence, Mark A. Strong emergence is a type of Emergence in which the emergent property is irreducible to its individual constituents Bedau observes:

"Although strong emergence is logically possible, it is uncomfortably like magic. How does an irreducible but supervenient downward causal power arise, since by definition it cannot be due to the aggregation of the micro-level potentialities? Such causal powers would be quite unlike anything within our scientific ken. This not only indicates how they will discomfort reasonable forms of materialism. Their mysteriousness will only heighten the traditional worry that emergence entails illegitimately getting something from nothing. "(Bedau 1997)

However, "the debate about whether or not the whole can be predicted from the properties of the parts misses the point. Wholes produce unique combined effects, but many of these effects may be co-determined by the context and the interactions between the whole and its environment(s). " (Corning 2002) Along that same thought, Arthur Koestler stated, "it is the synergistic effects produced by wholes that are the very cause of the evolution of complexity in nature" and used the metaphor of Janus to illustrate how the two perspectives (strong or holistic vs. Arthur Koestler CBE ( September 5, 1905, Budapest &ndash March 3, 1983, London) was a weak or reductionistic) should be treated as perspectives, not exclusives, and should work together to address the issues of emergence. (Koestler 1969) Further,

"The ability to reduce everything to simple fundamental laws does not imply the ability to start from those laws and reconstruct the universe. . The constructionist hypothesis breaks down when confronted with the twin difficulties of scale and complexity. At each level of complexity entirely new properties appear. Psychology is not applied biology, nor is biology applied chemistry. We can now see that the whole becomes not merely more, but very different from the sum of its parts. "(Anderson 1972)

Objective or subjective quality

The properties of complexity and organization of any system are considered by Crutchfield to be subjective qualities determined by the observer. In the vernacular quality can mean a high degree of excellence (“a quality product” a degree of excellence or the lack of it (“work of average quality” or a property of

"Defining structure and detecting the emergence of complexity in nature are inherently subjective, though essential, scientific activities. Despite the difficulties, these problems can be analysed in terms of how model-building observers infer from measurements the computational capabilities embedded in non-linear processes. An observer’s notion of what is ordered, what is random, and what is complex in its environment depends directly on its computational resources: the amount of raw measurement data, of memory, and of time available for estimation and inference. The discovery of structure in an environment depends more critically and subtly, though, on how those resources are organized. The descriptive power of the observer’s chosen (or implicit) computational model class, for example, can be an overwhelming determinant in finding regularity in data. "(Crutchfield 1994)

On the other hand, Peter Corning argues "Must the synergies be perceived/observed in order to qualify as emergent effects, as some theorists claim? Most emphatically not. Peter Andrew Corning (1935 is an American Biologist, consultant and complex Systems scientist, and Director of the Institute for the Study of Complex Systems in The synergies associated with emergence are real and measurable, even if nobody is there to observe them. " (Corning 2002)

Emergence in philosophy

In philosophy, emergence is often understood to be a much stronger claim about the etiology of a system's properties. Etiology (alternatively aetiology, aitiology) is the study of causation. An emergent property of a system, in this context, is one that is not a property of any component of that system, but is still a feature of the system as a whole. Nicolai Hartmann, one of the first modern philosophers to write on emergence, termed this categorial novum (new category). Nicolai Hartmann (Niklāvs Hartmanis February 20, 1882 in Riga, Latvia – October 9, 1950) was a German

Emergent properties and processes

An emergent behaviour or emergent property can appear when a number of simple entities (agents) operate in an environment, forming more complex behaviours as a collective. An entity is something that has a distinct separate Existence, though it need not be a material existence If emergence happens over disparate size scales, then the reason is usually a causal relation across different scales. In other words there is often a form of top-down feedback in systems with emergent properties. The processes from which emergent properties result may occur in either the observed or observing system, and can commonly be identified by their patterns of accumulating change, most generally called 'growth'. Why emergent behaviours occur include: intricate causal relations across different scales and feedback, known as interconnectivity. Interconnectivity is a concept that is used in numerous fields such as Cybernetics, Biology, Ecology, Network theory, and Non-linear The emergent property itself may be either very predictable or unpredictable and unprecedented, and represent a new level of the system's evolution. The complex behaviour or properties are not a property of any single such entity, nor can they easily be predicted or deduced from behaviour in the lower-level entities: they are irreducible. No physical property of an individual molecule of air would lead one to think that a large collection of them will transmit sound. The shape and behaviour of a flock of birds[1] or shoal of fish are also good examples.

One reason why emergent behaviour is hard to predict is that the number of interactions between components of a system increases combinatorially with the number of components, thus potentially allowing for many new and subtle types of behaviour to emerge. Interaction is a kind of action that occurs as two or more objects have an Effect upon one another For example, the possible interactions between groups of molecules grows enormously with the number of molecules such that it is impossible for a computer to even count the number of arrangements for a system as small as 20 molecules.

On the other hand, merely having a large number of interactions is not enough by itself to guarantee emergent behaviour; many of the interactions may be negligible or irrelevant, or may cancel each other out. In some cases, a large number of interactions can in fact work against the emergence of interesting behaviour, by creating a lot of "noise" to drown out any emerging "signal"; the emergent behaviour may need to be temporarily isolated from other interactions before it reaches enough critical mass to be self-supporting. Thus it is not just the sheer number of connections between components which encourages emergence; it is also how these connections are organised. A hierarchical organisation is one example that can generate emergent behaviour (a bureaucracy may behave in a way quite different from that of the individual humans in that bureaucracy); but perhaps more interestingly, emergent behaviour can also arise from more decentralized organisational structures, such as a marketplace. In some cases, the system has to reach a combined threshold of diversity, organisation, and connectivity before emergent behaviour appears.

Unintended consequences and side effects are closely related to emergent properties. Unintended consequences are outcomes that are not (or not limited to what the actor intended in a particular situation Luc Steels writes: "A component has a particular functionality but this is not recognizable as a subfunction of the global functionality. Luc Steels is a Belgian scientist and Director of the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel. Instead a component implements a behaviour whose side effect contributes to the global functionality [. . . ] Each behaviour has a side effect and the sum of the side effects gives the desired functionality" (Steels 1990). In other words, the global or macroscopic functionality of a system with "emergent functionality" is the sum of all "side effects", of all emergent properties and functionalities.

Systems with emergent properties or emergent structures may appear to defy entropic principles and the second law of thermodynamics, because they form and increase order despite the lack of command and central control. In Thermodynamics (a branch of Physics) entropy, symbolized by S, is a measure of the unavailability of a system ’s Energy In Physics, thermodynamics (from the Greek θερμη therme meaning " Heat " and δυναμις dynamis meaning " This is possible because open systems can extract information and order out of the environment.

Emergence helps to explain why the fallacy of division is a fallacy. A Fallacy of division occurs when one reasons Logically that something true of a thing must also be true of all or some of its parts According to an emergent perspective, intelligence emerges from the connections between neurons, and from this perspective it is not necessary to propose a "soul" to account for the fact that brains can be intelligent, even though the individual neurons of which they are made are not. Interconnectivity is a concept that is used in numerous fields such as Cybernetics, Biology, Ecology, Network theory, and Non-linear

Emergent structures in nature

Emergent structures are patterns not created by a single event or rule. Nothing commands the system to form a pattern. Instead, the interaction of each part with its immediate surroundings causes a complex chain of processes leading to some order. One might conclude that emergent structures are more than the sum of their parts because the emergent order will not arise if the various parts are simply coexisting; the interaction of these parts is central. Emergent structures can be found in many natural phenomena, from the physical to the biological domain. For example, the shape of weather phenomena such as hurricanes are emergent structures. A tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a low pressure center and numerous Thunderstorms that produce strong winds and Flooding

It is useful to distinguish three forms of emergent structures. A first-order emergent structure occurs as a result of shape interactions (for example, hydrogen bonds in water molecules lead to surface tension). A hydrogen bond results from a Dipole-dipole force between an Electronegative atom and a Hydrogen atom bonded to Nitrogen, Oxygen For the work of fiction see Surface Tension (short story. Surface tension is a property of the surface of a Liquid that causes it to A Second-order emergent structure involves shape interactions played out sequentially over time (for example, changing atmospheric conditions as a snowflake falls to the ground build upon and alter its form). Finally, a third-order emergent structure is a consequence of shape, time, and heritable instructions. For example, an organism's genetic code sets boundary conditions on the interaction of biological systems in space and time.

Non-living, physical systems

In physics, emergence is used to describe a property, law, or phenomenon which occurs at macroscopic scales (in space or time) but not at microscopic scales, despite the fact that a macroscopic system can be viewed as a very large ensemble of microscopic systems. Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion.

An emergent property need not be more complicated than the underlying non-emergent properties which generate it. For instance, the laws of thermodynamics are remarkably simple, even if the laws which govern the interactions between component particles are complex. The term emergence in physics is thus used not to signify complexity, but rather to distinguish which laws and concepts apply to macroscopic scales, and which ones apply to microscopic scales.

Some examples include:

• Colour: Elementary particles have no colour; it is only when they are arranged in atoms that they absorb or emit specific wavelengths of light and can thus be said to have a colour. In Particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a particle not known to have substructure that is it is not known to be made History See also Atomic theory, Atomism The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny In Physics wavelength is the distance between repeating units of a propagating Wave of a given Frequency. In Physics, the photon is the Elementary particle responsible for electromagnetic phenomena
• Friction: Forces between elementary particles are conservative. Friction is the Force resisting the relative motion of two Surfaces in contact or a surface in contact with a fluid (e However, friction emerges when considering more complex structures of matter, whose surfaces can convert mechanical energy into heat energy when rubbed against each other. Similar considerations apply to other emergent concepts in continuum mechanics such as viscosity, elasticity, tensile strength, etc. Continuum mechanics is a branch of Mechanics that deals with the analysis of the Kinematics and mechanical behavior of materials modeled as a continuum e Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a Fluid which is being deformed by either Shear stress or Extensional stress. A material is said to be elastic if it deforms under stress (e Tensile strength \sigma_{UTS} or S_U is the Stress at which a material breaks or permanently deforms
• Classical mechanics: The laws of classical mechanics can be said to emerge as a limiting case from the rules of quantum mechanics applied to large enough masses. Classical mechanics is used for describing the motion of Macroscopic objects from Projectiles to parts of Machinery, as well as Astronomical objects Quantum mechanics is the study of mechanical systems whose dimensions are close to the Atomic scale such as Molecules Atoms Electrons This may be puzzling, because quantum mechanics is generally thought of as more complicated than classical mechanics.
• Statistical mechanics was initially derived using the concept of a large enough ensemble that fluctuations about the most likely distribution can be all but ignored. Statistical mechanics is the application of Probability theory, which includes mathematical tools for dealing with large populations to the field of Mechanics In Mathematical physics, especially as introduced into Statistical mechanics and Thermodynamics by J However, small clusters do not exhibit sharp first order phase transitions such as melting, and at the boundary it is not possible to completely categorize the cluster as a liquid or solid, since these concepts are (without extra definitions) only applicable to macroscopic systems. In Thermodynamics, phase transition or phase change is the transformation of a thermodynamic system from one phase to another Describing a system using statistical mechanics methods is much simpler than using a low-level atomistic approach.
• Patterned ground: the distinct, and often symmetrical geometric shapes formed by ground material in periglacial regions. Patterned ground is a term used to describe the distinct and often symmetrical geometric shapes formed by ground material in Periglacial regions

Temperature is sometimes used as an example of an emergent macroscopic behaviour. Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature In classical dynamics, a snapshot of the instantaneous momenta of a large number of particles at equilibrium is sufficient to find the average kinetic energy per degree of freedom which is proportional to the temperature. For a small number of particles the instantaneous momenta at a given time are not statistically sufficient to determine the temperature of the system. However, using the ergodic hypothesis, the temperature can still be obtained to arbitrary precision by further averaging the momenta over a long enough time. In Physics and Thermodynamics, the ergodic hypothesis says that over long periods of time the time spent by a particle in some region of the Phase space

Convection in a fluid or gas is another example of emergent macroscopic behaviour that makes sense only when considering differentials of temperature. Convection in the most general terms refers to the movement of molecules within Fluids (i Convection cells, particularly Bénard cells, are an example of a self-organizing system (more specifically, a dissipative system) whose structure is determined both by the constraints of the system and by random perturbations: the possible realizations of the shape and size of the cells depends on the temperature gradient as well as the nature of the fluid and shape of the container, but which configurations are actually realized is due to random perturbations (thus these systems exhibit a form of symmetry breaking). A convection cell is a phenomenon of Fluid dynamics that occurs in situations where there are Temperature differences within a body of Liquid or Bénard cells are Convection cells that appear spontaneously in a liquid layer when heat is applied from below Self-organization is a process of Attraction and repulsion in which the internal organization of a System, normally an open system, increases Another meaning of "dissipative system" is one that dissipates heat see heat dissipation.

In some theories of particle physics, even such basic structures as mass, space, and time are viewed as emergent phenomena, arising from more fundamental concepts such as the Higgs boson or strings. Mass is a fundamental concept in Physics, roughly corresponding to the Intuitive idea of how much Matter there is in an object Space is the extent within which Matter is physically extended and objects and Events have positions relative to one another For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of The Higgs Boson is a hypothetical massive scalar Elementary particle predicted to exist by the Standard Model of Particle physics String theory is a still-developing scientific approach to Theoretical physics, whose original building blocks are one-dimensional extended objects called strings In some interpretations of quantum mechanics, the perception of a deterministic reality, in which all objects have a definite position, momentum, and so forth, is actually an emergent phenomenon, with the true state of matter being described instead by a wavefunction which need not have a single position or momentum. Quantum mechanics is the study of mechanical systems whose dimensions are close to the Atomic scale such as Molecules Atoms Electrons A wave function or wavefunction is a mathematical tool used in Quantum mechanics to describe any physical system Most of the laws of physics themselves as we experience them today appear to have emerged during the course of time making emergence the most fundamental principle in the universe and raising the question of what might be the most fundamental law of physics from which all others emerged. Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Chemistry can in turn be viewed as an emergent property of the laws of physics. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Biology (including biological evolution) can be viewed as an emergent property of the laws of chemistry. Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 Finally, psychology could at least theoretically be understood as an emergent property of neurobiological laws. Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and

Living, biological systems

Life is a major source of complexity, and evolution is the major principle or driving force behind life. Life is a state that distinguishes Organisms from non-living objects such as non-life and dead organisms being manifested by growth through Metabolism eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 In this view, evolution is the main reason for the growth of complexity in the natural world. If we speak of the emergence of complex living beings and life-forms, we refer therefore to processes of sudden changes in evolution.

Flocking is a well-known behaviour in many animal species from swarming locusts to fish and birds. Flocking - the collective motion of a large number of self-propelled entities - is a behaviour exhibited by many living beings such as birds Fish, Bacteria Emergent structures are a common strategy found in many animal groups: colonies of ants, mounds built by termites, swarms of bees, shoals/schools of fish, flocks of birds, and herds/packs of mammals.

An example to consider in detail is an ant colony. An ant colony is an underground Lair where Ants live Colonies consist of a series of underground chambers connected to each other and the surface of the earth by The queen does not give direct orders and does not tell the ants what to do. Instead, each ant reacts to stimuli in the form of chemical scent from larvae, other ants, intruders, food and build up of waste, and leaves behind a chemical trail, which, in turn, provides a stimulus to other ants. Here each ant is an autonomous unit that reacts depending only on its local environment and the genetically encoded rules for its variety of ant. Despite the lack of centralized decision making, ant colonies exhibit complex behavior and have even been able to demonstrate the ability to solve geometric problems. For example, colonies routinely find the maximum distance from all colony entrances to dispose of dead bodies.

A broader example of emergent properties in biology is the combination of individual atoms to form molecules such as polypeptide chains, which in turn fold and refold to form proteins. History See also Atomic theory, Atomism The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny In Chemistry, a molecule is defined as a sufficiently stable electrically neutral group of at least two Atoms in a definite arrangement held together by Peptides (from the Greek πεπτίδια, "small digestibles" are short Polymers formed from the linking in a defined order of α- Amino These proteins, assuming their functional status from their spatial conformation, interact together to achieve higher biological functions and eventually create - organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms. In Cell biology, an organelle (pronunciation /ɔː(rgəˡnɛl/ is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function and is usually separately enclosed The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living Organisms It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living and is often called Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organism In Biology, an organ ( Latin: organum, "instrument tool" from Greek όργανον - organon "organ instrument In Biology, a system is a group of organs that work together to perform a certain task Cascade phenotype reactions, as detailed in Chaos theory, may arise from individual genes mutating respective positioning. A phenotype is any observable characteristic of an Organism, such as its morphology, Development, biochemical or physiological properties Chaos (derived from the Ancient Greek, Chaos) typically refers to Unpredictability, and is the antithesis of Cosmos. ^[4] In turn, all the biological communities in the world form the biosphere, where its human participants form societies, and the complex interactions of meta-social systems such as the stock market. The biosphere is the broadest level of ecological study the global sum of all Ecosystems.

Emergence in culture and engineering

Emergent processes or behaviours can be seen in many places, such as traffic patterns, cities, political systems of governance, cabal and market-dominant minority phenomena in politics and economics, organizational phenomena in computer simulations and cellular automata. Traffic on Roads may consist of Pedestrians ridden or herded Animals Vehicles Streetcars and other Conveyances either singly Governance relates to decisions that define expectations, grant power, or verify performance. A cabal is a number of people united in some close design usually to promote their private views and interests in a church, State, or other community often World On Fire How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability is a 2002 book published by Yale Law School professor A computer simulation, a computer model or a computational model is a Computer program, or network of computers that attempts to simulate an A cellular automaton (plural cellular automata) is a discrete model studied in computability theory, Mathematics, Theoretical biology

Economics

The stock market is an example of emergence on a grand scale. A stock market, or (equity market is a private or public market for the trading of company Stock and derivatives of company As a whole it precisely regulates the relative security prices of companies across the world, yet it has no leader; there is no one entity which controls the workings of the entire market. Agents, or investors, have knowledge of only a limited number of companies within their portfolio, and must follow the regulatory rules of the market and analyse the transactions individually or in large groupings. Trends and patterns emerge which are studied intensively by technical analysts. Technical analysis is a Financial markets technique that claims the ability to forecast the future direction of security prices through the study of past market

World Wide Web

The World Wide Web (WWW) is a popular example of a decentralized system exhibiting emergent properties. The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked Hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. There is no central organization rationing the number of links, yet the number of links pointing to each page follows a power law in which a few pages are linked to many times and most pages are seldom linked to. A power law is any Polynomial relationship that exhibits the property of Scale invariance. A related property of the network of links in the world wide web is that almost any pair of pages can be connected to each other through a relatively short chain of links. Although relatively well known now, this property was initially unexpected in an unregulated network. It is shared with many other types of networks called small-world networks. In Mathematics and Physics, a small-world network is a type of mathematical graph in which most nodes are not neighbors of one another but most nodes can

Architecture and cities

Emergent structures appear at many different levels of organization or as spontaneous order. An integrative level, or level of organization is a set of phenomena emerging on pre-existing phenomena of lower level See also the closely related articles Emergence and Self-organization. Emergent self-organization appears frequently in cities where no planning or zoning entity predetermines the layout of the city. Self-organization is a process of Attraction and repulsion in which the internal organization of a System, normally an open system, increases A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status (Krugman 1996, pp.  9-29) The interdisciplinary study of emergent behaviors is not generally considered a homogeneous field, but divided across its application or problem domains. In Mathematics, the domain of a given function is the set of " Input " values for which the function is defined

Often architects and landscapers will not design all the pathways of a complex of buildings. Instead they will let usage patterns emerge and then place pavement where pathways have become worn in.

The on-course action and vehicle progression of the 2007 Urban Challenge could possibly be regarded as an example of cybernetic emergence. The DARPA Grand Challenge is a prize competition for Driverless cars sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA the most prominent research Cybernetics is the interdisciplinary study of the Structure of Complex systems especially Communication processes control mechanisms and Feedback Patterns of road use, nondeterministic obstacle clearance times, etc. will work together to form a complex emergent pattern that can not be deterministically planned in advance.

Mathematics

Although the above examples of emergence are often contentious, mathematics provides a rigorous basis for defining and demonstrating emergence. This article is about the mathematical object See Mobius Band (music group for the music group In Emergence is coupled to scope, not level, Alex Ryan shows that a Möbius strip has emergent properties (Ryan 2006). This article is about the mathematical object See Mobius Band (music group for the music group The Möbius strip is a one-sided, one-edged surface. Further, a Möbius strip can be constructed from a set of two-sided, three edged, triangular surfaces. Only the complete set of triangles is one-sided and one-edged: any subset does not share these properties. Therefore, the emergent property can be said to emerge precisely when the final piece of the Möbius strip is put in place. An emergent property is a spatially or temporally extended feature – it is coupled to a definite scope, and cannot be found in any component because the components are associated with a narrower scope.

Pithily, emergent properties are those that are global, topological: properties of the whole. Topology ( Greek topos, "place" and logos, "study" is the branch of Mathematics that studies the properties of

Language

It has been argued that language, or at least language change, are emergence phenomena. A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them Language change is the manner in which the phonetic, morphological, semantic, syntactic, and other features of a language are modified over time While each speaker merely tries to reach his own communicative goals, he uses language in a particular way. If enough speakers behave in that way, language is changed (Keller 1994).

Fads and beliefs

An emergent concept (EC) is a slight variation on consensus reality that is accepted as plausible. Consensus reality (rarely or mistakenly called "consensual reality" is an approach to answering the question 'What is real ?' a profound philosophical question The hallmarks of an emergent concept, as opposed to some categories of Internet memes/phenomena, urban myths, or the like, are that EC are increasingly accepted as truth or plausible, based upon other empirical or anecdotal evidence in the mind of the believer or society (in its subsets) as a whole. An urban legend or urban myth is a form of modern Folklore consisting of stories thought to be factual by those circulating them

Emergence in political philosophy

Economist and philosopher Friedrich Hayek wrote about emergence in the context of law, politics, and markets. Friedrich August von Hayek CH ( May 8, 1899 March 23, 1992) was an Austrian British Economist His theories are most fully developed in Law, Legislation and Liberty, which sets out the difference between cosmos or "grown order" (that is, emergence), and taxis or "made order". Law Legislation and Liberty is the 1973 magnum opus in three volumes by Nobel laureate economist and political philosopher Friedrich Hayek. In its most general sense a cosmos is an orderly or harmonious system A taxis (plural taxes, ˈtæksiːz is an Innate behavioural response by an Organism to a directional stimulus. Hayek dismisses philosophies that do not adequately recognize the emergent nature of society, and which describe it as the conscious creation of a rational agent (be it God, the Sovereign, or any kind of personified body politic, such as Hegel's state or Hobbes's leviathan). God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. A Gold Sovereign is a Gold coin first issued in 1489 for Henry VII of England and still in production as of 2008 A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. Leviathan or The Matter Forme and Power of a Common Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil, commonly called Leviathan, is a book written by Thomas The most important social structures, including the laws ("nomos") governing the relations between individual persons, are emergent, according to Hayek. While the idea of laws and markets as emergent phenomena comes fairly naturally to an economist, and was indeed present in the works of early economists such as Bernard Mandeville, David Hume, and Adam Smith, Hayek traces the development of ideas based on spontaneous-order throughout the history of Western thought, occasionally going as far back as the presocratics. Bernard Mandeville, or Bernard de Mandeville (1670 &ndash 1733 was a Philosopher, political Economist and Satirist. David Hume (26 April 1711 25 August 1776 Scottish Philosopher, Economist, and Historian is an important figure in Western philosophy Adam Smith ( baptised 16 June 1723 – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of Political economy. In this, he follows Karl Popper, who blamed the idea of the state as a made order on Plato in The Open Society and its Enemies. Sir Karl Raimund Popper ( July 28 1902  &ndash September 17 1994) was an Austrian and British Philosopher and a professor The Open Society and Its Enemies, is an influential two-volume work by Karl Popper written during World War II.

Emergence in organisational theory

Emergence is referred to as the complex process whereby the right person or idea emerges exactly at the right moment. Just when a problem occurs or a necessity, the potential solutions also emerges.

See also

Notes

References and bibliography

• Anderson, P. W. (1972), “More is Different: Broken Symmetry and the Nature of the Hierarchical Structure of Science”, Science 177 (4047): 393-396, <http://www.cmp.caltech.edu/~motrunch/Teaching/Phy135b_Winter07/MoreIsDifferent.pdf> 
• Bar-Yam, Y. (2004), "A Mathematical Theory of Strong Emergence using Multiscale Variety", Complexity 9:6: 15-24, <http://necsi.org/research/multiscale/MultiscaleEmergence.pdf>
• Bateson, Gregory (1972), Steps to an Ecology of Mind, Ballantine Books, ISBN 0-226-03905-6
• Bedau, Mark A. Gregory Bateson ( 9 May 1904 – 4 July 1980) was a British anthropologist, social scientist, linguist (1997), Weak Emergence, <http://academic.reed.edu/philosophy/faculty/bedau/pdf/emergence.pdf>
• Blitz, David (1992), written at Dordrecht, Emergent Evolution: Qualitative Novelty and the Levels of Reality, Kluwer Academic
• Bunge, Mario Augusto (2001), Emergence and Convergence
• Chalmers, David J. David Blitz has been a faculty member at Central Connecticut State University since 1989 Mario Augusto Bunge (born September 21, 1919, Buenos Aires) is an Argentine philosopher and physicist mainly active in (2002), Strong and Weak Emergence, <http://consc.net/papers/emergence.pdf>
• Corning, Peter A. (2002), "The Re-Emergence of "Emergence": A Venerable Concept in Search of a Theory", Complexity 7(6): 18-30, <http://www.complexsystems.org/publications/pdf/emergence3.pdf>
• Crutchfield, James P. Peter Andrew Corning (1935 is an American Biologist, consultant and complex Systems scientist, and Director of the Institute for the Study of Complex Systems in (1994), The Calculi of Emergence: Computation, Dynamics, and Induction, "Special issue on the Proceedings of the Oji International Seminar: Complex Systems — from Complex Dynamics to Artificial Reality", Physica D, <http://www.santafe.edu/research/publications/workingpapers/94-03-016.pdf>
• Delsemme, Armand (1998), Our Cosmic Origins: From the Big Bang to the Emergence of Life and Intelligence, Cambridge University Press
• De Wolf, Tom & Tom Holvoet (2005), "Emergence Versus Self-Organisation: Different Concepts but Promising When Combined", Engineering Self Organising Systems: Methodologies and Applications, Lecture Notes in Computer Science: 3464, 1-15, <http://www.cs.kuleuven.be/~tomdw/publications/>
• Fromm, Jochen (2004), The emergence of complexity, Kassel University Press, ISBN 3-89958-069-9, <http://www.upress.uni-kassel.de/abstracts/3-89958-069-9.html>* Fromm, Jochen (2005a), Types and Forms of Emergence, arXiv, <http://arxiv.org/abs/nlin.AO/0506028>
• Fromm, Jochen (2005b), Ten Questions about Emergence, arXiv, <http://arxiv.org/abs/nlin.AO/0509049>
• Goodwin, Brian (2001), How the Leopard Changed Its Spots: The Evolution of Complexity, Princeton University Press
• Goldstein, Jeffrey (1999), "Emergence as a Construct: History and Issues", Emergence: Complexity and Organization 1: 49-72
• Hofstadter, Douglas R. (1979), Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid, Harvester Press
• Holland, John H. (1998), Emergence from Chaos to Order, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-7382-0142-1
• Hopfield, John J. (1982), "Neural Networks and Physical Systems with Emergent Collective Computational Abilities", Proc. Douglas Richard Hofstadter (born February 15 1945 in New York New York) is an American academic whose research focuses on consciousness thinking and creativity Gödel Escher Bach an Eternal Golden Braid (commonly GEB) is a Pulitzer Prize -winning book by Douglas Hofstadter, described John Henry Holland ( 2 February, 1929) is an American scientist and Professor of Psychology and Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer John Joseph Hopfield (b July 15, 1933) is an American scientist most widely known for his invention of an associative Neural network Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79: 2554-2558
• Huxley, Julian S. & Thomas Henry Huxley (1947), written at London, 1947, Evolution and Ethics: 1893-1943, The Pilot Press, 120
• Johnson, Steven Berlin (2001), Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software, Scribner's, ISBN 0-684-86876-8
• Kauffman, Stuart (1993), The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0195079515
• Keller, Rudi (1994), written at London/New York, On Language Change: The Invisible Hand in Language, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-07671-4
• Kauffman, Stuart (1995), written at New York, At Home in the Universe, Oxford University Press
• Kelly, Kevin (1994), Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the Economic World, Perseus Books, ISBN 0-201-48340-8
• Koestler, Arthur (1969), written at London, A. Sir Julian Sorell Huxley FRS ( 22 June 1887 &ndash 14 February 1975) was an English Evolutionary biologist Thomas Henry Huxley PC FRS (4 May 1825 – 29 June 1895 was an English Biologist, known as "Darwin's Bulldog" for his advocacy Steven Berlin Johnson (born June 6, 1968) is an American Popular science Author. This book written by Steven Berlin Johnson, was published in 2001 Stuart Alan A Kauffman ( 28 September, 1939) is an American theoretical Biologist and Complex systems researcher concerning the Origin of Stuart Alan A Kauffman ( 28 September, 1939) is an American theoretical Biologist and Complex systems researcher concerning the Origin of Kevin Kelly may refer to Kevin Kelly (editor, founding executive director of Wired magazine Kevin Kelly (politician, an American Out of Control The New Biology of Machines Social Systems and the Economic World (ISBN 978-0201483406 is a 1994 book by Kevin Kelly. Arthur Koestler CBE ( September 5, 1905, Budapest &ndash March 3, 1983, London) was a Koestler & J. R. Smythies, ed. , Beyond Reductionism: New Perspectives in the Life Sciences, Hutchinson
• Korotayev, A.; A. Andrey Korotayev (born in 1961 is an anthropologist, economic Historian, and sociologist. Malkov & D. Khaltourina (2006), written at Moscow, Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth, URSS, ISBN 5-484-00414-4, <http://urss.ru/cgi-bin/db.pl?cp=&lang=en&blang=en&list=14&page=Book&id=34250>
• Krugman, Paul (1996), written at Oxford, The Self-organizing Economy, Blackwell, ISBN 1-55786-698-8 and 0-87609-177-X
• Laughlin, Robert (2005), A Different Universe: Reinventing Physics from the Bottom Down, Basic Books, ISBN 0-465-03828-X
• Lewes, G. H. (1875), written at London, Problems of Life and Mind (First Series), vol. Paul Robin Krugman ( born February 28 1953 is an American Economist, Columnist, Author, and Intellectual. Robert Betts Laughlin (born November 1, 1950) is a professor of Physics and Applied Physics at Stanford University who together A Different Universe Reinventing Physics from the Bottom Down is a 2005 Physics book by Robert Laughlin, a winner of the Nobel Prize in George Henry Lewes (18 April 1817&ndash28 November 1878 was an English Philosopher, literary and theatre critic 2, Trübner
• Lewin, Roger (2000), Complexity - Life at the Edge of Chaos (second ed. ), University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0226476545 & ISBN 0226476553
• Mill, John Stuart (1843), written at London, A System of Logic Ratiocinative and Inductive (1872 ed. John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 &ndash 8 May 1873 British Philosopher, political economist, civil servant and Member of Parliament, was an influential ), John W. Parker and Son, 371
• Morowitz, Harold J. (2002), The Emergence of Everything: How the World Became Complex, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-513513-X
• Ryan, Alex J. (2006), "Emergence is Coupled to Scope, not Level", Complexity (arXiv) (to be submitted), <http://arxiv.org/abs/nlin.AO/0609011>
• Schelling, Thomas C. (1978), Micromotives and Macrobehaviour, W. Thomas Crombie Schelling (born 14 April 1921) is an American Economist and professor of Foreign affairs, National security W. Norton
• Smith, John Maynard & Eörs Szathmáry (1997), The Major Transitions in Evolution, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-850294-X
• Steels, Luc (1990), "Towards a Theory of Emergent Functionality", written at Cambridge, MA & London, England, From Animals to Animats (Proceedings of the First International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive behaviour), Bradford Books (MIT Press), 451-461, <http://cse.ucdavis.edu/~dynlearn/dynlearn/RoMADS/steels01/index.html>
• Wolfram, Stephen (2002), A New Kind of Science, ISBN 1-57955-008-8

• Felipe Cucker and Steve Smale (2007), The Japanese Journal of Mathematics, The Mathematics of Emergence

• Jackie (Jianhong) Shen (2008), SIAM J. Maynard Smith redirects here -- for other uses see Maynard Smith (disambiguation Professor John Maynard Smith, F Luc Steels is a Belgian scientist and Director of the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel. Stephen Wolfram (born August 29, 1959 in London) is a British Physicist, Mathematician and Businessman known for his A New Kind of Science is a Controversial book by Stephen Wolfram, published in 2002 Stephen Smale (born July 15, 1930) is an American Mathematician from Flint Michigan. Applied Math. , 68:3, Cucker–Smale Flocking Emergence under Hierarchical Leadership

• Young, Louise B. (2002), The Unfinished Universe, ISBN ISBN 0-19-5080394

External links

• Emergence: Complexity and Organization, quarterly journal, ISSN: 1521-3250. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication.
• ISCE group: Institute for the Study of Coherence and Emergence.
• The Complexity Society: "The Application of Complexity Science to Human Affairs".
• Universal Automatism - Everything is Computation
• Exploring Emergence: An introduction to emergence using CA and Conway's Game of Life from the MIT Media Lab
• Emergence of property rights: a game theory model
• An interview with Stephen Johnson
• Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Emergent Properties
• Emergence Versus Self-Organisation: Different Concepts but Promising When Combined: paper on the difference between emergence and self-organization. A cellular automaton (plural cellular automata) is a discrete model studied in computability theory, Mathematics, Theoretical biology "Conway game" can refer to games as defined by Surreal numbers which Conway also developed The MIT Media Lab (also known as the Media Lab) is a department within the School of Architecture and Planning at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
• Emergent Economics: discussion of emergent vs. natural phenomena and emergent vs. deterministic phenomena; as well as language and markets as examples of emergent phenomena.
• Emergent Systems Working Group: Center for Science in Society, Bryn Mawr College
• Jean-Louis Dessalles: present texts concerning emergence
• Complexity Virtual Laboratory (VLAB) Demonstrations of emergence in various complex systems

Specialized wikis

• DCS-Wiki
• NECSI Wiki
• Shalizi's Notebooks

Robotics

• "Designing Emergent behaviours: From Local Interactions to Collective Intelligence", Maja J. Mataric, From Animals to Animats 2; Meyer, J-A. , etal (eds)
• "Towards a Theory of Emergent Functionality", Luc Steels, From Animals to Animats 1, Meyer, J-A. & Wilson, S. (eds)

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