Emberá (also Embera, Chocó proper, Chokó, Cholo) is a group of vernaculars belonging to the Choco language family in northwestern Colombia and southeastern Panama. Vernacular refers to the Native language of a country or a locality The Choco languages (also Chocoan, Chocó, Chokó) are a small family of Native American languages spread across Colombia and List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America.

Contents 1 Languages and regional variation 2 See also 3 External links 4 Bibliography

Languages and regional variation

Emberá is usually considered a sub-grouping of the Choco languages. Often two languages are identified:

1. Northern Emberá
2. Southern Emberá

Each of these languages has a few regional varieties. These varieties are often considered dialects, but sometimes may be identified as languages. A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them

The Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America has the following division:

• A. Northern Emberá language (also known as Northern Antioquia, or Emberá norteño)

a. Catío (also known as Katío)

1. Dabeiba
2. Tukurá (also known as Rio Verde, upper Sinú or Emberá-Katío)
3. Ngverá (also known as San Jorge)

b. West Embera (also known as Citará or Noerthwest Embera)

1. Darién (also known as Sambú or Panamá Embera)
2. Citará (also known as Atrato or Andágueda)
3. Juradó

• B. Southern Emberá language (also known as )

a. Chamí (also known as Caramanta, Embera-Chamí, East Embera or Southern Antioquia)

1. Cristianía
2. Upper Andagueda
3. Mistrató
4. Tadó
5. Garrapatas

b. Baudó

1. Catrú
2. Dubasa
3. Purricha
4. Pavaja

c. Eperara (also known as Epena)

1. Joaquincito
2. Cajambre
3. Naya
4. Saija
5. Tapaje
6. Satinga

The Northern Embera variety is used throughout the movie "End of the Spear", where Embera people from Panama are portraying the Waodani people of Ecuador.

Gordon (2005):

A. Northern

1. Catío
2. Northern Emberá (proper)

B. Southern

1. Baudó
2. Chamí
3. Epena
4. Tadó

Gunn (1980:14-15):

A. Northern

1. Catío
2. Chimila
3. Tucura
4. Emberá

B. Southern

1. Saixa-Baudo
2. Citara
3. Tado
4. Chamí

See also

• Choco languages

External links

• Ethnologue: Choco, Embera
• Proel: Lengua Emberá

Bibliography

• The archive of the indigenous languages of Latin America. The Choco languages (also Chocoan, Chocó, Chokó) are a small family of Native American languages spread across Colombia and (Web page: www.ailla.utexas.org/site/sa_lg_tbl.html, accessed 2005, Dec. 27).
• Aguirre Licht, Daniel. (1999). Embera. Languages of the world/materials 208. LINCOM. (Spanish)
• Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
• Gordon, Raymond G. , Jr. (Ed. ). (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (15th ed. ). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X. (Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com).
• Gunn, Robert D. (Ed. ). (1980). Claificación de los idiomas indígenas de Panamá, con un vocabulario comparativo de los mismos. Lenguas de Panamá (No. 7). Panama: Instituto Nacional de Cultura, Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. (Spanish)
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds. ), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46-76). London: Routledge.
• Loewen, Jacob. (1963). Choco I & Choco II. International Journal of American Linguistics, 29.
• Mortensen, Charles A. (1999). A reference grammar of the Northern Embera languages. Studies in the languages of Colombia (No. 7); SIL publications in linguistics (No. 134). SIL.
• Pardo Rojas, Mauricio y Daniel Aguirre L. (1993). "Dialectología chocó". Biblioteca Ezequiel Uricoechea 11: 269-312. Bogotá:ICC. (Spanish)

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