Emanuel Lasker
Full name	Emanuel Lasker
Country	Germany
Born	December 24, 1868 Berlinchen, Prussia (now Barlinek, Poland)
Died	January 11, 1941 (aged 72) New York City, United States
World Champion	1894-1921

This article uses algebraic notation to describe chess moves. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Barlinek (Berlinchen is a town in Poland, in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in Myślibórz County. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state Barlinek (Berlinchen is a town in Poland, in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in Myślibórz County. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The City of New York The United States of America —commonly referred to as the See also Development of the World Chess Championship The World Chess Championship is played to determine the World Champion in the Board game Chess Algebraic chess notation is used to record and describe the moves in a game of Chess.

For other persons named Lasker, see Lasker#People with the surname Lasker.

Emanuel Lasker (December 24, 1868 – January 11, 1941) was a German chess player, mathematician, and philosopher who was World Chess Champion for 27 years. Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Chess is a recreational and competitive Game played between two players. A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and research is the field of Mathematics. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language See also Development of the World Chess Championship The World Chess Championship is played to determine the World Champion in the Board game Chess In his prime Lasker was one of the most dominant champions, and he is still generally regarded as one of the strongest players ever.

It is often said that that Lasker used a "psychological" approach to the game, and even that he sometimes deliberately played inferior moves to confuse opponents. However recent analysis indicates that he was ahead of his time and used a more flexible approach than his contemporaries, which mystified them. Although Lasker also published chess magazines and two chess books, later players and commentators found it difficult to draw lessons from his methods.

He demanded high fees for playing matches and tournaments, which aroused criticism at the time but contributed to the development of chess as a professional career. The conditions which Lasker demanded for world championship matches in that last 10 years of his reign were controversial, and prompted attempts, particularly by his successor José Raúl Capablanca, to define agreed rules for championship matches.

Lasker was also a talented mathematician, and his Ph.D thesis is regarded as one of the foundations of modern algebra. "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. A dissertation (also called thesis or disquisition) is a document that presents the author's Research and findings and is submitted in support of candidature Abstract algebra is the subject area of Mathematics that studies Algebraic structures such as groups, rings, fields, modules His attempt to produce a general theory of competitive activities had some influence on the early development of game theory, and his books about games in general presented a problem which is still regarded as notable in the mathematical analysis of card games. Game theory is a branch of Applied mathematics that is used in the Social sciences (most notably Economics) Biology, Engineering, This article is about using Mathematics to study the inner-workings of Multiplayer games which on the surface may not appear mathematical at all However his philosophical works and a drama which he co-wrote now receive little attention. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language

Contents 1 Life and career 1.1 Early years 1.2 Chess 1894-1918 1.3 Academic activities 1894-1918 1.4 Other activities 1894-1918 2 1918 to end of life 3 Assessment 3.1 Chess strength and style 3.2 Influence on chess 3.3 Work in other fields 4 Other facets of his life 5 Publications 6 Quotations 7 Notable games 8 Tournament results 9 Match results 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links

Life and career

Early years

Emanuel Lasker was born at Berlinchen in Brandenburg (now Barlinek in Poland) and was the son of a Jewish cantor. Barlinek (Berlinchen is a town in Poland, in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in Myślibórz County. Brandenburg ( Lower Sorbian: Bramborska; Upper Sorbian: Braniborska) is one of the sixteen states of Germany. Barlinek (Berlinchen is a town in Poland, in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in Myślibórz County. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ A cantor or chanter (Gk ψάλτης is the chief singer (and ofttimes instructor employed in a church with responsibilities for the ecclesiastical Choir At the age of 11 he was sent to Berlin to study mathematics, and there he lived with his brother Berthold Lasker (8 years older), who taught him how to play chess. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Berthold Lasker ( 31 December 1860 - 19 October 1928) was a German Chess master. Berthold was a strong player in his own right, who according to Chessmetrics was in the top 10 in the world in the early 1890s. Chessmetrics is a system for rating Chess players devised by Jeff Sonas. ^[1] He was also possibly distantly related to International Master Edward Lasker. The title International Master is awarded to outstanding Chess players by the world chess organization FIDE. Edward Lasker ( December 3 1885 &ndash March 25 1981) was a leading American Chess and Go player ^[2]

To supplement their income Emanuel Lasker played chess and card games for small stakes, especially at the Cafe Kaiserhof. ^[3][4]

Lasker shot up through the chess rankings in 1889, when: he won a tournament at Cafe Kaiserhof and the "second division" tournament at the German Chess Federation's (DSB) congress, held in Breslau; and then finished second in an international tournament at Amsterdam, ahead of some well-known masters including Isidore Gunsberg, who finished 3rd in the New York 1888 "Candidates Tournament" and unsuccessfully challenged for Wilhelm Steinitz' World Chess Championship title in 1889. Wrocław (Breslau Vratislav Vratislavia or Wratislavia Yiddish: ברעסלוי) is the chief City of the historical region of Lower Silesia Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west Isidor Arthur Gunsberg ( November 2 1854, in Budapest Hungary – May 2 1930, in London) began his career as the player New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The Candidates Tournament was a triennial Chess tournament organized by the world chess federation FIDE as the final contest to determine the challenger for the Wilhelm (later William) Steinitz ( May 17, 1836 – August 12, 1900) was an Austrian - American See also Development of the World Chess Championship The World Chess Championship is played to determine the World Champion in the Board game Chess ^[3][5][6][7] In 1890 Lasker shared first prize with his brother Berthold in a tournament in Berlin and finished third in Graz. Graz (etymologically from Slovene: Gradec IPA /gradeʦ/ "little castle" with a population of around 290000 as of 2008 (of which 252852 have principal He followed up with tournament victories at London 1892 (by 4½ points) and New York 1893, in both cases without losing a game. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous

His match record was equally impressive: at Berlin in 1890 he drew a short play-off match against his brother Berthold; and won all his other matches from 1889 to 1893, mostly against opponents with high world rankings: Curt von Bardeleben (1889; 9th^[8]), Jacques Mieses (1889; 11th^[9]), Henry Edward Bird (1890; then 60 years old; 29th^[10]), Berthold Englisch (1890; 18th^[11]), Joseph Henry Blackburne (1892, without losing a game; Blackburne was aged 51 then, but still 9th in the world^[12]), against Jackson Showalter (1892-1893; 22nd^[13]) and Celso Golmayo Zúpide (1893; 29th^[14]). Curt von Bardeleben ( Berlin, March 4 1861 – Berlin, January 31, 1924) was a Count and a German Jacques Mieses ( February 27, 1865, in Leipzig &ndash February 23, 1954 in London) was a German -born Jewish Henry Edward Bird ( July 14, 1830 – April 11, 1908) was an English Chess player and chess writer Berthold Englisch ( 9 July 1851, Hotzenplotz – 19 October 1897, Vienna) was a leading Austrian Chess Joseph Henry Blackburne ( December 10, 1841 – September 1, 1924) nicknamed "Black Death" dominated British Chess Celso Golmayo y Zúpide ( 24 April 1820, Logroño, Spain – 1 April 1898, Havana) was a Spanish–Cuban ^[7][15] Chessmetrics calculates that Emanuel Lasker became the world's strongest player in mid-1890,^[16] and that he was in the top 10 from the very beginning of his recorded career in 1889. Chessmetrics is a system for rating Chess players devised by Jeff Sonas. ^[17]

In 1892 Lasker founded the first of his chess magazines, The London Chess Fortnightly, which was published from August 15, 1892 to July 30, 1893. In the second quarter of 1893 there was a gap of 10 weeks between issues, allegedly because of problems with the printer. ^[18] Shorlty after its last issue Lasker traveled to the USA, where he spent the next two years. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the ^[19]

Chess 1894-1918

Lasker then challenged reigning World Champion Wilhelm Steinitz to a match for the title. Wilhelm (later William) Steinitz ( May 17, 1836 – August 12, 1900) was an Austrian - American Initially Lasker wanted to play for US $5,000 a side and a match was agreed at stakes of $3,000 a side, but Steinitz agreed to a series of reductions when Lasker found it difficult to raise the money, and the final figure was $2,000, which was less than for some of Steinitz' earlier matches (the final combined stake of $4,000 would be worth over $495,000 at 2006 values^[20]). Although this was publicly praised as an act of sportsmanship on Steinitz' part,^[21] Steinitz may have desperately needed the money. ^[22] The match was played in 1894, at venues in New York, Philadelphia and Montreal. Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec Lasker won convincingly (10 wins, 4 draws, 5 losses); the scores were even after 6 games but Steinitz lost the next 5 in a row. The fifth World Chess Championship was held in New York (games 1-8 Philadelphia (games 9-11 and Montreal (games 12-19 between March 15 ^[23][24] Lasker thus became the second formally-recognized World Chess Champion, and confirmed his title by beating Steinitz even more convincingly in their re-match in 1896-1897 (10 wins, 5 draws, 2 losses). See also Development of the World Chess Championship The World Chess Championship is played to determine the World Champion in the Board game Chess ^[7]

Influential players and journalists belittled the 1894 match both before and after it took place. Lasker's difficulty in getting backing may have been caused by hostile pre-match comments from Gunsberg and Leopold Hoffer,^[21] who had long been a bitter enemy of Steinitz. Leopold Hoffer (born 1842 Hungary - died 28 August 1913, England) was an English Chess player and journalist ^[25] One of the complaints was that Lasker had never played the other two members of the top 4, Siegbert Tarrasch and Mikhail Chigorin^[21] - although Tarrasch had rejected a challenge from Lasker in 1892, publicly telling him to go and win an international tournament first. Siegbert Tarrasch ( March 5, 1862 &ndash February 17, 1934) was one of the strongest Chess players and most influential chess Mikhail Ivanovich Chigorin ( 12 November 1850, Gatchina, Russia – 25 January 1908, Lublin, Poland ^[26][18]

Emanuel Lasker answered these criticisms by creating an even more impressive playing record. Before World War I broke out his most serious "setbacks" were third place at Hastings 1895 (where he may have been suffering from the after-effects of typhoid^[3]), tie for second at Cambridge Springs 1904, tie for first at St Petersburg 1909 and a drawn match against Carl Schlechter in 1910. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Hastings 1895 chess tournament was a Round-robin tournament of Chess conducted in Hastings, England from August 5 to September 2 1895 Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, bilious fever, Yellow Jack or commonly just typhoid, is an illness caused by the Bacterium Cambridge Springs is a borough in Crawford County, Pennsylvania, United States. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Carl Schlechter ( March 2, 1874 - December 27, 1918) was a leading Austrian Chess master at the turn of the 20th century ^[4] He won first prizes at very strong tournaments in St. Petersburg (1895-1896), Nuremberg (1896), London (1899), Paris (1900) and St. Petersburg (1914), where he overcame a 1½ point deficit to finish ahead of the rising stars José Raúl Capablanca and Alexander Alekhine, who later became the next two World Champions; for good measure he also took first prize in a weaker tournament at Trenton Falls (1906). Alexander Alexandrovich Alekhine (alʲɛkˈsandr̠ alʲɛkˈsandr̠ovʲiʨ aˈlʲɛxin Russian Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Але́хин) (October ^{[5][27][28][15]} For decades chess writers have reported that Tsar Nicholas II of Russia Nicholas II conferred the title of "Grandmaster of Chess" upon each of the five finalists at St Petersburg 1914 (Lasker, Capablanca, Alekhine, Tarrasch and Marshall), but chess historian Edward Winter has questioned this, stating that the earliest known sources that support this story were published in 1940 and 1942. Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation. The title Grandmaster is awarded to extremely strong Chess masters by the world chess organization FIDE. Frank James Marshall ( August 10 1877 &ndash November 9 1944) was the U Edward Winter is a British Journalist, Archivist, Historian, Collector and Author about the game of Chess. ^[29][30][31]

Lasker's match record was as impressive between his 1896-1897 re-match with Steinitz and 1914: he won all but one of his normal matches, and three of those were convincing defenses of his title, against Marshall ( 1907; 11½−3½), Tarrasch ( 1908; 10½−5½) and Dawid Janowski ( 1910; 9½−1½). Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Emanuel Lasker had virtually retired after retaining the Chess World Championship in 1897, but defended against Frank J Emanuel Lasker faced Siegbert Tarrasch in the 1908 World Chess Championship. Dawid Markelowicz Janowski (in English usually called David Janowski) ( 25 May, 1868, Wołkowysk, – 15 January, 1927, Emanuel Lasker faced David Janowski in the second 1910 World Chess Championship. ^[32] He also played several exhibition matches, potentially lucrative entertainments for well-off enthusiasts. ^[33] A 1909 match against Janowski has sometimes been called a world championship match,^[34] but contemporary references indicate it was not. ^[35]

However Lasker only scraped a draw in the 10-game match against Schlechter in 1910 by winning the last game that was played, creating a mystery that has not yet been solved. Emanuel Lasker faced Carl Schlechter in the 1910 World Chess Championship. This match was originally meant to consist of 30 games, but was cut to 10 when it became obvious that there were insufficient funds to meet Lasker's demand for a fee of 1,000 marks per game played. ^[19] It is generally regarded as a World Championship match, but one post-match press report cast doubt on this. ^[36] It is also difficult to explain Schlechter's decision to play for a win in the 10th game, when he could have forced a draw quite easily and thus won the match. Some commentators have argued that there was a secret clause that required Schlechter to have a 2-game lead in order to claim victory. ^[37][38] However Lasker himself wrote 2 days before the 10th game, "The match with Schlechter is nearing its end and it appears probable that for the first time in my life I shall be the loser. If that should happen a good man will have won the world championship,"^[39] which appears to remove the suspicions that it was not a world title match and that there was a secret "2-game lead" clause. Another report shortly after the end of the match appears to speculate that Schlechter threw the last game because a narrow victory for him would not have been in the financial interests of either player, as they would have had to play another match if Schlechter won narrowly, but they had not been able to get adequate financial backing for the 1910 match. ^[40] It has even been suggested that Schlechter played to win the last game because he was too honorable to win the title by a fluke, having won the 5th game by a swindle in a lost position. In Chess, a swindle is a Ruse by which a player in a losing position tricks his opponent and thereby achieves a win or draw instead of the expected loss ^[41]

In 1911 Lasker received a challenge for a world title match against the rising star José Raúl Capablanca. Lasker was unwilling to play the traditional "first to win 10 games" type of match in the semi-tropical conditions of Havana, especially as drawn games were becoming more frequent and the match might last for over 6 months. Havana ( IPA: aˈβana officially Ciudad de La Habana, is the Capital city, major port and leading He therefore made a counter-proposal: if neither player a had a lead of at least 2 games by the end of the match, it should be considered a draw; the match should be limited to the best of 30 games, counting draws; except that if either player won 6 games (and led by at least 2 games) before 30 games were completed, he should be declared the winner; the champion should decide the venue and stakes, and should have the exclusive right to publish the games; the challenger must deposit a forfeit of US $2,000 (equivalent to over $194,000 in 2006 values^[42]); the time limit should be 12 moves per hour; play should be limited to two 2½ hour sessions per day, 5 days a week. Capablanca objected to the time limit, the short playing times, the 30-game limit, and especially the requirement that he must win by 2 games to claim the title, which he regarded as unfair. Lasker took offence at the terms in which Capablanca criticized the 2-game lead condition and broke off negotiations, and until 1914 Lasker and Capablanca were not on speaking terms. However at the 1914 St. Petersburg tournament Capablanca proposed a set of rules for the conduct of world championship matches, which were accepted by all the leading players including Lasker. ^[43]

Late in 1912 Lasker entered into negotiations for a world title match with Akiba Rubinstein, whose tournament record for the previous few years had been on a par with Lasker's and a little ahead of Capablanca's. Akiba Kiwelowicz Rubinstein ( 12 December, 1882, in Stawiski, Poland – 15 March, 1961 in Antwerp, ^[44] The two players agreed to play a match if Rubinstein could raise the funds, but Rubinstein had few rich friends to back him and the match was never played. The start of World War I put an end to hopes that Lasker would play either Rubinstein or Capablanca for the world championship in the near future. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All ^[37]

Throughout World War I (1914-1918) Lasker played in only two serious chess events. He convincingly won (5½−½) a non-title match against Tarrasch in 1916. ^[45] In September to October 1918, shortly before the armistice of 11 November 1918, he won a quadrangular (4-player) tournament, ½ point ahead of Rubinstein. The armistice treaty between the Allies and Germany was signed in a railway carriage in Compiègne Forest on November 11, 1918 ^[46]

Lasker was shocked by the poverty in which Steinitz died and did not intend to die in similar circumstances. ^[47] He became notorious for demanding high fees for playing matches and tournaments, and he argued that players should own the copyright in their games rather than let publishers get all the profits. Copyright is a legal concept enacted by Governments, giving the creator of an original work of authorship Exclusive rights to control its distribution usually for ^[3][48] After winning the 1904 Cambridge Springs tournament Marshall challenged Lasker to a match for the World Championship but could not raise the stakes demanded by Lasker until 1907. ^[33] Other players resented Lasker's "hunger for money" but most of them soon realized that his attitude was sensible. ^[3]

Academic activities 1894-1918

Despite his superb playing results, chess was not Lasker's only interest. His parents recognized his intellectual talents, especially for mathematics, and sent the adolescent Emanuel to study in Berlin (where he found he also had a talent for chess). Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Lasker gained his abitur (high school graduation certificate) at Landsberg an der Warthe, now a Polish town named Gorzow Wielkopolski but then part of Prussia. Abitur (from Latin abire = go away go off is a designation used in Germany and Finland for final exams that young adults take at the end of Gorzów Wielkopolski (abbreviated Gorzów Wlkp; Landsberg an der Warthe is a city in western Poland, on the Warta river with 125780 inhabitants (2005 Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state He then studied mathematics and philosophy at the universities in Berlin, Göttingen and Heidelberg. Göttingen ( ˈgœtɪŋən, Low German: Chöttingen is a College town in Lower Saxony, Germany. Heidelberg is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. As of 2006 over 140000 people live within the city's area ^[33]

In 1895 Lasker published two mathematical articles in Nature^[49] On the advice of David Hilbert he registered for doctoral studies at Erlangen during 1900-1902. Nature is a prominent Scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869 David Hilbert ( January 23, 1862 &ndash February 14, 1943) was a German Mathematician, recognized as one of the most Erlangen is a Middle Franconian City in Bavaria, Germany. It is located at the confluence of the river Regnitz and its large tributary ^[33] In 1901 he presented his doctoral thesis Über Reihen auf der Convergenzgrenze ("On Series at Convergence Boundaries") at Erlangen and in the same year it was published by the Royal Society. The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660 ^[50][51] He was awarded a doctorate in mathematics in 1902. ^[33] His most significant mathematical article, in 1905, published a theorem of which Emmy Noether developed a more generalized form that is now regarded as of fundamental importance to modern algebra and algebraic geometry. In Mathematics, the Lasker–Noether theorem states that every Noetherian ring is a Lasker ring, which means that every ideal can be written as an intersection Amalie Emmy Noether, ˈnøːtɐ (23 March 1882 – 14 April 1935 was a German Mathematician known for her groundbreaking contributions to Abstract algebra and Algebra is a branch of Mathematics concerning the study of structure, relation, and Quantity. Algebraic geometry is a branch of Mathematics which as the name suggests combines techniques of Abstract algebra, especially Commutative algebra, with ^[52][33]

Lasker held short-term positions as a mathematics lecturer at: Tulane University in New Orleans, Louisiana (1893); and Victoria University in Manchester, England (1901; Victoria University was one of the "parents" of the current University of Manchester). Tulane University is a private, Nonsectarian, Coeducational Research university located in New Orleans, Louisiana. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana The Victoria University of Manchester (commonly known as the University of Manchester) was a University in Manchester, England. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The University of Manchester is a " red brick " civic University located in Manchester, England. ^[33] However he was unable to secure a longer-term position, and pursued his scholarly interests independently. ^[53]

In 1906 Lasker published a booklet titled Kampf (Struggle),^[54] in which he attempted to create a general theory of all competitive activities, including chess, business and war; this later had some influence on von Neumann's work on game theory. Game theory is a branch of Applied mathematics that is used in the Social sciences (most notably Economics) Biology, Engineering, ^[55] He produced two other books which are generally categorized as philosophy, Das Begreifen der Welt (Comprehending the World; 1913) and Die Philosophie des Unvollendbar (The Philosophy of the Unattainable; 1918). ^[33]

Other activities 1894-1918

In 1896-1897 Lasker published his book Common Sense in Chess, based on lectures he had given in London in 1895. ^[56]

In Lasker 1903 played in Ostende against Mikhail Chigorin a 6-game match that was sponsored by the the wealthy lawyer and industrialist Isaac Rice in order to test the Rice Gambit. ||-||-||} Ostend  (  Oostende, French and German Ostende) is a Belgian City and municipality located in the Flemish Mikhail Ivanovich Chigorin ( 12 November 1850, Gatchina, Russia – 25 January 1908, Lublin, Poland Isaac Leopold Rice ( February 22, 1850 in Wachenheim, Bavaria – November 2, 1915) was a U The Rice Gambit is a Chess opening that arises from the King's Gambit Accepted ^[57] Lasker narrowly lost the match. Three years later Lasker became secretary of the Rice Gambit Association, founded by Rice in order to promote the Rice Gambit,^[19] and in 1907 Lasker quoted with approval Rice's views on the convergence of chess and military strategy. ^[58]

In November 1904, Lasker founded Lasker's Chess Magazine, which ran until 1909. ^[59]

For a short time in 1906 Emanuel Lasker was interested in the Japanese strategy game Go, but soon returned to chess. Curiously he was introduced to the game by his namesake Edward Lasker, who wrote a successful book Go and Go-Moku in 1934. Edward Lasker ( December 3 1885 &ndash March 25 1981) was a leading American Chess and Go player ^[60]

At the age of 42, in 1911, Lasker married Martha Cohn (née Bamberger), a rich widow who was a year older than Lasker and already a grandmother. They lived in Berlin. ^[19] Martha Cohn wrote popular stories under the pseudonym "L. Marco". ^[53]

During World War I, Lasker invested all of his savings in German war bonds. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Since Germany lost the war, Lasker lost all his money. During the war, he wrote a book which claimed that civilization would be in danger if Germany lost the war. ^[19]

1918 to end of life

In January 1920 Lasker and José Raúl Capablanca signed an agreement to play a world championship match in 1921, noting that Capablanca was not free to play in 1920. Because of the delay Lasker insisted on a final clause that: allowed him to play anyone else for the championship in 1920; nullified the contract with Capablanca if Lasker lost a title match in 1920; and stipulated that if Lasker resigned the title Capablanca should become world champion. Lasker had previously included in his agreement before World War I to play Akiba Rubinstein for the title a similar clause that if he resigned the title, it should become Rubinstein's. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Akiba Kiwelowicz Rubinstein ( 12 December, 1882, in Stawiski, Poland – 15 March, 1961 in Antwerp, A report in the American Chess Bulletin (July-August 1920 issue) said that Lasker had resigned the world title in favor of Capablanca because the conditions of the match were unpopular in the chess world. The American Chess Bulletin speculated that the conditions were not sufficiently unpopular to warrant resignation of the title, and that Lasker's real concern was that there was not enough financial backing to justify his devoting 9 months to the match. ^[61]

When Lasker resigned the title in favor of Capablanca he was unaware that enthusiasts in Havana had just raised $20,000 to fund the match provided it was played there. Havana ( IPA: aˈβana officially Ciudad de La Habana, is the Capital city, major port and leading When Capablanca learned of Lasker's resignation he went Holland, where Lasker was living at the time, to inform him that Havana would finance the match. In August 1920 Lasker agreed to play in Havana, but insisted that he was the challenger as Capablanca was now the champion. Capablanca signed an agreement that accepted this point, and soon afterwards published a letter confirming this. Lasker also stated that, if he beat Capablanca, he would resign the title so that younger masters could compete for it. ^[61] The match was played in March to April 1921 and Lasker resigned it after 14 games, when he was trailing by 4 games and had not won one. ^[43]

By this time Lasker was nearly 53 years old, and he never played another serious match; ^[45][62] his only other match was a a short exhibition against Frank James Marshall in 1940, which he won. Frank James Marshall ( August 10 1877 &ndash November 9 1944) was the U After winning the 1924 New York tournament (1½ points ahead of Capablanca) and finishing 2nd at Moscow in 1925 (1½ points behind Efim Bogoljubow, ½ point ahead of Capablanca),^[63] he effectively retired from serious chess. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Efim Dmitriyevich Bogoljubow (Bogoljubov Bogolyubov (Ефи́м Дми́триевич Боголю́бов April 14, 1889 &ndash June 18, ^[4]

During the Moscow Tournament of 1925, Emanuel Lasker received a telegram informing him that the drama written by himself and his brother Berthold , Vom Menschen die Geschichte ("History of Mankind"), had been accepted for performance at the Lessing theatre in Berlin. Berthold Lasker ( 31 December 1860 - 19 October 1928) was a German Chess master. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Emanuel Lasker was so distracted by this news that he lost badly to Carlos Torre the same day. Carlos Torre Repetto (23 November 1905 in Mérida Yucatán – 19 March 1978 in Mérida Yucatán was a Chess grandmaster from Mexico. ^[64] The play was not a success and has little literary value. ^[53]

In 1926 Lasker wrote Lehrbuch des Schachspiels, which he re-wrote in English in 1927 as Lasker's Manual of Chess. Lasker's Manual of Chess (Lehrbuch des Schachspiels is a book on the game of Chess written in 1925 by former World Chess Champion Emanuel Lasker ^[65] He also wrote books on other games of mental skill: Encyclopedia of Games (1929) and Das verständige Kartenspiel (means "Sensible Card Play"; 1929; English translation in the same year), both of which posed a problem in the mathematical analysis of card games;^[66] Brettspiele der Völker ("Board Games of the Nations"; 1931), which includes 30 pages about Go^[67] and a section about a game he had invented in 1911, Lasca;^[68] and Das Bridgespiel ("The Game of Bridge"; 1931). This article is about using Mathematics to study the inner-workings of Multiplayer games which on the surface may not appear mathematical at all Lasca (also called Laska or Laskers) is a Draughts (or checkers variant invented by the second World Chess Champion Emanuel Contract bridge, usually known simply as bridge, is a trick-taking Card game of skill and chance (the relative proportions depending ^[69] Lasker became an expert bridge player, representing Germany at international events in the early 1930s. ^[19]

In October 1928 Emanuel Lasker's brother Berthold died. Berthold Lasker ( 31 December 1860 - 19 October 1928) was a German Chess master. ^[19]

The Nazi leader Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in January 1933, gained dictatorial powers in March 1933 and in April 1933 started a campaign of discrimination and intimidation against Jews. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately The Head of government of Germany is called Chancellor (Kanzler The Enabling Act ( in German) was passed by the Reichstag ( Germany 's parliament on March 23, 1933 and signed After the Nazis came to power in Germany on January 30, 1933, the Nazi leadership decided to stage an economic boycott against the Jews of Germany PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Lasker and his wife Martha, who were both Jews, left Germany in 1933, and all their assets in Germany were confiscated. After a short stay in England, in 1935 they were invited to live in the USSR by Nikolai Krylenko, the Commissar of Justice who was responsible for the Moscow show trials and, in his other capacity as Sports Minister, was an enthusastic supporter of chess. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Nikolai Vasilyevich Krylenko (Николай Васильевич Крыленко ( May 2 1885, Bekhteevo (Бехтеево Smolensk region The term show trial is a pejorative description of a type of highly Public trial. ^[53] In the USSR Lasker renounced his German citizenship and received Soviet citizenship,^[70] and was given a post, probably honorary, at Moscow's Institute for Mathematics. ^[53]

Lasker returned to competitive chess to make some money, finishing 5th in Zürich 1934 and 3rd in Moscow 1935 (½ point behind Mikhail Botvinnik and Salo Flohr; ahead of Capablanca, Rudolf Spielmann and several Soviet masters), 6th in Moscow 1936 and 7th equal in Nottingham 1936. Zürich (, Zürich German: Züri, Zurich, Zurigo; in English generally Zurich) is the largest city in Switzerland and capital of the Mikhail Moiseyevich Botvinnik (mʲixaˈiɫ̺ mʌiˈs̺ʲɛjɛvʲiʧʲ bʌt̺ˈvʲin̺n̻ʲik Михаи́л Моисе́евич Ботви́нник) ( &ndash May Salomon Mikhailovich Flohr ( November 21, 1908 &ndash July 18, 1983) was a leading Czech and later Soviet Chess Rudolf Spielmann ( 5 May 1883 - 20 August 1942) was an Austrian - Jewish Chess player of the romantic school Nottingham ( is a city in the Ceremonial county of Nottinghamshire, England. ^[71] His performance in Moscow 1935 at the age of 67 was hailed as "a biological miracle. "^[72]

Unfortunately Stalin's Great Purge started at about the same time as the Laskers arrived in the USSR, and in 1937, after a trip to New York to visit relatives, Martha and Emanuel Lasker decided to stay in the USA;^[53] in the following year Emanuel Lasker's patron Krylenko fell from favor, was dismissed from his posts, tried and shot. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Great Purge (Большая чистка transliterated Bolshaya chistka) was a series of campaigns of Political repression and Persecution The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

Martha Lasker died in 1937, soon after the couple took residence in the USA. Lasker tried to support himself by giving chess and bridge lectures and and exhibitions, as he was now too old for serious competition. ^[53][19] In 1940 he published his last book, The Community of the Future, in which he proposed solutions for serious political problems, including anti-Semitism and unemployment. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. ^[53] He died of a kidney infection in New York on January 11, 1941, at the age of 72, as a charity patient at Mount Sinai Hospital. The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles This page is about a hospital in New York For other uses please see disambiguation pages for Mount Sinai or Mount Sinai Hospital. ^[19]

Assessment

Chess strength and style

Lasker is often said to have used a "psychological" method of play in which he considered the subjective qualities of his opponent, in addition to the objective requirements of his position on the board. Richard Réti even speculated that Lasker would sometimes knowingly choose inferior moves if he knew they would make his opponent uncomfortable. Richard Réti ( 28 May, 1889, Pezinok (now Slovakia) &ndash 6 June, 1929, Prague) was an Austrian However Lasker himself denied this, and most modern writers agree. According to Grandmaster Andrew Soltis and International Master John L. Watson, the features that made his play mysterious to contemporaries now appear regularly in modern play: the g2-g4 "Spike" attack against the Dragon Sicilian; sacrifices to gain positional advantage; playing the "practical" move rather than trying to find the best move; counterattacking and complicating the game before a disadvantage became serious. The title Grandmaster is awarded to extremely strong Chess masters by the world chess organization FIDE. Andrew Soltis (born May 28 1947) is a Chess author and columnist as well as a Grandmaster. The title International Master is awarded to outstanding Chess players by the world chess organization FIDE. John L Watson is a Chess International Master and author Watson was born in 1951 and grew up in Omaha, Nebraska, and was educated In Chess, one of the main variations of the Sicilian Defence, the Dragon Variation begins 1 In the game of Chess, a sacrifice is a move giving up a piece or pawn in the hopes of gaining tactical or positional compensation in other forms ^[73] Former World Champion Vladimir Kramnik writes, "He realized that different types of advantage could be interchangeable: tactical edge could be converted into strategic advantage and vice versa," which mystified contemporaries who were just becoming used to the theories of Steinitz as codifed by Siegbert Tarrasch. Vladimir Borisovich Kramnik (Влади́мир Бори́сович Кра́мник (born June 25, 1975) is a Russian Chess grandmaster Siegbert Tarrasch ( March 5, 1862 &ndash February 17, 1934) was one of the strongest Chess players and most influential chess ^[74]

The famous last round win against Capablanca (St. Petersburg, 1914), which Lasker needed to in order win the tournament, is sometimes offered as evidence of his "psychological" style; but Kramnik argues that his play in this game demonstrated deep positional understanding, rather than psychology. ^[74] Fine describes Lasker's choice of opening, the Exchange Variation of the Ruy Lopez, as "innocuous but psychologically potent. The Ruy Lopez Exchange Variation is a variation of the Ruy Lopez Chess opening that begins with the moves 1 "^[4] However an analysis of Lasker's use of this variation throughout his career concludes that: Lasker used the variation only 14 times in his career, from the 13th game of his 1894 match against Wilhelm Steinitz (who won that game) to his final-round win against Frank James Marshall in the 1924 New York Tournament (Lasker already had a winning lead in the tournament); almost all his uses of it were against top-class opponents; he was very successful with it (in serious events: 10 wins, 3 draws and the one loss to Steinitz); early in his career he apparently used it as a safe option with little risk of losing the game; later he gained confidence in the variation and even used it in a couple of "must-win" situations, including against Capablanca at St. The fifth World Chess Championship was held in New York (games 1-8 Philadelphia (games 9-11 and Montreal (games 12-19 between March 15 Wilhelm (later William) Steinitz ( May 17, 1836 – August 12, 1900) was an Austrian - American Frank James Marshall ( August 10 1877 &ndash November 9 1944) was the U Petersburg in 1914. Lasker also won the 3 recorded games in which he played the variation as Black; one was against Alekhine, in the 1914 St. Alexander Alexandrovich Alekhine (alʲɛkˈsandr̠ alʲɛkˈsandr̠ovʲiʨ aˈlʲɛxin Russian Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Але́хин) (October Petersburg Tounament, the day before Lasker, playing as White, beat Capablanca with it. ^[75]

Many commentators write that Lasker paid little attention to the openings. However Capablanca wrote that Laker knew the openings very well, although he often disagreed with a lot of contemporary opening analysis. In fact before the 1894 world title match Lasker studied the openings thoroughly, especially Steinitz' favorite lines. Capablanca also wrote that, in his opinion, no player surpassed Lasker in the ability to assess a position quickly and accurately, in terms of who had the better prospects of winning and what strategy each side should adopt. ^[76] Even when Lasker was in his late 60s, Capablanca considered him the most dangerous player around in any single game.

In addition to his enormous chess skill Lakser had an excellent competitive temperament: his bitter rival Siegbert Tarrasch once said, "Lasker occasionally loses a game, but he never loses his head. Siegbert Tarrasch ( March 5, 1862 &ndash February 17, 1934) was one of the strongest Chess players and most influential chess "^[4] Although very strong in matches, he was even stronger in tournaments, for example Capablanca could not finish ahead of him until 15 years after their 1921 match, and by this time Lasker was 68 years old. ^[4] Lasker enjoyed the need to adapt to varying styles and to the shifting fortunes of tournaments. ^[3] Fischer did not include Lasker in the list, deriding him at page 59 as a "coffee-house player [who] knew nothing about openings and didn't understand positional chess. " However, Pal Benko said that Fischer later reconsidered, telling Benko that "Lasker was a truly great player. Pal Benko ( Hungarian: Benkő Pál, born July 14, 1928 in Amiens) is a Chess grandmaster, author and "^[77]

Statistical ranking systems place Lasker high among the greatest players of all time. "Warriors of the Mind" places him 6th, behind Garry Kasparov, Anatoly Karpov, Bobby Fischer, Mikhail Botvinnik and José Raúl Capablanca. Garry Kasparov (Га́рри Ки́мович Каспа́ров) (born as Garry Kimovich Weinstein on April 13 1963 in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet Anatoly Yevgenyevich Karpov (Анатолий Евгеньевич Карпов born May 23, 1951) is a Russian Chess grandmaster Robert James "Bobby" Fischer ( March 9 1943 – January 17 2008) was an American -born Chess Grandmaster Mikhail Moiseyevich Botvinnik (mʲixaˈiɫ̺ mʌiˈs̺ʲɛjɛvʲiʧʲ bʌt̺ˈvʲin̺n̻ʲik Михаи́л Моисе́евич Ботви́нник) ( &ndash May Capablanca;^[78] In his 1978 book The Rating of Chessplayers, Past and Present, Arpad Elo gave retrospective ratings to players based on their performance over the best five-year span of their career. Arpad Emrick Elo (born Élő Árpád Imre, August 25, 1903 in Egyházaskesző, Hungary &ndash November 5, 1992 He concluded that Lasker was the joint 2nd strongest player of those surveyed (tied with Botvinnik and behind Capablanca). ^[79] The most up-to-date system, Chessmetrics, is rather sensitive to the length of the periods being compared, and ranks Lasker between 5th and 2nd strongest of all time for peak periods ranging in length from 1 to 20 years. Chessmetrics is a system for rating Chess players devised by Jeff Sonas. ^[80]

Influence on chess

Lasker founded no school of players who used a similar approach to the game. ^[4] Max Euwe, world champion 1935-1937 and a prolific writer of chess manuals, said, "It is not possible to learn much from him. Machgielis (Max Euwe (last name is pronounced /øwə/ ( May 20, 1901 – November 26, 1981) was a Dutch Chess Grandmaster One can only stand and wonder. "^[81]

There are several "Lasker Variations" in the chess openings, including Lasker's Defense to the Queen's Gambit, Lasker's Defense to the Evans Gambit (which effectively ended the use of this gambit in tournament play),^[82] and the Lasker Variation in the MacCutcheon Variation of the French Defense. In Chess the word " opening " has two common meanings both of which are discussed in this article The Queen's Gambit is a Chess opening that starts with the moves 1 The Evans Gambit is a Chess opening characterised by the moves 1 A gambit is a Chess opening in which the first player risks or sacrifices material usually a pawn, with the hope of achieving a resulting advantageous The French Defence is a Chess opening. It is characterized by the moves 1 ^[83]

One of Lasker's most famous games is Lasker - Bauer, Amsterdam, 1889, in which he sacrificed both bishops in a maneuver later repeated in a number of games. The Chess game between Emanuel Lasker and Johann Bauer played in Amsterdam in 1889 is one of the most famous of all time on account of Lasker's Similar sacrifices had already been played by Cecil Valentine De Vere and John Owen, but these were not in major events and Lasker probably had not seen them. Cecil Valentine De Vere ( 14 February 1845, Montrose – 9 February 1875 John Owen (1827 - 1901 was an English Vicar and strong amateur Chess player ^[81]

Lasker's high financial demands and his demand to own the copyright in his games initially angered editors and other players, but helped to pave the way for the rise of full-time chess professionals who earn most of their living from playing, writing and teaching. ^[3] However his demands that challengers should raise large purses prevented or delayed some eagerly-awaited world championship matches,^[33][37] and this problem continued throughout the reign of his successor Capablanca. ^[84][85]

Some of the controversial conditions that Lasker insisted on for championship match led Capablanca to attempt twice (1914 and 1922) to publish rules for championship matches, to which other top players readily agreed. ^[43][86]

Work in other fields

Despite the relatively small amount of time Lasker spent working on mathematics, he produced a theorem which, after a further refinement, became one of the foundations of modern algebra. In Mathematics, a theorem is a statement proven on the basis of previously accepted or established statements In Mathematics, the Lasker–Noether theorem states that every Noetherian ring is a Lasker ring, which means that every ideal can be written as an intersection Abstract algebra is the subject area of Mathematics that studies Algebraic structures such as groups, rings, fields, modules ^[33] His attempt to create a general theory of all competitive activities had some influence on von Neumann's work on game theory,^[55] and his later writings about card games presented a significant issue in the mathematical analysis of card games. Game theory is a branch of Applied mathematics that is used in the Social sciences (most notably Economics) Biology, Engineering, This article is about using Mathematics to study the inner-workings of Multiplayer games which on the surface may not appear mathematical at all ^[66]

However his dramatic and philosophical works have never been highly regarded. ^[53]

Other facets of his life

He was also a philosopher, and a good friend of Albert Einstein. Berthold Lasker ( 31 December 1860 - 19 October 1928) was a German Chess master. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical Later in life he became an ardent humanitarian, and wrote passionately about the need for inspiring and structured education for the stabilization and security of mankind. He took up bridge and became a master at it, and a registered teacher of the Culbertson system. Contract bridge, usually known simply as bridge, is a trick-taking Card game of skill and chance (the relative proportions depending Ely Culbertson ( July 22, 1891 &ndash December 27, 1955) was the most significant American Contract bridge personality He also studied Go.

He invented Lasca, a draughts-like game, where instead of removing captured pieces from the board, they are stacked underneath the capturer. Lasca (also called Laska or Laskers) is a Draughts (or checkers variant invented by the second World Chess Champion Emanuel Draughts drɑːfts ( British English) or checkers ( American English) is a group of Abstract strategy Board games between two players

Poetess Else Lasker-Schüler was his sister-in-law. Else Lasker-Schüler ( February 11, 1869 &ndash January 22, 1945) was a Jewish German Poet and playwright

Edward Lasker, the American International Master, engineer, and author, claimed that he was related to Emanuel Lasker. Edward Lasker ( December 3 1885 &ndash March 25 1981) was a leading American Chess and Go player They played together in the great 1924 New York tournament.

Publications

• Lasker's Chess Magazine, OCLC 5002324, 1904-1907. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose ^[19]
• Lasker's Manual of Chess, 1925, was as famous in chess circles for its philosophical tone as for its content. Lasker's Manual of Chess (Lehrbuch des Schachspiels is a book on the game of Chess written in 1925 by former World Chess Champion Emanuel Lasker

Quotations

• "The acquisition of harmonious education is comparable to the production and the elevation of an organism harmoniously built. The one is fed by blood, the other one by the spirit; but Life, equally mysterious, creative, powerful, flows through either. " — from Manual of Chess
• "Lies and hypocrisy do not survive for long on the chessboard. The creative combination lies bare the presumption of a lie, while the merciless fact, culminating in a checkmate, contradicts the hypocrite. " — from Manual of Chess
• ". . . (it is) something unearthly .  .  . If there are sentient beings on other planets, then they play Go. "

Notable games

• Lasker vs Johann Hermann Bauer, Amsterdam 1889, Bird Opening: Dutch Variation (A03), 1-0 The first known game with a successful two bishops sacrifice; this is now known as a "Lasker-Bauer combination" or "Lasker sacrifice".
• Harry Nelson Pillsbury-Lasker, St Petersburg 1895, Queen's Gambit Declined: Pseudo-Tarrasch. Primitive Pillsbury Variation (D50), 0-1 A brilliant sacrifice in the 17th move leads to a victorious attack.
• Wilhelm Steinitz vs Emanuel Lasker, London (England) 1899 The old champion and the new one really go for it.
• Frank James Marshall vs Emanuel Lasker Lasker's attack is insufficient for a quick win, so he trades it in for an endgame in which he quickly ties Marshall in knots.
• Emanuel Lasker vs Carl Schlechter, match 1910, game 10 Not a great game, but the closest Emanuel Lasker came to losing his world title before José Raúl Capablanca beat him in 1921. The notes are said to be by Capablanca.
• Lasker-Jose Raul Capablanca, St Petersburg 1914, Ruy Lopez: Exchange. Alekhine Variation (C68), 1-0 Lasker, who needed a win here, surprisingly used a quiet opening, allowing Capablanca to simplify the game early. There has been much debate about whether Lasker's approach represented subtle psychology or deep positional understanding.
• Max Euwe vs Emanuel Lasker, Zurich 1934 66-year old Lasker beats a future world champion, sacrificing his Queen to turn defense into attack.

Tournament results

Here are Lasker's placings and scores in tournaments:^{[5][27][28][63][71][19][87]}

• Under Score, + games won, − games lost, = games drawn

Date	Location	Place	Score		Notes
1889	Berlin (Cafe Kaiserhof)	1st	???	???
1889	Breslau "B"	1st =	12/15	+11−2=2	Tied with von Feyerfeil and won the play-off. Wrocław (Breslau Vratislav Vratislavia or Wratislavia Yiddish: ברעסלוי) is the chief City of the historical region of Lower Silesia This was Hauptturnier A of the 6th DSB Congress, i. The Deutschen Schachbund (DSB had been founded in Leipzig on 18 July 1877 e. the "second-division" tournament.
1889	Amsterdam "A" tournament	2nd	6/8	+5−1=2	Behind Amos Burn; ahead of James Mason , Isidor Gunsberg and others. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west Amos Burn (1848&ndash1925 was an English Chess player one of the world's leading players at the end of the 19th century and a chess writer James Mason ( November 19, 1849 &ndash January 12, 1905) was a famous Chess player and writer Isidor Arthur Gunsberg ( November 2 1854, in Budapest Hungary – May 2 1930, in London) began his career as the player This was the stronger of the two Amsterdam tournaments held at that time.
1890	Berlin	1–2	6½/8	+6−1=1	Tied with his brother Berthold Lasker. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Berthold Lasker ( 31 December 1860 - 19 October 1928) was a German Chess master.
1890	Graz	3rd	4/6	+3−1=2	Close ehind Gyula Makovetz and Bauer; a long way ahead of the rest. Graz (etymologically from Slovene: Gradec IPA /gradeʦ/ "little castle" with a population of around 290000 as of 2008 (of which 252852 have principal Gyula Makovetz (Makowetz Makovets (29 December 1860 Arad – December 1903 Budapest) was a Hungarian journalist and chess player
1892	London	1st	6½/8	+5−0=3	Ahead of Joseph Henry Blackburne, Mason, Gunsberg and Henry Edward Bird. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Joseph Henry Blackburne ( December 10, 1841 – September 1, 1924) nicknamed "Black Death" dominated British Chess Henry Edward Bird ( July 14, 1830 – April 11, 1908) was an English Chess player and chess writer
1893	New York	1st	13/13	+13−0=0	Ahead of Adolf Albin, Jackson Showalter and a newcomer called Harry Nelson Pillsbury. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Adolf Albin ( September 14, 1848 &ndash February 1, 1920) was a Romanian Chess player, especially known for the countergambit Jackson Whipps Showalter ( February 4, 1860 – February 6, 1935) was a five-time U Harry Nelson Pillsbury (b Massachusetts USA December 5, 1872 - June 17, 1906) was a leading Chess player
1895	Hastings	3rd	15½/21	+14−4=3	Behind Pillsbury and Mikhail Chigorin; ahead of Siegbert Tarrasch, Wilhelm Steinitz and the rest of a strong field. Hastings is a town on the coast of East Sussex in England; it is also the administrative centre for the Borough of the same name Mikhail Ivanovich Chigorin ( 12 November 1850, Gatchina, Russia – 25 January 1908, Lublin, Poland Siegbert Tarrasch ( March 5, 1862 &ndash February 17, 1934) was one of the strongest Chess players and most influential chess Wilhelm (later William) Steinitz ( May 17, 1836 – August 12, 1900) was an Austrian - American
1895/96	St. Petersburg	1st	6½/8	+6−1=1	A Quadrangular tournament; ahead of Steinitz (by 2 points), Pillsbury and Chigorin. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River
1896	Nuremberg	1st	13½/18	+12−3=3	Ahead of Géza Maróczy, Pillsbury, Tarrasch, Dawid Janowski, Steinitz and the rest of a strong field. Géza Maróczy (ˈɡeːzɒ ˈmɒroːtsi 3 March 1870 – 29 May 1951) was a leading Hungarian Chess Grandmaster Dawid Markelowicz Janowski (in English usually called David Janowski) ( 25 May, 1868, Wołkowysk, – 15 January, 1927,
1899	London	1st	23½/28	+20−1=7	Ahead of Janowski, Pillsbury, Maróczy, Carl Schlechter, Blackburne, Chigorin and several other strong players. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Carl Schlechter ( March 2, 1874 - December 27, 1918) was a leading Austrian Chess master at the turn of the 20th century
1900	Paris	1st	14½/16	+14−1=1	Ahead of Pillsbury (by 2 points), Frank James Marshall, Maróczy, Burn, Chigorin and several others. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Frank James Marshall ( August 10 1877 &ndash November 9 1944) was the U
1904	Cambridge Springs	2nd =	11/15	+9−2=4	Tied with Janowski; 2 points behind Marshall; ahead of Georg Marco, Showalter, Schlechter, Chigorin, Jacques Mieses, Pillsbury and others. Cambridge Springs is a borough in Crawford County, Pennsylvania, United States. Georg Marco ( 29 November 1863 – 29 August 1923) was a Romanian Chess player. Jacques Mieses ( February 27, 1865, in Leipzig &ndash February 23, 1954 in London) was a German -born Jewish
1906	Trenton Falls	1st	5/6	+4−0=2	Quadrangular
1909	St. Petersburg	1st =	14½/18	+13−2=3	Tied with Akiba Rubinstein; ahead of Oldrich Duras and Rudolf Spielmann (by 3½ points), Ossip Bernstein, Richard Teichmann and several other strong players. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Akiba Kiwelowicz Rubinstein ( 12 December, 1882, in Stawiski, Poland – 15 March, 1961 in Antwerp, Oldřich Duras ( October 30, 1882, Pchery (hamlet Humny in Bohemia, then Austria-Hungary &ndash January 5, Rudolf Spielmann ( 5 May 1883 - 20 August 1942) was an Austrian - Jewish Chess player of the romantic school Ossip Samoilovich Bernstein (born 20 September 1882 at Zhytomyr, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) – died 30 November Richard Teichmann (1868&ndash1925 was a leading German Chess player easily of grandmaster strength
1914	St. Petersburg	1st	13½/18	+10−1=7	Ahead of José Raúl Capablanca, Alexander Alekhine, Tarrasch and Marshall. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Alexander Alexandrovich Alekhine (alʲɛkˈsandr̠ alʲɛkˈsandr̠ovʲiʨ aˈlʲɛxin Russian Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Але́хин) (October This tournament had an unusual structure: there was a preliminary tournament in which 11 players played each other player once; the top 5 players then played a separate final tournament in which each player who made the "cut" played the other finalists twice; but their scores from the preliminary tournament were carried forward. Even the preliminary tournament would now be considered a "super-tournament". Capablanca "won" the preliminary tournament by 1½ points without losing a game, but Lasker achieved a plus score against all his opponents in the final tournament and finished with a combined score ½ point ahead of Capablanca's.
1918	Berlin	1st	4½/6	+3−0=3	Quadrangular tournament . Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Ahead of Rubinstein, Schlechter and Tarrasch.
1923	Mährisch-Ostrau	1st	10½/13	+8−0=5	Ahead of Richard Réti, Ernst Grünfeld, Alexey Selezniev, Savielly Tartakower, Max Euwe and other strong players. Ostrava ( pronounced, Ostrau Ostrawa is the third largest city in the Czech Republic, however it is the second largest urban agglomeration after Prague Richard Réti ( 28 May, 1889, Pezinok (now Slovakia) &ndash 6 June, 1929, Prague) was an Austrian Ernst Franz Grünfeld ( November 21 1893 &ndash April 3 1962) an Austrian Chess player and writer specializing in Alexey (Alex Selezniev (Selesniev Selesniew Selesnev Selesnieff; pronounced "selezNYOFF" (1888 Tambov, Russia – June 1967 Bordeaux France Ksawery Tartakower (Russian Савелий Григорьевич Тартаковер generally known as Saviely or Savielly Tartakower in English less often Machgielis (Max Euwe (last name is pronounced /øwə/ ( May 20, 1901 – November 26, 1981) was a Dutch Chess Grandmaster
1924	New York	1st	16/20	+13−1=6	Ahead of Capablanca (by 1½ points), Alekhine, Marshall, and the rest of a very strong field. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous
1925	Moscow	2nd	14/20	+10−2=8	Behind Efim Bogoljubow; ahead of José Raúl Capablanca, Marshall, Tartakower, Carlos Torre, other strong non- Soviet players and the leading Soviet players. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Efim Dmitriyevich Bogoljubow (Bogoljubov Bogolyubov (Ефи́м Дми́триевич Боголю́бов April 14, 1889 &ndash June 18, Carlos Torre Repetto (23 November 1905 in Mérida Yucatán – 19 March 1978 in Mérida Yucatán was a Chess grandmaster from Mexico. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991
1934	Zürich	5th	10/15	+9−4=2	Behind Alekhine, Euwe, Salo Flohr and Bogoljubow; ahead of Bernstein, Aron Nimzowitsch, Gideon Stahlberg and various others. Zürich (, Zürich German: Züri, Zurich, Zurigo; in English generally Zurich) is the largest city in Switzerland and capital of the Salomon Mikhailovich Flohr ( November 21, 1908 &ndash July 18, 1983) was a leading Czech and later Soviet Chess Aron Nimzowitsch ( Ārons Ņimcovičs; born Aron Niemzowitsch and also known as Nimzovich) (7 November 1886 – 16 March 1935 was a Latvian Gideon Ståhlberg (or Stahlberg) (1908–1967 was a Swedish Chess grandmaster.
1935	Moscow	3rd	12½/19	+6−0=13	½ point behind Mikhail Botvinnik and Flohr; ahead of Capablanca, Spielmann, Ilya Kan, Grigory Levenfish, Andor Lilienthal, Viacheslav Ragozin and others. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Mikhail Moiseyevich Botvinnik (mʲixaˈiɫ̺ mʌiˈs̺ʲɛjɛvʲiʧʲ bʌt̺ˈvʲin̺n̻ʲik Михаи́л Моисе́евич Ботви́нник) ( &ndash May Ilya Abramovich Kan (Илья Абрамович Кан 4 May 1909 – 12 December 1978) was a Russian / Soviet International Master Grigory Yakovlevich Levenfish ( March 9, 1889, Piotrków - February 9, 1961, Moscow) was a leading Jewish[http Andor (Andre Andrea Arnoldovich Lilienthal (born May 5 1911) is a Hungarian Chess Grandmaster. Emanuel Lasker was about 67 years old at the time.
1936	Moscow	6th	8/18	+3−5=10	Capablanca won. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of
1936	Nottingham	7–8	8½/14	+6−3=5	Capablanca and Botvinnik tied for 1st place. Nottingham ( is a city in the Ceremonial county of Nottinghamshire, England.

Match results

Here are Lasker's results in matches:^{[7][32][45][15]}

• Under Score, + games won, − games lost, = games drawn

Date	Opponent	Result	Location	Score		Notes
1889	E. R. von Feyerfeil	Won	Breslau	1−0	+1−0=0	Play-off match
1889/90	Curt von Bardeleben	Won	Berlin	2½−1½	+2−1=1
1889/90	Jacques Mieses	Won	Leipzig	6½−1½	+5−0=3
1890	Berthold Lasker	Drew	Berlin	½−½	+0−0=1	Play-off match
1890	Henry Edward Bird	Won	Liverpool	8½−3½	+7−2=3
1890	N. Curt von Bardeleben ( Berlin, March 4 1861 – Berlin, January 31, 1924) was a Count and a German Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Jacques Mieses ( February 27, 1865, in Leipzig &ndash February 23, 1954 in London) was a German -born Jewish This sort of fix restores section edit linkpoints to where they belong Berthold Lasker ( 31 December 1860 - 19 October 1928) was a German Chess master. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Henry Edward Bird ( July 14, 1830 – April 11, 1908) was an English Chess player and chess writer Liverpool ( is a City and Metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary T. Miniati	Won	Manchester	4−1	+3−0=2
1890	Berthold Englisch	Won	Vienna	3½−1½	+2−0=3
1891	Francis Lee	Won	London	1½−½	+1−0=1
1892	Joseph Henry Blackburne	Won	London	8−2	+6−0=4
1892	Bird	Won	Newcastle	5−0	+5−0=0
1892/93	Jackson Showalter	Won	Logansport, Kokomo	7−3	+6−2=2
1893	Celso Golmayo Zúpide	Won	Havana	2½−½	+2−0=1
1893	Andrés Clemente Vázquez	Won	Havana	3−0	+3−0=0
1893	A. Berthold Englisch ( 9 July 1851, Hotzenplotz – 19 October 1897, Vienna) was a leading Austrian Chess Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Joseph Henry Blackburne ( December 10, 1841 – September 1, 1924) nicknamed "Black Death" dominated British Chess Jackson Whipps Showalter ( February 4, 1860 – February 6, 1935) was a five-time U Logansport is the name of some places in the United States of America: Logansport Indiana Logansport Louisiana Celso Golmayo y Zúpide ( 24 April 1820, Logroño, Spain – 1 April 1898, Havana) was a Spanish–Cuban Havana ( IPA: aˈβana officially Ciudad de La Habana, is the Capital city, major port and leading Ponce	Won	Havana	2−0	+2−0=0
1893	Alfred Ettlinger	Won	New York	5−0	+5−0=0
1894	Wilhelm Steinitz	Won	New York, Philadelphia, Montreal	12−7	+10−5=4	World Championship match
1896/97	Steinitz	Won	Moscow	12½−4½	+10−2=5	World Championship match
1901	Dawid Janowski	Won	Manchester	1½−½	+1−0=1
1903	Mikhail Chigorin	Lost	Brighton	2½−3½	+1−2=3	Rice Gambit match
1907	Frank James Marshall	Won	New York, Philadelphia, Washington DC, Baltimore, Chicago, Memphis	11½−3½	+8−0=7	World Championship match
1908	Siegbert Tarrasch	Won	Düsseldorf, Munich	10½−5½	+8−3=5	World Championship match
1908	Abraham Speijer	Won	Amsterdam	2½−½	+2−0=1
1909	Janowski	Drew	Paris	2−2	+2−2=0
1909	Janowski	Won	Paris	8−2	+7−1=2	Exhibition match
1910	Carl Schlechter	Drew	Vienna−Berlin	5−5	+1−1=8	World Championship match
1910	Janowski	Won	Berlin	9½−1½	+8−0=3	World Championship match
1914	Ossip Bernstein	Drew	Moscow	1−1	+1−1=0	Exhibition match
1916	Tarrasch	Won	Berlin	5½−½	+5−0=1
1921	José Raúl Capablanca	Lost	Havana	5−9	+0−4=10	lost World Championship
1940	Frank James Marshall	Lost	New York	½−1½	+0−1=1	exhibition match

See also

• List of people who have beaten Emanuel Lasker in chess

References

Further reading

• Kasparov, Garry (2003), My Great Predecessors, part I, Everyman Chess, ISBN 1-85744-330-6 
• World chess champions by Edward G. Winter, editor. Garry Kasparov (Га́рри Ки́мович Каспа́ров) (born as Garry Kimovich Weinstein on April 13 1963 in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet Everyman Chess is a major publisher of books and CDs about Chess. Edward Winter is a British Journalist, Archivist, Historian, Collector and Author about the game of Chess. 19981 ISBN 0-08-024094-1
• J. Hannak, Emanuel Lasker: The Life of a Chess Master (1952, reprinted by Dover, 1991. Albert Einstein wrote the foreword to this book. Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical ). ISBN 0-486-26706-7
• Ken Whyld, The Collected Games of Emanuel Lasker (The Chess Player, 1998)
• Twelve Great Chess Players and Their Best Games by Irving Chernev; Dover; August 1995. Kenneth Whyld ( March 6, 1926 - July 11, 2003) was a British Chess author and researcher best known as the co-author (with Irving Chernev (1900-1981 was a Russian born American Chess author ISBN 0-486-28674-6
• Why Lasker Matters, by Andrew Soltis, 2005, Batsford. Andrew Soltis (born May 28 1947) is a Chess author and columnist as well as a Grandmaster.

External links

• Emanuel Lasker at ChessGames.com
• O'Connor, John J. ChessGamescom is a large Chess community on the Internet with over 100000 members & Robertson, Edmund F. , “Emanuel Lasker”, MacTutor History of Mathematics archive 
• A biography of Lasker
• The Game of Lasca
• Kmoch, Hans. The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive is an award-winning website maintained by John J Johann Joseph ("Hans" Kmoch ( July 25, 1894 – February 13, 1973) was an Austrian Dutch - American chess Grandmasters I Have Known: Emanuel Lasker. Chesscafe. com.
• Another Lasker biography
• Lasker's Chess Magazine, January 1905 edition, excerpts
• Emanuel Lasker at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
• Jacobs, Joseph & Porter, A. The Mathematics Genealogy Project is a web-based Database that gives an Academic genealogy based on Dissertation supervision relations Joseph Jacobs ( 29 August 1854 - 30 January 1916) was a literary and Jewish Historian. (1901–1906), “Lasker, Emanuel”, in Singer, Isidore, Jewish Encyclopedia, vol. Isidore Singer (1859–1939 was an editor of the Jewish Encyclopedia and founder of the American League for the Rights of Man. The Jewish Encyclopedia was an Encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls. 7, pp. 622–3 

Preceded by Wilhelm Steinitz

World Chess Champion 1894–1921

Succeeded by José Raúl Capablanca

Persondata
NAME	Lasker, Emanuel
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Lasker, Emanuel; Lasker, Emanuel
SHORT DESCRIPTION	German chess World Chess Champion and grandmaster, mathematician, and philosopher
DATE OF BIRTH	December 24, 1868
PLACE OF BIRTH	Barlinek, Poland
DATE OF DEATH	January 11, 1941
PLACE OF DEATH	New York City, United States

Wilhelm (later William) Steinitz ( May 17, 1836 – August 12, 1900) was an Austrian - American See also Development of the World Chess Championship The World Chess Championship is played to determine the World Champion in the Board game Chess Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. See also Development of the World Chess Championship The World Chess Championship is played to determine the World Champion in the Board game Chess The title Grandmaster is awarded to extremely strong Chess masters by the world chess organization FIDE. A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and research is the field of Mathematics. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Barlinek (Berlinchen is a town in Poland, in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in Myślibórz County. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The City of New York The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

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