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Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
Queen Consort of the United Kingdom
Empress of India (more...)
The Queen at the World's Fair, New York City, 1939.
The Queen at the World's Fair, New York City, 1939. The precise style of British Sovereigns has varied over the years The 1939-40 New York World's Fair, Flushing Meadows-Corona Park (also the location of the 1964-1965 New York World's Fair) was one of the largest The City of New York
Consort 11 December 1936 – 6 February 1952
Coronation 12 May 1937
Consort to George VI
Issue
Elizabeth II
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon
Full name
Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon
Titles and styles
HM Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother
HM The Queen
HRH The Duchess of York
The Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
The Hon Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
Royal house House of Windsor
Father Claude, Earl of Strathmore
Mother Cecilia, Countess of Strathmore
Born 4 August 1900(1900-08-04)
London or Hitchin, England
Baptised 23 September 1900
All Saints Church, St Paul's Walden Bury, Hitchin, Hertfordshire, England
Died 30 March 2002 (aged 101)
Royal Lodge, Windsor, Berkshire, England
Burial 9 April 2002
St George's Chapel, Windsor, England

Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (Elizabeth Angela Marguerite; 4 August 1900 – 30 March 2002), was the Queen Consort of King George VI of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions from 1936 until his death in 1952. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II A royal house or royal dynasty is a familial designation or Family name of sorts used by Royalty. The House of Windsor is the current Royal House of the United Kingdom and each of the other Commonwealth realms The older part is a branch of the Saxe-Coburg Claude George Bowes-Lyon 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne KG, KT, GCVO, TD (14 March 1855 – 7 November 1944 was a landowner and Cecilia Nina Bowes-Lyon Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne ( née Cavendish-Bentinck; 11 September 1862 &ndash 23 June 1938) was Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Hitchin is a town in Hertfordshire, England, and has an estimated population of 30360 England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Events 1122 - Concordat of Worms. 1459 - Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar St Paul's Walden Bury is a stately home and surrounding gardens located in the village of St Paul's Walden in Hertfordshire. Hitchin is a town in Hertfordshire, England, and has an estimated population of 30360 Hertfordshire (ˈhɑːtfədʃə(r, abbreviated Herts) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in the East region of England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Royal Lodge is a house in Windsor Great Park, located half a mile north of Cumberland Lodge and 3 miles south of Windsor Castle. Windsor (ˈwɪnzə/ /ˈwɪndzə is a suburban town and tourist destination in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead in Berkshire, England. Berkshire (ˈbɑːkʃə or /ˈbɑːkʃɪə/ say Baak-shuh/-sheer sometimes abbreviated to Berks) is a Home County in the South England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Windsor Castle, in Windsor in the English county of Berkshire, is the largest inhabited Castle in the world and dating back to the time of England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. A queen consort is the title given to the wife of a reigning king. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. A dominion, often Dominion, refers to one of a group of autonomous polities under sovereign authority within the British Empire and After her husband's death, she was known as Queen Elizabeth, The Queen Mother, to avoid confusion with her daughter, Elizabeth II (see queen mother). For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II Queen mother is a title or position reserved for a widowed Queen consort (a Queen dowager) whose son or daughter from that marriage is the reigning monarch Before her husband ascended the throne, from 1923 to 1936 she was known as the Duchess of York. Duchess of York is a title held by the wife of the Duke of York since the first Duke of York in 1384 She was the last Queen-consort of Ireland and Empress-consort of India. The designation King of Ireland (Rí na hÉireann and Queen (regnant of Ireland was used during three periods of Irish history. Emperor/Empress of India ( Badishah -e-Hind in Hindustani) was used as a Title by the last Mughal emperor Bahadur

Born into a family of Scottish nobility (her father inherited the Earldom of Strathmore and Kinghorne in 1904), she came to prominence in 1923 when she married Albert, Duke of York, the second son of George V and Queen Mary. The Peerage of Scotland is the division of the British Peerage for those peers created in the Kingdom of Scotland before 1707. Claude George Bowes-Lyon 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne KG, KT, GCVO, TD (14 March 1855 – 7 November 1944 was a landowner and The title Earl of Kinghorne was created in the Peerage of Scotland in 1606 for Patrick Lyon Mary of Teck (Victoria Mary Augusta Louise Olga Pauline Claudine Agnes 26 May 1867 – 24 March 1953 was the queen-empress consort of George V of the United Kingdom As Duchess of York, she – along with her husband and their two daughters Elizabeth and Margaret – embodied traditional ideas of family and public service. [1] She undertook a variety of public engagements, and became known as the "Smiling Duchess" because of her consistent public expression. [2]

In 1936, her husband unexpectedly became King when her brother-in-law, Edward VIII, abdicated in order to marry his mistress, the American divorcée Wallis Simpson. The Edward VIII abdication crisis occurred in the British Empire in 1936 when the desire of King-Emperor Edward VIII to marry his mistress Wallis The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Wallis Duchess of Windsor (born Bessie Wallis Warfield, later Spencer, then Simpson; 19 June 1895 or 1896 &ndash 24 April 1986 was an American As Queen Consort, Elizabeth accompanied her husband on diplomatic tours to France and North America in the run-up to World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including During the war, her seemingly indomitable spirit provided moral support to the British public, and in recognition of her role as a propaganda tool, Adolf Hitler described her as "the most dangerous woman in Europe". Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately [3] After the war, her husband's health deteriorated and she was widowed at the age of 51.

With her brother-in-law living abroad and her elder daughter now Queen at the age of 26, when her mother-in-law Queen Mary died in 1953 Elizabeth became the senior member of the Royal Family and assumed a position as family matriarch. Mary of Teck (Victoria Mary Augusta Louise Olga Pauline Claudine Agnes 26 May 1867 – 24 March 1953 was the queen-empress consort of George V of the United Kingdom In her later years, she was a consistently popular member of the Royal Family, when other members were suffering from low levels of public approval. The British Royal Family is the group of close relatives of the monarch of the United Kingdom.

Only after the illness and death of her own younger daughter, Princess Margaret, did she appear to grow frail. She died seven weeks after Margaret, at the age of 101. During the year of her death in 2002, she was ranked 61st in the 100 Greatest Britons poll.

Contents

Early life

Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon 1906.
Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon 1906.

Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon was the youngest daughter and the ninth of ten children of Claude George Bowes-Lyon, Lord Glamis, (later 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne), and his wife, Cecilia Nina Cavendish-Bentinck. Claude George Bowes-Lyon 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne KG, KT, GCVO, TD (14 March 1855 – 7 November 1944 was a landowner and The title Earl of Kinghorne was created in the Peerage of Scotland in 1606 for Patrick Lyon The title Earl of Kinghorne was created in the Peerage of Scotland in 1606 for Patrick Lyon Cecilia Nina Bowes-Lyon Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne ( née Cavendish-Bentinck; 11 September 1862 &ndash 23 June 1938) was Amongst her ancestors were British Prime Minister William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland, and Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley (Governor-General of India and elder brother of another Prime Minister, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington). The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom William Henry Cavendish Cavendish-Bentinck 3rd Duke of Portland PC (14 April 1738 &ndash 30 October 1809 was a British Whig and Tory Richard Colley Wesley, later Wellesley 1st Marquess Wellesley KG PC ( 20 June 1760 – 26 September 1842) was The Governor-General of India (or from 1858 to 1947 the Viceroy and Governor-General of India) was the head of the British administration in India, and Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley 1st Duke of Wellington, KG, KP, GCB, GCH, PC, FRS ( c

The location of her birth remains uncertain, but reputedly she was born either in her parents' London home at Belgrave Mansions, Grosvenor Gardens, or in a horse-drawn ambulance on the way to the hospital. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. [4] Her birth was registered at Hitchin, Hertfordshire,[5] near the Strathmores' country house, St Paul's Walden Bury, which was also given as her birthplace in the census the following year. Hitchin is a town in Hertfordshire, England, and has an estimated population of 30360 Hertfordshire (ˈhɑːtfədʃə(r, abbreviated Herts) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in the East region of St Paul's Walden Bury is a stately home and surrounding gardens located in the village of St Paul's Walden in Hertfordshire. A nationwide census was conducted in England and Wales on 31 March 1901 [6] She was christened there on 23 September 1900, in the local parish church. Events 1122 - Concordat of Worms. 1459 - Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar

She spent much of her childhood at St Paul's Walden and at Glamis Castle, the Earl's ancestral home in Glamis, Angus, Scotland. St Paul's Walden is a village about five miles south of Hitchin in Hertfordshire, England. Glamis Castle is situated beside the village of Glamis (pronounced Glämz (in ɡlɑːmz in Angus, Scotland. Glamis (pronounced Glämz) is a small village in Angus, Scotland, located four miles south of Kirriemuir and five miles southwest of Forfar Angus ( Aonghas in Gaelic) is one of the 32 local government Council areas of Scotland, and a lieutenancy area. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Until the age of 8, she was educated at home by a governess, and was fond of field sports, ponies and dogs. [7] When she started school in London, she astonished her teachers by precociously starting an essay with two Greek words from Xenophon's Anabasis. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Xenophon (Ancient Greek, Modern Greek "Ξενοφών" "Ξενοφώντας" ca This article is about the Her best subjects were literature and scripture. After returning to private education under a German governess she passed the Oxford Local Examination with distinction aged 13. The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as OCR ( Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations) is an Examination board that sets Examinations and awards qualifications (including GCSEs [8]

On her fourteenth birthday, Britain declared war on Germany. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Her elder brother, Fergus, an officer in the Black Watch Regiment, was killed in action in France at the Battle of Loos in 1915. Captain The Hon Fergus Bowes-Lyon ( April 18, 1889 - September 27, 1915) was a brother of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother An officer is a member of an armed force who holds a position of authority The Black Watch 3rd Battalion Royal Regiment of Scotland (3 SCOTS is an Infantry Battalion of the Royal Regiment of Scotland. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Battle of Loos was one of the major British offensives mounted on the Western Front in 1915 during World War I. Another brother, Michael, was reported missing in action in May 1917. He had actually been captured after being wounded and remained in a prisoner of war camp for the rest of the war. Glamis was turned into a convalescent home for wounded soldiers, which Elizabeth helped to run. One of the soldiers she treated wrote in her autograph book that she was to be "Hung, drawn and. . . quartered. . . hung in diamonds, drawn in a coach, and. . . quartered in the best house in the land. "[9]

Marriage to Prince Albert

Detail of "The Duchess of York" by Philip de László, 1925.
Detail of "The Duchess of York" by Philip de László, 1925. Philip Alexius de László ( 30 April 1869 Budapest - 22 November 1937 London was a Hungarian painter known particularly for his portraits

Prince Albert – "Bertie" to the family – was the second son of George V. He initially proposed to Elizabeth in 1921, but she turned him down, being "afraid never, never again to be free to think, speak and act as I feel I really ought to". [10] When he declared he would marry no other, his mother, Queen Mary, visited Glamis to see for herself the girl who had stolen her son's heart. Mary of Teck (Victoria Mary Augusta Louise Olga Pauline Claudine Agnes 26 May 1867 – 24 March 1953 was the queen-empress consort of George V of the United Kingdom She became convinced that Elizabeth was "the one girl who could make Bertie happy", but nevertheless refused to interfere. [11]

Eventually Elizabeth agreed to marry Albert, despite her misgivings about royal life. [12] The engagement was announced in January 1923. Albert's freedom in choosing Elizabeth, legally a commoner though the daughter of a peer, was considered a gesture in favour of political modernisation; previously, princes were expected to marry princesses from other royal families. In British law a commoner is someone who is neither the Sovereign nor a peer. [13] They married on 26 April 1923, at Westminster Abbey. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church Elizabeth laid her bouquet at the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior on her way into the Abbey,[14] a gesture which every royal bride since has copied, though subsequent brides have chosen to do this on the way back from the altar rather than to it. The British tomb of The Unknown Warrior holds an unidentified British soldier killed on a European battlefield during World War I. She became styled Her Royal Highness The Duchess of York. Duchess of York is a title held by the wife of the Duke of York since the first Duke of York in 1384 They honeymooned at Polesden Lacey, a manor house in Surrey, and then went to Scotland. Polesden Lacey is an Edwardian house (expanded from an earlier building Surrey is a county in the South East of England and is one of the Home Counties. [15]

In 1926, the couple had their first child, Princess Elizabeth – "Lilibet" to the family – who would later become Queen Elizabeth II. For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II Another daughter, Margaret Rose, was born four years later. The Duke and Duchess of York travelled to Australia to open Parliament House in Canberra in 1927. Old Parliament House, formerly known as the Provisional Parliament House, was the seat of the Parliament of Australia from 1927 to 1988 Canberra ( is the capital city of Australia With a population of over 340000 it is Australia's largest inland City. [16]

Further information: Royal visits to Australia

Accession and abdication of Edward VIII

On 20 January 1936, King George V died and the succession passed to Albert's brother, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, who became King Edward VIII. Since 1867 there have been over fifty visits by a member of the Royal Family to Australia, though only six of those came before 1954 Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. George and Mary had been forthcoming as to their reservations about their eldest child. Indeed, George had expressed the wish, "I pray God that my eldest son will never marry and that nothing will come between Bertie and Lilibet and the throne. "[17]

As if granting his parents' wish, Edward forced a constitutional crisis by insisting on marrying the American divorcée Mrs Wallis Simpson. The Edward VIII abdication crisis occurred in the British Empire in 1936 when the desire of King-Emperor Edward VIII to marry his mistress Wallis Wallis Duchess of Windsor (born Bessie Wallis Warfield, later Spencer, then Simpson; 19 June 1895 or 1896 &ndash 24 April 1986 was an American Although legally Edward could have married Mrs Simpson and remained king, his ministers advised him that the people would never accept her as queen and advised against the marriage. Indeed, if the King ignored their advice, they would have to resign; this would have irreparably ruined Edward's status as a constitutional monarch, obliged to accept ministerial advice. A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is [18] He chose to abdicate in favour of Albert,[19] who had no desire to become king and had even less training for the role (despite his parents' aforementioned hopes for him). Albert took the regnal name George VI. He and Elizabeth were crowned King and Queen of Great Britain, Ireland and the British dominions beyond the seas, and Emperor and Empress of India on 12 May 1937, the date already nominated for the coronation of Edward VIII. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world A Commonwealth realm is any one of 16 sovereign states within the Commonwealth of Nations that each have Elizabeth II as their respective Monarch For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [20]

Elizabeth supported George VI's decision to withhold the style of Royal Highness from the ex-King Edward's wife and any of his children. [21] When Edward and Wallis Simpson married, Mrs Simpson became the Duchess of Windsor, but not a Royal Highness. Elizabeth was later quoted as referring to the Duchess as "that woman". [22][23] For her part, the Duchess referred to Elizabeth as "Cookie". [24]

Queen consort to George VI (1936–1952)

Royal tour of Canada and the United States in 1939

The Queen Elizabeth Way Monument, near Toronto, with the effigies of Queen Elizabeth and King George VI.
The Queen Elizabeth Way Monument, near Toronto, with the effigies of Queen Elizabeth and King George VI. The Queen Elizabeth Way Monument, also known as the Lion Monument, is a memorial originally located at the Toronto end of the Queen Elizabeth Way (QEW Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario An effigy is a representation of a person especially in the form of Sculpture.

In June 1939, Elizabeth's husband became the first reigning King of Canada to tour the country, as well as the United States. TalkCommonewalth realm.-->The monarchy of The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [25][26] The extensive tour took them across Canada from coast to coast and back, with a brief detour into the United States, where they visited the Roosevelts in the White House and at their Hudson Valley estate. See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence For the Magazine, see Hudson Valley (magazine The Home of Franklin D Roosevelt National Historic Site preserves the Springwood estate in Hyde Park New York, United States of America. The royal couple's reception by the Canadian and U. S. public was extremely enthusiastic,[27] dissipating in large measure any residual feeling that George and Elizabeth were in any way a lesser substitute for Edward. [28] Elizabeth told Mackenzie King, the Canadian Prime Minister, "that tour made us",[29] and she returned to Canada frequently both on official tours and privately. William Lyon Mackenzie King PC OM CMG ( December 17, 1874 – July 22, 1950) was a Canadian The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus [30]

In Canada she was quoted throughout her life as to her reported immediate response on landing in 1939: a World War I veteran asked, during one of the earliest of the royal couple's repeated encounters with the crowds, "Are you Scots or English?" She replied, "I'm Canadian!"[31]

Further information: History of monarchy in Canada and Royal tours of Canada

World War II

During World War II, the King and Queen became symbols of the nation's resistance. The Scots people ( Scots Gaelic: Albannaich) are a Nation and an Ethnic group indigenous to Scotland. The English people (from the adjective in Englisc) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to England who predominantly speak English The history of monarchy in Canada stretches from the pre-colonial times of Canada through to the present day though Canada's monarchical status is typically seen as beginning There has been an extended royal presence in Canada since the end of the 18th century World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Shortly after the declaration of war, The Queen's Book of the Red Cross was conceived. The Queen's Book of the Red Cross was published in November 1939 in a Fundraising effort to aid the Red Cross during World War II. Fifty authors and artists contributed to the book, which was fronted by Cecil Beaton's portrait of the Queen and was sold in aid of the Red Cross. Sir Cecil Walter Hardy Beaton ( 14 January 1904 &ndash 18 January 1980) was an English fashion and portrait Photographer The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an International humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers worldwide who stated [32] Elizabeth publicly refused to leave London or send the children to Canada, even during the Blitz, when she was advised by the Cabinet to do so. The Blitz was the sustained bombing of Britain by Nazi Germany between 7 September 1940 and 10 May 1941 in World War II. In the Politics of the United Kingdom, the Cabinet is a formal body composed of the most senior government ministers chosen by the Prime Minister She said, "The children won't go without me. I won't leave the King. And the King will never leave. "[33]

She often made visits to parts of London that were targeted by the German Luftwaffe, in particular the East End, near London's docks. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force. Docklands is the semi-official name for an area in the east of London, England, comprising parts of several boroughs ( Southwark, Tower Hamlets Her visits initially provoked hostility. Rubbish was thrown at her and the crowds jeered, in part because she dressed in expensive clothing which served to alienate her from those suffering the privations caused by the war. [34] She explained that if the public came to see her they would wear their best clothes, so she should reciprocate in kind; Norman Hartnell dressed her in gentle colours and never black, in order to represent "the rainbow of hope". Sir Norman Bishop Hartnell, KCVO, (b 12 June 1901 in London - 8 June 1979) was an English Fashion [35] When Buckingham Palace itself took several hits during the height of the bombing, Elizabeth was able to say, "I'm glad we've been bombed. Buckingham Palace is the official London residence of the British monarch. It makes me feel I can look the East End in the face. "[36][37]

Though the King and Queen spent the working day at Buckingham Palace, partly for security and family reasons they stayed at night at Windsor Castle (about 20 miles [35 kilometres] west of central London) with the Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret. Windsor Castle, in Windsor in the English county of Berkshire, is the largest inhabited Castle in the world and dating back to the time of The Palace had lost much of its staff to the army, and most of the rooms were shut. The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. [38] Due to fears of imminent invasion during the "Phony War" the Queen was given revolver training. The Phoney War, also called the Twilight War by Winston Churchill, der Sitzkrieg in German ("the sitting war" a [39]

Because of her effect on British morale, Adolf Hitler is said to have called her "the most dangerous woman in Europe". Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately [3] However, prior to the war both she and her husband, like most of Parliament and the British public, had been supporters of appeasement and Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, believing after the experience of the First World War that war had to be avoided at all costs. The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories Arthur Neville Chamberlain (18 March 1869 &ndash 9 November 1940 was a British Conservative Politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom After the resignation of Chamberlain, the King asked Winston Churchill to form a government. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 Although the King was initially reluctant to support Churchill, in due course both the King and Queen came to respect and admire him for what they perceived to be his courage and solidarity. [40][41]

Queen Mother (1952–2002)

New role in widowhood

On 6 February 1952, King George VI died of lung cancer. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Lung cancer is a Disease of uncontrolled Cell growth in tissues of the Lung. Shortly afterward, Elizabeth began to be styled Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth, The Queen Mother. This style was adopted because the normal style for the widow of a king, "Queen Elizabeth", would have been too similar to the style of her elder daughter, now Queen Elizabeth II. For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II [42] Popularly, she simply became "the Queen Mother" or "the Queen Mum".

She was devastated by the King's death and retired to Scotland; however, after a meeting with Prime Minister Winston Churchill, she broke her retirement and resumed her public duties. [43] Eventually she became just as busy as Queen Mother as she had been as Queen. In July 1953, she undertook her first overseas visit since the funeral, laying the foundation stone in Mount Pleasant of the University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland – the current University of Zimbabwe. The cornerstone (or foundation stone) concept is derived from the first stone set in the construction of a masonry foundation, important since all other stones will Mount Pleasant is the name of a residential suburb in the northern part of Harare, Zimbabwe. The University of Zimbabwe (UZ, is the first and largest university in Zimbabwe. [44]

The widowed queen also oversaw the restoration of the remote Castle of Mey on the Caithness coast of Scotland, which she used to "get away from everything"[45] for three weeks in August and ten days in October each year. The Castle of Mey (formerly Barrogill Castle) is in dramatic situation in Caithness, on the north coast of Scotland, about 6 Miles west of Geography Caithness extends about 40 Miles (64 Kilometres) north-south and about 30 miles (50 km east-west [46] Inspired by the amateur jockey Lord Mildmay,[47] she developed an interest in horse racing that continued for the rest of her life, owning the winners of approximately 500 races. Anthony Bingham Mildmay 2nd Baron Mildmay of Flete ( 14 April 1909 – 12 May 1950) was a gifted amateur steeplechaser who kindled the Her distinctive light blue colours were carried by horses such as Special Cargo, the winner of the 1984 Whitbread Gold Cup and The Argonaut. The Bet365 Gold Cup is a Grade 3 National Hunt horse race in the United Kingdom for five-year-old and above horses Although (contrary to rumour) she never placed bets, she did have the racing commentaries piped direct to her London residence, Clarence House, so she could follow the races. Clarence House is a royal home in London, situated on The Mall. [48]

The Queen Mother reads a telegram from her daughter, Queen Elizabeth II, on her 100th birthday: 4 August 2000.
The Queen Mother reads a telegram from her daughter, Queen Elizabeth II, on her 100th birthday: 4 August 2000. Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar.

Before the marriage of Lady Diana Spencer to her grandson Prince Charles, and after Diana's death, the Queen Mother – known for her personal and public charm – was by far the most popular member of the British Royal Family. The British Royal Family is the group of close relatives of the monarch of the United Kingdom. [10] Her signature dress of large upturned hat with netting and dresses with draped panels of fabric became a distinctive personal style. The Queen Mother had a discerning love of the arts, and purchased works by Claude Monet, Augustus John and Peter Carl Fabergé, among others. Claude Monet ( French klod mɔnɛ also known as Oscar-Claude Monet or Claude Oscar Monet (14 November 1840 &ndash 5 December 1926 was a founder Augustus Edwin John OM, RA, (4 January 1878 &ndash 31 October 1961 was a Welsh painter draughtsman, and Etcher. Peter Carl Fabergé original name Carl Gustavovich Fabergé ( May 30, 1846 &ndash September 24, 1920) was a Russian

Centenarian

In her later years, the Queen Mother became known for her longevity. Her hundredth birthday was celebrated in a number of ways: a parade that celebrated the highlights of her life included contributions from Norman Wisdom and John Mills. Sir Norman Wisdom, OBE (born 4 February 1915) is an English Comedian, Singer and Actor. Sir John Mills CBE (born Lewis Ernest Watts Mills; 22 February 1908 &ndash 23 April 2005) was an English [49] She attended a lunch at the Guildhall, London, at which George Carey, the Archbishop of Canterbury, accidentally attempted to drink her glass of wine. The Guildhall is a building in the City of London, off Cheapside and Basinghall Street, in the wards of Bassishaw and Cheap. } George Leonard Carey Baron Carey of Clifton PC FKC (born 13 November 1935) was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1991 to 2002 The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the Her quick admonition of "That's mine!" caused widespread amusement. [50]

In December 2001, the Queen Mother had a fall in which she fractured her pelvis. The pelvis (pl pelvises or pelves) or pelvic girdle is the irregular bony structure located at the base of the spine (properly known Even so, she insisted on standing for the National Anthem during the memorial service for her husband on 6 February the following year. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio [51] Just three days later, her second daughter Princess Margaret died. On 13 February 2002, at Sandringham House, the Queen Mother fell and cut her arm. Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Sandringham House is a Country house on of land near the village of Sandringham in Norfolk, England, which is privately owned by the British A doctor and an ambulance with a resuscitation unit (the latter only being there as a precaution) were called to Sandringham, where the wound on the Queen Mother's arm was dressed. [52] Despite this fall, the Queen Mother was still keen to attend Margaret's funeral at St George's Chapel, Windsor, two days later on Friday of that week. The Queen and the rest of the royal family were greatly concerned about the journey the Queen Mother was facing to get from Norfolk to Windsor. [53] Nevertheless, she made the journey but insisted that she be shielded from the press, so that no photographs of her in a wheelchair could be taken. [53]

Death

The Queen Mother's funeral carriage escorted by the Queen's Guard.
The Queen Mother's funeral carriage escorted by the Queen's Guard.

On 30 March 2002, at 3:15pm, the Queen Mother died peacefully in her sleep at the Royal Lodge, Windsor, with her surviving daughter, Queen Elizabeth II, at her bedside. Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Royal Lodge is a house in Windsor Great Park, located half a mile north of Cumberland Lodge and 3 miles south of Windsor Castle. She had been suffering from a cold for the last four months of her life. [52] She was 101 years old, and at the time of her death was the longest-lived member of the royal family in British history. This record was broken on 24 July 2003, by her last surviving sister-in-law Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, who died aged 102 on 29 October 2004. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Princess Alice Duchess of Gloucester (born The Lady Alice Christabel Montagu-Douglas-Scott; 25 December 1901 &ndash 29 October 2004 was the wife of Prince Henry Duke Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "

She grew camellias in every one of her gardens, and as her body was taken from the Royal Lodge, Windsor to lie in state at Westminster Hall, camellias from her own gardens were placed on top of the flag-draped coffin. Camellia ( ( Japanese: 椿 Tsubaki) is a Genus of Flowering plants in the family Theaceae, native to eastern and southern Royal Lodge is a house in Windsor Great Park, located half a mile north of Cumberland Lodge and 3 miles south of Windsor Castle. Windsor (ˈwɪnzə/ /ˈwɪndzə is a suburban town and tourist destination in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead in Berkshire, England. [54] More than 200,000 people over three days filed past as she lay in state in Westminster Hall at the Palace of Westminster. Members of the household cavalry and other branches of the armed forces stood guard at the four corners of the catafalque. At one point, the Queen Mother's four grandsons Prince Charles, Prince Andrew, Prince Edward and Viscount Linley mounted the guard as a mark of respect known as the Vigil of the Princes. David Albert Charles Armstrong-Jones Viscount Linley (born 3 November 1961 known professionally as David Linley a bespoke furniture maker and chairman of Christie's The Vigil of the Princes is the unofficial name given to two occasions when male members of the British Royal Family have stood guard during the Lying in state of

On the day of the Queen Mother's funeral, 9 April, more than a million people filled the area outside Westminster Abbey and along the 23-mile (37 km) route from central London to her final resting place beside her husband and younger daughter in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church [55] At her request, after her funeral the wreath that had lain atop her coffin was placed on the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior in Westminster Abbey, a gesture that echoed her wedding-day tribute. The British tomb of The Unknown Warrior holds an unidentified British soldier killed on a European battlefield during World War I. [56] In July 2007, in Norfolk, Lang Lang was the soloist in the premiere of Nigel Hess's Piano Concerto, commissioned by Prince Charles in memory of his grandmother. Lang Lang ( (born June 14, 1982) is a Chinese Pianist from Shenyang in Liaoning, China. Nigel Hess is a British Composer best known for his Television, Theatre and Film Soundtracks including the theme tunes Each of the three movements reflects an aspect of her personality. [57]

Public perception and character

Academy Award-winning songwriter Robert B. Sherman with the Queen Mother at the 1976 Royal Command Performance of The Slipper and the Rose.
Academy Award-winning songwriter Robert B. Sherman with the Queen Mother at the 1976 Royal Command Performance of The Slipper and the Rose. "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. Robert Bernard Sherman (born December 19, 1925) (see also " Sherman Brothers " is an American Songwriter who specializes The Royal Variety Performance is a gala evening held annually in the United Kingdom, which is attended by senior members of the British Royal Family, normally The Slipper and the Rose ( 1976) (143 min is a British Musical film retelling the classic Fairy tale of Cinderella.

Despite being regarded as one of the most popular members of the Royal Family in recent times who helped to stabilise the popularity of the monarchy as a whole,[58] Elizabeth was subject to various degrees of criticism during her life. The British Royal Family is the group of close relatives of the monarch of the United Kingdom. TalkCommonewalth realm.--> The monarchy Among the most serious relates to perceived partiality in relation to the appeasement debate in the 1930s. Upon Neville Chamberlain's return from Munich in 1938, he was invited onto the balcony of Buckingham Palace to receive acclamation from a crowd of well-wishers. The Munich Agreement (Mnichovská dohoda Mníchovská dohoda Münchner Abkommen Accords de Munich was an agreement regarding the Sudetenland, which were areas along borders While broadly popular among the general public, Chamberlain's policy towards Hitler was the subject of some opposition in the House of Commons, which led historian John Grigg to describe the King's behaviour in associating himself so prominently with a politician as "the most unconstitutional act by a British sovereign in the present century". The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords John Edward Poynder Grigg ( April 15, 1924 &ndash December 31, 2001) was a British writer historian and politician [59] However, historians have also argued that the King only ever followed ministerial advice and acted as he was constitutionally bound to do. [60] In 1945, Churchill was invited onto the balcony in a similar gesture.

During the 1939 Royal Tour of North America, U.S. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt said that Elizabeth was "a little self-consciously regal". First Lady of the United States is the unofficial title of the hostess of the White House. Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (ˈɛlɪnɔr ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 11 1884 &ndash November 7 1962 [61] During a visit to London in 1948 she observed, "[Elizabeth and her family] are nice people but so far removed from real life, it seems. "[62]

Kitty Kelley, a controversial writer, and others have alleged that during World War II Elizabeth did not abide by the rationing regulations to which the rest of the population was subject. Kitty Kelley (born April 4, 1942) is an American Investigative journalist and author of several best-selling unauthorized biographies of celebrities World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Rationing in the United Kingdom is the series of Food rationing policies put in place by the government of the United Kingdom during certain wartime periods of [63][64] However, this point is contradicted by the official records;[65][66] and Eleanor Roosevelt during her stay at Buckingham Palace during the war reported expressly on the rationed food served in the Palace and the limited bathwater that was permitted. [67]

Kelley also alleged that Elizabeth used racist slurs to refer to black people,[63] a claim strongly denied by Major Colin Burgess. [68] Major Burgess was the husband of Elizabeth Burgess, the mixed-race secretary who accused members of the Prince of Wales's Household of racial abuse. [69] Queen Elizabeth made no racist public comments. Woodrow Wyatt records in his diary that when he expressed the view that non-white countries have nothing in common with "us", she told him, "I am very keen on the Commonwealth. Woodrow Lyle Wyatt Baron Wyatt of Weeford ( 4 July 1918 &ndash 7 December 1997) was a British Labour Party Politician They're all like us. "[70] However, she did distrust Germans; she told Woodrow Wyatt, "Never trust them, never trust them. "[71] While she may have held such views, it has been argued that they were normal for British people of her generation and upbringing, who had experienced two vicious wars with Germany. [72]

Her political views were never publicly disclosed, though a letter she wrote in 1947 described Labour Prime Minister Clement Attlee's "high hopes of a socialist heaven on earth" as fading and presumably describes those who voted for him as "poor people, so many half-educated and bemused. The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the Clement Richard Attlee 1st Earl Attlee, KG, OM, CH, PC ( 3 January 1883 &ndash 8 October 1967 Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution I do love them. "[73] She told the Duchess of Grafton, "I love communists". (Ann Fortune FitzRoy Duchess of Grafton GCVO (born 1920 was born Ann Fortune Smith, the daughter of Captain Evan Cadogan Eric Smith born in 1894 Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based [74] Woodrow Wyatt thought her "much more pro Conservative than the Queen or the Prince of Wales"[75] but she later told him, "I like the dear old Labour Party. "[76]

In 1987, she was criticised when it emerged that two of her nieces, Katherine Bowes-Lyon and Nerissa Bowes-Lyon, had both been committed to a psychiatric hospital because they were severely handicapped. Katherine Bowes-Lyon (born 4 July 1926) is a niece of the late Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother and a first cousin of Queen Elizabeth II. Nerissa Jane Irene Bowes-Lyon ( February 18, 1919 &ndash 1986 was a niece of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother and a first cousin of Queen Elizabeth A psychiatric hospital (previously called insane asylum, mental hospital; or derogatorily looney bin, nut house or Funny Farm) is However, Burke's Peerage had listed the sisters as dead, apparently because their mother, Fenella (the Queen Mother's sister-in-law), "was 'extremely vague' when it came to filling in forms and might not have completed the paperwork for the family entry correctly". Burke's Peerage Baronetage & Knightage is an authoritative in-depth historical guide to the titled families of the United Kingdom. [77] When Nerissa had died the year before, her grave was originally marked with a plastic tag and a serial number. The Queen Mother claimed that the news of their institutionalisation came as a surprise to her. [78]

Legacy

Sir Hugh Casson described her vividly as like "a wave breaking on a rock, because although she is sweet and pretty and charming, she also has a basic streak of toughness and tenacity. Sir Hugh Maxwell Casson, KCVO, RA, RDI, ( 23 May 1910 – 15 August 1999) was a British Architect … when a wave breaks on a rock, it showers and sparkles with a brilliant play of foam and droplets in the sun, yet beneath is really hard, tough rock, fused, in her case, from strong principles, physical courage and a sense of duty. "[79] Peter Ustinov described her during a student demonstration in 1968, "As we arrived in a solemn procession the students pelted us with toilet rolls. Sir Peter Alexander Ustinov (ˈjuːstɪnɒf or /ˈuːstɪnɒf/ 16 April 1921 – 28 March 2004) born Peter Alexander Baron von Ustinow They kept hold of one end, like streamers at a ball, and threw the other end. The Queen Mother stopped and picked these up as though somebody had misplaced them. [Returning them to the students she said,] 'Was this yours? Oh, could you take it?' And it was her sang-froid and her absolute refusal to be shocked by this, which immediately silenced all the students. She knows instinctively what to do on those occasions. She doesn't rise to being heckled at all; she just pretends it must be an oversight on the part of the people doing it. The way she reacted not only showed her presence of mind, but was so charming and so disarming, even to the most rabid element, that she brought peace to troubled waters. "[80]

Elizabeth maintained a serene image throughout her public engagements, except once, during the 1947 Royal Tour of South Africa, when she rose from the royal carriage to beat an admirer about the head with her umbrella, having mistaken enthusiasm for hostility. } The Union of South Africa is the historic predecessor to the present-day state of the Republic of South Africa. [81] Being a keen angler, she once calmly joked, after being rushed to hospital when a fish bone stuck in her throat, "The salmon have got their own back. Angling is a method of Fishing by means of an "angle" ( hook) "[82]

She was well-known for her dry witticisms. On hearing that Edwina Mountbatten was buried at sea, she said: "Dear Edwina, she always liked to make a splash. Edwina Cynthia Annette Mountbatten Countess Mountbatten of Burma, CI, GBE, DCVO ( 28 November 1901 &ndash 21 February "[82] Accompanied by the gay writer and wit Sir Noël Coward at a gala, she mounted a staircase lined with Guards. Sir Noël Peirce Coward ( 16 December 1899 26 March 1973) was an English Actor, Playwright Noticing Coward's eyes flicker momentarily across the soldiers, she murmured to him: "I wouldn't if I were you, Noël; they count them before they put them out. "[83] After being advised by a Conservative Minister in the 1970s not to employ homosexuals, the Queen Mother observed that without them, "we'd have to go self-service". The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. [83] On the fate of a gift of a nebuchadnezzar of champagne (20 bottles' worth) even if her family didn't come for the holidays, she said, "I'll polish it off myself. A wine bottle is a Bottle used for holding wine generally made of Glass. "[84] Her extravagant lifestyle amused journalists, particularly when it was revealed she had a multi-million pound overdraft with Coutts Bank. The Pound Sterling ( symbol £; ISO code: GBP) subdivided into 100 pence (singular penny) is the Currency Coutts (more fully Coutts & Co) is one of the UK's leading Private banks owned by the Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS [85] Her habits were often parodied (with relative affection) by the satirical 1980s television programme Spitting Image – which portrayed her with a Birmingham accent and an ever-present copy of the Racing Post. British television broadcasting started in 1936 and now has a collection of free and subscription services over a variety of distribution media through which there are up to 600 channels Spitting Image was a British satirical Puppet show that ran on the ITV television network from 1984 to 1996 Brummie (sometimes Brummy) is a colloquial term for the inhabitants accent and Dialect of Birmingham, England, as well as being a The Racing Post is a British daily Horse racing, Greyhound racing and Sports betting Newspaper.

The Queen Mother left her entire estate to the Queen, except for some bequests to members of her staff. Her estate was estimated to be worth £70 million, including paintings, Fabergé eggs, jewellery, and horses. A Fabergé egg is any one of sixty-nine jeweled eggs made by Peter Carl Fabergé and his assistants between 1885 and 1917 Eight years before her death, she had reportedly placed two-thirds of her money into trusts, for the benefit of her great-grandchildren. In Common law legal systems a trust is an arrangement whereby Property (including real tangible and intangible is managed by one person (or persons or organizations The Queen Mother's most important pieces of art were transferred to the Royal Collection by the Queen. The Royal Collection is the art collection of the British Royal Family. [86]

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

Styles of
Queen Elizabeth as consort
Reference style Her Majesty
Spoken style Your Majesty
Alternative style Ma'am

Honours

Further information: List of titles and honours of Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon

The Queen Mother's British honours were read out at her funeral, held in the United Kingdom, as follows: "Thus it hath pleased Almighty God to take out of this transitory life unto His Divine Mercy the late Most High, Most Mighty and Most Excellent Princess Elizabeth, Queen Dowager and Queen Mother, Lady of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, Lady of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, Lady of the Imperial Order of the Crown of India, Grand Master and Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order upon whom had been conferred the Royal Victorian Chain, Dame Grand Cross of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, Dame Grand Cross of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem, Relict of His Majesty King George the Sixth and Mother of Her Most Excellent Majesty Elizabeth The Second by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith, Sovereign of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, whom may God preserve and bless with long life, health and honour and all worldly happiness. A style of office, or honorific, is a term which by Tradition or Law precedes a reference to a person who holds a post or Title, or to the Majesty is an English word derived ultimately from the Latin Maiestas, meaning Greatness. Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. This is a list of awards decorations honours orders and titles belonging to Queen Elizabeth. "[87]

In the memorial service held in Canada, her Canadian honours, the Canadian Forces Decoration and Order of Canada, were read out. The Canadian Forces Decoration is a Canadian Award bestowed upon members of the Canadian Forces who have completed twelve years of military service The Order of Canada is the highest civilian honour within the Canadian system of honours, with membership awarded to those who exemplify the order's Latin

Arms

The Queen Mother's coat of arms were the Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (in either the English or the Scottish version) impaled with the arms of her father, the Earl of Strathmore; the latter being 1st and 4th quarters, argent, a lion rampant Azure, armed and langued gules, within a double tressure flory-counter-flory of the second (Lyon), 2nd and 3rd quarters, ermine three bows, stringed paleways proper (Bowes). The Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom is the official Coat of arms of the British monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. In Heraldry, Impalement is the practice of joining two Coats of arms side-by-side in one Shield. The title Earl of Kinghorne was created in the Peerage of Scotland in 1606 for Patrick Lyon In Heraldry, argent is the tincture of silver, and belongs to the class of light tinctures called "metals" In Heraldry and Vexillology, a charge is an image occupying the field on an escutcheon (or shield This article is about the heraldic tincture. For other meanings see Azure (disambiguation. In Heraldry, gules (pronounced with a hard 'g' is the tincture with the colour Red, and belongs to the class of dark tinctures called "colours" In Heraldry, ermine is one of the furs used in Blazon, representing the skin of the stoat, known in medieval Latin as armenius ( Supporters: Dexter, a lion Or armed and langued Gules imperially crowned proper; Sinister, a lion per fesse or and gules. In Heraldry, supporters are figures usually placed on either side of the shield and depicted holding it up The shield is surrounded by the Garter, or (in Scotland) the collar of the Thistle. The Most Noble Order of the Garter is an Order of chivalry, or Knighthood, originating in Medieval England, and presently bestowed on recipients The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle is an Order of chivalry associated with Scotland. [88]

The Queen Mother was entitled to grant a Royal Warrant to suppliers of goods or services, who would display her arms on their premises, stationery and packaging. History The earliest recorded British Royal Charter was granted to the Weavers’ Company in 1155 by Henry II of England. The Queen Mother's arms were displayed by warrant holders until 2007, when they automatically expired.

Ancestry

Footnotes and sources

  1. ^ Roberts, Andrew; Edited by Antonia Fraser (2000). Lady Antonia Fraser, CBE (born 27 August 1932 née Pakenham, is an English author of history and novels best known as Antonia Fraser for writing The House of Windsor. London: Cassell and Co. , pp. 58–59. ISBN 0-304-35406-6.  
  2. ^ British Screen News. (1930). Our Smiling Duchess [film]. London: British Screen Productions.
  3. ^ a b The Churchill Centre, <http://www.winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=262>. Retrieved on 13 February 2007 
  4. ^ Weir, Alison (1996). Britain’s Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy, Revised edition. London: Pimlico, p. 330. ISBN 0-7126-7448-9.  
  5. ^ Civil Registration Indexes: Births, General Register Office, England and Wales. Jul–Sep 1900 Hitchin, vol. 3a, p. 667
  6. ^ 1901 England Census, Class RG13, Piece 1300, Folio 170, Page 5
  7. ^ Vickers, Hugo (2006). Elizabeth: The Queen Mother. Arrow Books/Random House, p. 8. ISBN 978-00994-76627.  
  8. ^ Vickers, pp. 10–14
  9. ^ Wade, Judy (9 October 2005), The Sunday Express 
  10. ^ a b Ezard, John (1 April 2002), “A life of legend, duty and devotion”, The Guardian: 18 
  11. ^ Airlie, Mabell (1962). Mabell Frances Elizabeth Ogilvy Countess of Airlie, GCVO, GBE ( 10 March 1866, Mayfair, London &ndash 7 April Thatched with Gold. London: Hutchinson, p. 167.  
  12. ^ Longford, Elizabeth (1981). Elizabeth Pakenham Countess of Longford, CBE, better known as Elizabeth Longford ( August 30, 1906 – October 23, 2002 The Queen Mother. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, p. 23.  
  13. ^ Roberts, pp. 57–58
  14. ^ Vickers, p. 64
  15. ^ Howarth, Patrick (1987). George VI. Century Hutchinson, p. 37–38. ISBN 0-091-71000-6.  
  16. ^ The Official Memorial Site of the Queen Mother, <http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/page1041.asp>. Retrieved on 26 February 2007 
  17. ^ Ziegler, Philip (1990). This page is not about Philip A Ziegler, writer on theology or Philip C King Edward VIII: The Official Biography. London: Collins, p. 199. ISBN 0-002-15741-1.  
  18. ^ Beaverbrook, Lord; Edited by A. J. P. Taylor (1966). William Maxwell "Max" Aitken 1st Baron Beaverbrook Bt Alan John Percival Taylor ( March 25, 1906 – September 7, 1990) was a renowned English Historian of the 20th century The Abdication of King Edward VIII. London: Hamish Hamilton, p. 57.  
  19. ^ The Duke of Windsor, p. 387
  20. ^ Elizabeth's crown contained the Koh-i-Noor diamond and was heavily based on that of Queen Mary, whose crown was taken to Garrard's with "the purpose of preparing designs for a new Crown for the Queen" (See British Royal Family website, "HM Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother: Crown"). This article is about the Diamond. For the film see Kohinoor. As with Queen Mary's crown, the arches are detachable, a feature which Elizabeth used in 1953 at her daughter's coronation as Queen Mary had done at the 1937 coronation of George VI and Elizabeth.
  21. ^ Letter from George VI to Winston Churchill in which the King says his family shared his view, quoted by Howarth, p. 143
  22. ^ Michie, Alan A. (17 March 1941) Life Magazine, quoted by Vickers, p. 224
  23. ^ According to Lady Mosley, who knew both the future Queen Mother and the Duchess of Windsor, the Queen's antipathy toward her sister-in-law may have had a deeper source. Diana Lady Mosley (née Freeman-Mitford 17 June 1910 &ndash 11 August 2003) was one of Britain's noted Mitford sisters and As Lady Mosley wrote, "probably the theory of their [the Windsors'] contemporaries that Cake [a Mitford nickname for the Queen Mother, derived from her fashion sense] was rather in love with him [the Duke] (as a girl) & took second best, may account for much. " Letter from Lady Mosley to her sister the Duchess of Devonshire, 5 June 1972, quoted in Mosley, Charlotte, editor (2007). Deborah Vivien Cavendish Dowager Duchess of Devonshire DCVO (born March 31, 1920, Asthall Manor, Oxfordshire, England) "The Mitfords: Letters Between Six Sisters", London: Fourth Estate, p. 582
  24. ^ Hogg, James; Mortimer, Michael (2002). The Queen Mother Remembered. BBC books, pp. 84–85. ISBN 0-563-36214-6
  25. ^ According to the official Royal Tour historian Gustave Lanctot, George VI was to be present in Canada as a living example the fact of Canada's status as an independent kingdom. Gustave Lanctot, OC, FRSC, also spelled Gustave Lanctôt, ( 5 July 1883 &ndash 2 February 1975) was a Canadian Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page During the tour of the United States, the King and Queen were accompanied by Canadian Prime Minister Mackenzie King, as the sole Minister in Attendance, rather than by a British minister, by way of reinforcing that their visit to the United States was a visit from Canada. The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus William Lyon Mackenzie King PC OM CMG ( December 17, 1874 – July 22, 1950) was a Canadian Source: Galbraith, William (1989), “Fiftieth Anniversary of the 1939 Royal Visit”, Canadian Parliamentary Review 12 (3), <http://www.parl.gc.ca/Infoparl/english/issue.htm?param=130&art=820> 
  26. ^ The Royal Tour of 1939, Library and Archives Canada, <http://www.collectionscanada.ca/05/0532/053201/053201130206_e.html>. Library and Archives Canada (in French: Bibliothèque et Archives Canada) is a Canadian federal government department responsible for the collection Retrieved on 14 March 2007 
  27. ^ Vickers, p. 187
  28. ^ Bradford, Sarah (1989). The Reluctant King: The Life and Reign of George VI. New York: St Martin's, pp. 298–299.  
  29. ^ Bradford, p. 281
  30. ^ Overseas Visits as Queen Mother, Memorial Site of the Queen Mother, <http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/page1049.asp>. Retrieved on 26 February 2007 
  31. ^ Speech Delivered by Her Majesty the Queen at the Fairmont Hotel, Vancouver, Monday, 7th October 2002, Canadian Heritage, <http://www.pch.gc.ca/royalvisit2005/speech_7oct2002_e.cfm>. Retrieved on 13 February 2007 
  32. ^ Vickers, p. 205
  33. ^ The Official Web-site of the British Monarchy, <http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/page1043.asp>. Retrieved on 14 May 2007 
  34. ^ Moore, Lucy (31 March 2002), “A wicked twinkle and a streak of steel”, The Guardian, <http://www.guardian.co.uk/queenmother/article/0,,676855,00.html>. Retrieved on 13 February 2007 
  35. ^ Vickers, p. 219
  36. ^ BritainExpress, <http://www.britainexpress.com/royals/queen-mother.htm>. Retrieved on 13 February 2007 
  37. ^ On War, <http://www.onwar.com/articles/0205.htm>. Retrieved on 13 February 2007 
  38. ^ Vickers, p. 229
  39. ^ Bradford, p. 321
  40. ^ Matthew, H. C. G. (2004), “George VI (1895–1952)”, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press) 
  41. ^ Vickers, pp. 210–211
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References

External links

British royalty
Preceded by
Mary of Teck		 Queen consort of the United Kingdom
1936 – 1952		 Succeeded by
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
as Prince consort
Empress consort of India
1936 – 1948		 Title removed following an
Order in council on 22 June 1948¹
Queen mother
1952 – 2002		 Vacant
Academic offices
Preceded by
The Earl of Athlone		 Chancellor of the University of London
1955 – 1981		 Succeeded by
Princess Anne
New institution Chancellor of the University of Dundee
1967 – 1977		 Succeeded by
The Earl of Dalhousie
Honorary titles
New title Grand Master of the Royal Victorian Order
1937 – 2002		 Succeeded by
Anne, Princess Royal
Preceded by
Sir Robert Menzies		 Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports
1978 – 2002		 Succeeded by
The Lord Boyce
Peerage of the United Kingdom
Vacant
Title last held by
Mary of Teck		 Duchess of York
1923 – 1936		 Vacant
Title next held by
Sarah Ferguson
Notes and references
1. TalkCommonewalth realm.--> The monarchy Mary of Teck (Victoria Mary Augusta Louise Olga Pauline Claudine Agnes 26 May 1867 – 24 March 1953 was the queen-empress consort of George V of the United Kingdom See also List of British monarchs. For the royal consorts of the predecessor realms of Scotland and England, see List of Scottish A prince consort, generally speaking is a common term for the husband of a Queen regnant, unless he himself also is a king in his own right Emperor/Empress of India ( Badishah -e-Hind in Hindustani) was used as a Title by the last Mughal emperor Bahadur An Order-in-Council is a type of legislation in Commonwealth Realms. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Queen mother is defined as "a Queen dowager who is the mother of the reigning sovereign" Major-General Alexander Augustus Frederick William Alfred George Cambridge 1st Earl of Athlone KG GCB GCMG GCVO The University of London is a university based primarily in London, England, UK. The University of Dundee ( Gaelic: Oilthigh Dùn Deagh) is the older and arguably much more stuck-up and snobby of the two Universities in the city Simon Ramsay 16th Earl of Dalhousie, KT, GCVO, GBE, MC, DL ( 17 October 1914 &ndash 15 July The Grand Master of the Royal Victorian Order is the next most senior officer of the order after the Sovereign, currently Queen Elizabeth II. Sir Robert Gordon Menzies, KT, AK, CH, QC (20 December 1894 - 15 May 1978 Australian politician was the twelfth person to serve The Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports is a ceremonial official in the United Kingdom. Admiral Michael Cecil Boyce Baron Boyce, GCB, OBE, DL (born 2 April 1943) is a Cross bench member of the British The Peerage of the United Kingdom comprises most Peerages created in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the Act of Union in 1801 when Mary of Teck (Victoria Mary Augusta Louise Olga Pauline Claudine Agnes 26 May 1867 – 24 March 1953 was the queen-empress consort of George V of the United Kingdom Duchess of York is a title held by the wife of the Duke of York since the first Duke of York in 1384 Sarah Duchess of York ( Née Sarah Margaret Ferguson, born 15 October 1959 is the daughter of Major Ronald Ferguson by his wife Susan daughter of Fitzherbert Velde, François R. , Heraldica (2006)
Persondata
NAME Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION Queen-Empress
DATE OF BIRTH 4 August 1900
PLACE OF BIRTH London
DATE OF DEATH 30 March 2002
PLACE OF DEATH Royal Lodge, Windsor, Berkshire
Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Royal Lodge is a house in Windsor Great Park, located half a mile north of Cumberland Lodge and 3 miles south of Windsor Castle. Windsor (ˈwɪnzə/ /ˈwɪndzə is a suburban town and tourist destination in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead in Berkshire, England.
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