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Rabbinical Eras

Elisha ben Abuyah (Hebrew: אלישע בן אבויה) (spelled variously, including Elisha ben Avuya) was a rabbi and Jewish religious authority born in Jerusalem sometime before 70 CE. Zugot (תְּקוּפָת הַזּוּגוֹת ( (təqūphāth hazZūghôth) refers to the period during the time of the Second Temple (515 BCE - 70 CE in which word /š n/ and /t n/ --> Geonim ( Hebrew: גאונים also transliterated Gaonim) were the presidents of the two great rabbinical colleges of Sura Rabbi (pronunciation, although in English usually) in Judaism, means a religious ‘teacher’ or more literally ‘my great one’ when addressing any master Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Year 70 was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. After he adopted a worldview considered heretical by his fellow Tannaim and betrayed his people, the rabbis of the Talmud refrained from relating teachings in his name and referred to him as the "Other One" (אחר, Acher). Heresy is an introduced change to some system of belief especially a religion that conflicts with the previously established canon of that belief word /š n/ and /t n/ --> The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history Rabbi Louis Ginzberg, writing in the Jewish Encyclopedia (1901-1906), says that "it is almost impossible to derive from rabbinical sources a clear picture of his personality, and modern historians have differed greatly in their estimate of him. Rabbi Louis Ginzberg was one of the outstanding Talmudists of the twentieth century The Jewish Encyclopedia was an Encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls. According to Grätz, he was a Karpotian Gnostic; according to Siegfried, a follower of Philo; according to Dubsch, a Christian; according to Smolenskin and Weiss, a victim of the inquisitor Akiba. Heinrich Graetz ( October 31, 1817 - September 7, 1891) was amongst the first historians to write a comprehensive history of the Jewish Gnosticism (γνώσις gnōsis, Knowledge) refers to a diverse Syncretistic Religious movement consisting of various Belief systems Philo (20 BC - 50 AD) known also as Philo of Alexandria (gr Φίλων ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς Philo Judaeus, Philo Judaeus of Alexandria Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Peretz ( Peter) Smolenskin (פרץ (פטרוס סמולנסקין 1842-1885 a Russian Jewish Novelist, was born near Mogilev Isaac Hirsch Weiss ( February 9, 1815 – June 1, 1905) ( Hebrew: יצחק הירש ווייס) was an Austrian Akiva redirects here For other people and things with this name see Akiva (disambiguation. "[1]

Contents

Youth and Activity

Little is known of Elisha's youth and of his activity as a teacher of Jewish Law. He was the son of a rich and well-respected citizen of Jerusalem, and was trained for the career of a scholar. The only saying of his recorded in the Mishnah is his praise of education: "Learning Torah as a child is like writing on fresh paper, but learning Torah in old age is like writing on paper that has been erased" (Avot 4:20). The Mishnah or Mishna (he משנה "repetition" from the verb shanah he שנה or "to study and review" is a major work of Rabbinic Judaism Pirkei Avot / Ovos (Ethics of the Fathers פרקי אבות is a tractate of the Mishna composed of ethical maxims of the Rabbis of the Mishnaic period Other sayings attributed to Elisha indicate that he stressed mitzvot (good deeds) as equal in importance to education:

To whom may a man who has good deeds and has studied much Torah be compared? To a man who in building [lays] stones first [for a foundation] and then lays bricks [over them], so that however much water may collect at the side of the building, it will not wash away. This article is about commandments in Judaism For the Jewish rite of passage see Bar Mitzvah and Bat Mitzvah Mitzvah ( Hebrew: מצוה Contrariwise, he who has no good deeds even though he has studied much Torah — to whom may he be compared? To a man who in building lays bricks first and then heaps stones over them, so that even if a little water collects, it at once undermines the structure. [2]

Elisha was a student of Greek; as the Talmud expresses it, "Acher's tongue was never tired of singing Greek songs" (Jerusalem Talmud, Megillah i. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history The Jerusalem Talmud or Talmud Yerushalmi (תַּלְמוּד יְרוּשָׁלְמִי often the Yerushalmi for short is a collection Megillah is the tenth Tractate of Mishnah in the Order Moed. It and its Gemara deal with the laws of Purim and offers exegetical understandings 9). The Talmud suggests that his study of Greek philosophy was one of the factors that led him to apostasy (Hagigah 15b). Ancient Greek philosophy focused on the role of Reason and Inquiry. Moed ("Festivals" is the second Order of the Mishnah, the first written recording of the Oral Torah of the Jewish people (also the Tosefta and Talmud Wilhelm Bacher, in his analysis of Talmudic legends, wrote that the similes attributed to Elisha (including the ones cited above) show that he was a man of the world, acquainted with wine, horses, and architecture. Wilhelm Bacher ( January 12, 1850 –1913 was a Hungarian scholar Orientalist, and linguist, born in Liptó-Szent-Miklós SIMILE is a research project focused on developing tools to increase the interoperability of disparate digital collections Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae. The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation He evidently had a reputation as an authority in questions of religious practice, since Mo'ed Katan 20a records one of his halakhic decisions — the only one in his name, although others may be recorded under the names of his students or different rabbis. Mo'ed Katan (Hebrew מועד קטן, lit "little festival" is the eleventh tractate Seder Moed of the Mishnah and the Talmud Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law The Babylonian Talmud asserts that Elisha, while a teacher in the beth midrash (academy), kept forbidden books hidden in his clothes. The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history Beth Midrash ( Hebrew: בית מדרש; also Beis Medrash, Beit Midrash, pl

The Four Who Entered Paradise

One of the most striking references to Elisha is found in a legendary baraita about four rabbis of the Mishnaic period (first century CE) who visited the Orchard (that is, pardes or paradise) (Hebrew: פרדס orchard):

Four men entered paradise [pardes] — Ben Azzai, Ben Zoma, Acher [that is, Elisha], and Akiba. Baraita ( Aramaic ברייתא "external" "outside" pl Rabbi (pronunciation, although in English usually) in Judaism, means a religious ‘teacher’ or more literally ‘my great one’ when addressing any master The Mishnah or Mishna (he משנה "repetition" from the verb shanah he שנה or "to study and review" is a major work of Rabbinic Judaism The 1st century was the Century that lasted from 1 to 100 according the Julian calendar. An orchard is an intentional planting of Trees or Shrubs maintained for Food production. Paradise is a word of Persian origin ( Persian: پردیس Pardìs) that is generally identified with the Garden of Eden or with Heaven. Simeon ben Azzai or simply Ben Azzai ( Hebrew: שמעון בן עזאי) was a distinguished tanna of the first third of the 2nd century Simon ben Zoma or simply Ben Zoma ( Hebrew: בן זומא) was a Tanna of the first third of the second century Akiva redirects here For other people and things with this name see Akiva (disambiguation. Ben Azzai looked and died; Ben Zoma looked and went mad; Acher destroyed the plants; Akiba entered in peace and departed in peace. [3]

The Tosafot, medieval commentaries on the Talmud, say that the four sages "did not go up literally, but it appeared to them as if they went up. The Tosafot or Tosafos (תוספות are Mediæval commentaries on the Talmud. "[4] Ginzberg, on the other hand, writes that the journey to paradise "is to be taken literally and not allegorically"; "in a moment of ecstasy [Elisha] beheld the interior of heaven", but "he destroyed the plants of the heavenly garden". [1]

The Talmud gives two different interpretations of this last phrase. The Babylonian Talmud says:

What is the meaning of "Acher destroyed the plants"? Of him scripture says: "Do not let your mouth make your flesh sin". [5] What does this mean? Acher saw that Metatron happened to be granted authority to sit while he record the merits of Israel, and he said: "We have been taught that in heaven there is no sitting. Metatron ( Hebrew מטטרון or מיטטרון is the name of an Angel in Judaism and some branches of Christianity and Islam PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ . . . Perhaps there are — God forbid! — two supreme powers". They brought him to Metatron and they smote him with sixty bands of fire. They said to Metatron: "When you saw him, why did you not stand up before him?" Then authority was granted Metatron to erase the merits of Acher. Then a heavenly voice was heard: "'Repent, O backsliding children!'[6] except for Acher. "[7]

Ginzberg comments that "the reference here to Metatron — a specifically Babylonian idea, which would probably be unknown to Palestinian rabbis even five hundred years after Elisha — robs the passage of all historical worth". Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital Instead, he highlights the contrast between the accounts in the Babylonian Talmud and the Jerusalem Talmud, noting that the Jerusalem Talmud "makes no mention of Elisha's dualism; but it relates that in the critical period following the rebellion of Bar Kokba, Elisha visited the schools and attempted to entice the students from the study of the Torah, in order to direct their energies to some more practical occupation; and it is to him, therefore, that the verse 'Suffer not thy mouth to cause thy flesh to sin' is to be applied. Background After the failed Great Jewish Revolt in the year 70 the Roman authorities took measures to suppress the rebellious province Simon bar Kokhba ( Hebrew: שמעון בר כוכבא, also transliterated as Bar Kokhva or Bar Kochba) was the Jewish leader who led what In connection with this the Biblical quotation is quite intelligible, as according to another haggadah (Shabbat 34b; Ecclesiastes Rabbah 5:5) "flesh" here means children — spiritual children, pupils — whom Elisha killed with his mouth by luring them from the study of the Torah. Moed ("Festivals" is the second Order of the Mishnah, the first written recording of the Oral Torah of the Jewish people (also the Tosefta and Talmud Ecclesiastes Rabbah or Kohelet Rabbah ( קהלת רבה) is an Haggadic commentary on Ecclesiastes, included in the collection of the Midrash "[1]

Others disagree with Ginzberg, suggesting that he failed to account for the regular travel of sages between Judea and Babylonia to collect and transmit scholarly teachings. Judea or Judæa ( Hebrew: יהודה Standard Yəhuda Tiberian Yəhûḏāh, "praised Furthermore, scholar Hugh Odeberg has dated portions of the pseudepigraphal Third Book of Enoch, which discusses Metatron, to the first or second century CE,[8] before the redaction of both the Jerusalem and the Babylonian Talmuds, and other scholars have found the concept of Metatron in texts older than 70 CE. Pseudepigrapha (from Ancient Greek ψευδής The Third Book of Enoch or 3 Enoch only exists in Hebrew. Chapters 1-16 appear in their final form before the 9th century C The 1st century was the Century that lasted from 1 to 100 according the Julian calendar. The 2nd century is the period from 101 to 200 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Year 70 was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. [9]

Analysis of the Talmud's account

In a lengthy study, " 'The Written' as the Vocation of Conceiving Jewishly", [2006] John W McGinley makes a case that Elisha's epiphany in this passage from the Bavli's Gemara on tractate Khaggigah is an allusion to a teaching from Merkabah mysticism. According to this account contained in the entry "Paradigmata" of the book Elisha's "dualism" refers to a duality within a single Jewish God hearkening back to the "face/kavod" dynamic characteristic of Exodus, Chapter Thirty-Three. In that same entry an account is given concerning the significance of the name "Metatron" and how it relates to this feature of the Work of the Chariot.

The Jewish Encyclopedia suggests that it is probable that Elisha had become a Sadducee. The Sadducees were members of a Jewish sect founded in the second century BC, possibly as a political party It bases this suggesstion on the fact that the Jerusalem Talmud mentions Elisha's betrayal of Pharisee Jews. The word Pharisees ( lat. pharisæ|us, - i) comes from the Hebrew פרושים perushim from פרוש parush, meaning "separated" The Jewish Encyclopedia thus suggests that the antipathy of Elisha was not directed against all forms of Jewish worship existing at that time, but only against Pharisaism, despite the fact the sages who redacted the Jerusalem Talmud were Pharisees and may have simply focused on the betrayal against their own community. The word Pharisees ( lat. pharisæ|us, - i) comes from the Hebrew פרושים perushim from פרוש parush, meaning "separated" The Jewish Encyclopedia also suggests that the reason given for Elisha's apostasy is characteristic of a Sadducee perspective. Elisha saw how a child had lost his life while simultaneously fulfilling two laws for the observance of which the Torah promised a "long life" (Deuteronomy 22:7), whereas another man who broke the same law was not hurt in the least. Deuteronomy (Greek deuteronomion, Δευτερονόμιον "second law" is the fifth book of the Hebrew Bible and of the Old Testament This encounter, as well as the frightful sufferings of the martyrs during the Hadrianic persecutions, led him to the conclusion that there was no reward for virtue in this life, contrary to his understanding of Deuteronomy (though the Pharisee sages understood this passage as referring to life and reward in the next world). The term martyr ( Greek μάρτυς martys "witness" is most commonly used today to describe an individual who sacrifices their life (or personal freedom The word Pharisees ( lat. pharisæ|us, - i) comes from the Hebrew פרושים perushim from פרוש parush, meaning "separated" With this is mind, the Jewish Encyclopedia suggests that Elisha was a Sadducee, since belief that reward and punishment must occur on Earth and disbelief in an afterlife are part of Sadducee philosophy. However, his abandonment of Jewish practice after his troubling encounters seems to indicate that, whatever his earlier philosophy, Elisha abandoned any form of Jewish religion.

The Jerusalem Talmud is also the authority for the statement that Elisha played the part of an informer during the Hadrianic persecutions, when the Jews were ordered to violate the laws of the Torah. Publius Aelius Hadrianus (January 24 76 &ndash July 10 138 as emperor Imperator Caesar Divi Traiani filius Traianus Hadrianus Augustus, and Divus Hadrianus after PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ As evidence of this it is related that when the Jews were ordered to do work on Shabbat, they tried to perform it in a way which could be considered as not profaning the Sabbath. Shabbat or Shabbos ( Hebrew: שַׁבָּת, shabbāt, shabbes, "rest/inactivity" is the Weekly Sabbath But Elisha betrayed the Pharisees to the Roman authorities. The word Pharisees ( lat. pharisæ|us, - i) comes from the Hebrew פרושים perushim from פרוש parush, meaning "separated" The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial

The Jewish Encyclopedia clearly accepts the account of Jerusalem Talmud as based on reliable tradition, partly because the information therein is confirmed by the Babylonian Talmud (Kiddushin 39b). Nashim ("Women" or "Wives" is the third order of the Mishnah (also of the Tosefta and Talmud) containing the laws related to women Just as clearly, the Jewish Encyclopedia rejects the Babylonian Talmud as a reliable source in this matter.

In his book, The Sinner and the Amnesiac: The Rabbinic Invention of Elisha Ben Abuya and Eleazar Ben Arach (2000), Rabbi Alon Goshen-Gottstein argues that rabbinic stories should be read as literature rather than as history:

They [the rabbis] construct stories that are then integrated into larger ideologi­cally motivated literary units in such a way as to impart particular ideologi­cal messages. Aggadah ( Aramaic אגדה tales lore pl Aggadot or (Ashkenazi Aggados) refers to the homiletic and non-legalistic exegetical The sources do not necessarily relate the historical facts about the heroes but they do illustrate the cultural concerns that find expression in the stories told about them. . . . All this leads to the realization that the significant unit for presentation is not the life of the sage; it is the stories about sages. These stories are not formulated in an attempt to tell the life of the sage. They are told because the sage, as part of the collective culture, has some bearing on the common cultural concerns. Various anecdotes are coupled into a larger story cycle. [10]

Rabbinic Judaism was based on vigorous and often contentious debate over the meaning of the Torah and other sacred texts. Rabbinic Judaism or Rabbinism ( Hebrew: " Yehadut Rabanit " - יהדות רבנית is the mainstream religious system of post- diaspora term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to One challenge facing the rabbis was to establish the degree of heterodoxy that was acceptable in debate. Heterodoxy includes "any opinions or doctrines at variance with an official or orthodox position" In this context, Elisha the heretic and Eleazar, who is said to have forgotten the Torah, represent two extremes in attitudes towards the Torah; actual rabbis and their arguments had to fit somewhere between these two limits. Eleazar ben Arach was one of the Tannaim of the second generation ( first century CE)

Elisha an "Epicurean"

The harsh treatment he received from the Pharisees was due to his having deserted their ranks at such a critical time. Quite in harmony with this supposition are the other sins laid to his charge; namely, that he rode in an ostentatious manner through the streets of Jerusalem on a Day of Atonement which fell upon a Sabbath, and that he was bold enough to overstep the "teḥum" (the limits of the Sabbath-day journey). Yom Kippur (יוֹם כִּפּוּר ˈjɔm kiˈpur also known in English as the Day of Atonement, is the most solemn and important of the Jewish holidays Its Both the Jerusalem and the Babylonian Talmuds agree here, and cite this as proof that Elisha turned from Pharisaism to heresy. The word Pharisees ( lat. pharisæ|us, - i) comes from the Hebrew פרושים perushim from פרוש parush, meaning "separated" It was just such non-observance of customs that excited the anger of Akiva (Sotah 27b). Nashim ("Women" or "Wives" is the third order of the Mishnah (also of the Tosefta and Talmud) containing the laws related to women The Jewish Encyclopedia writes that the mention of the "Holy of Holies" in this passage is not an anachronism, as Grätz thinks, for while it is true that Eliezer and Joshua were present as the geonim par excellence at Elisha's circumcision—which must, therefore, have occurred after the death of Johanan ben Zakkai (80)—it is also true that the "Holy of Holies" is likewise mentioned in connection with Rabbi Akiva (Makkot, end); indeed, the use of this expression is due to the fact that the Rabbis held holiness to be inherent in the place, not in the building (Yevamot 6b). The Holy of Holies is a term in the Hebrew Bible which referred to the inner sanctuary of the Tabernacle and later the Temple in Jerusalem which could be entered Male circumcision is the removal of some or all of the Foreskin (prepuce from the Penis. Yochanan ben Zakai (יוחנן בן זכאי c 30 BCE - 90 CE) was one of the Tannaim, an important Jewish sage in the era of the Second Temple Year 80 was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. For Jewish law on damages see Damages (Jewish law Nezikin ( Hebrew: נזיקין Damages) or Seder Nezikin Nashim ("Women" or "Wives" is the third order of the Mishnah (also of the Tosefta and Talmud) containing the laws related to women

The same passage from the Jerusalem Talmud refers to Elisha as being alive when his pupil Rabbi Meir had become a renowned teacher. Rabbi Meir or Reb Meir Baal Haneis (or Hanes (lit Rabbi Meir Master of the Miracle) was a Jewish sage who lived in the time of the Mishna. According to the assumption made above, he must have reached his seventieth year at that time. If Elisha were a Sadducee, the friendship constantly shown him by Rabbi Meïr could be understood. This friendship would have been impossible had Elisha been an apostate or a man of loose morals, as has been asserted. Sadducees and Pharisees, however, lived in friendly intercourse with one another (for example, Rabban Gamaliel with Sadducees; Eruvin 77b). Moed ("Festivals" is the second Order of the Mishnah, the first written recording of the Oral Torah of the Jewish people (also the Tosefta and Talmud

For legends concerning Elisha see Johanan ben Nappaha; Rabbi Meir; compare also Gnosticism. See Rabbi Yochanan (disambiguation for more rabbis by this name. Rabbi Meir or Reb Meir Baal Haneis (or Hanes (lit Rabbi Meir Master of the Miracle) was a Jewish sage who lived in the time of the Mishna. Gnosticism (γνώσις gnōsis, Knowledge) refers to a diverse Syncretistic Religious movement consisting of various Belief systems

Jacob Gordin play

Jacob Gordin wrote a Yiddish play, Elisha Ben Abuyah (1906); it was played unsuccessfully in New York City during Gordin's lifetime, and more successfully in numerous productions after his death; the title role was written for Jacob Adler, the only actor ever to play it. Jacob Michailovitch Gordin ( May 1, 1853 &ndash June 11, 1909) was a Ukrainian -born American playwright active in the early Yiddish (yi [[wiktייִדיש ייִדיש]] yidish or yi [[wiktאידיש אידיש]] idish, literally "Jewish" is a nonterritorial High The City of New York Jacob Adler may refer to Jacob O Adler, American professor of economics Jacob Pavlovitch Adler, Yiddish theatre actor In the 1911 production after Gordin's death, the fallen woman Beata was played by Adler's wife Sara, Ben Abuyah's faithful friend Toivye Avyoini was played by Sigmund Mogulesko, and his daughter (who, in the play, runs away with a Roman soldier) by the Adlers' daughter Frances; in some of the last performances of the play, toward the end of Jacob Adler's career, the daughter was played by Frances younger, and eventually more famous, sister Stella. Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Sara Adler ( Née Levitskaya) ( Britannica gives Levitsky) (1858 Odessa – April 28, 1953, New York Sigmund Mogulesko ( December 16, 1858 &ndash February 4, 1914) &mdash Yiddish: מאָגולסקאָ זעליג, first Stella Adler ( February 10, 1901 * – December 21, 1992) was an American actress.

Gordin's Ben Abuyah is clearly a surrogate for Gordin himself, and to some extent for Adler: an unbeliever, but one who thinks of himself, unalterably, as a Jew, and who rejects Christianity even more firmly than Judaism, a man who behaves ethically and who dies haunted by a vision of "terrible Jewish suffering", condemned by the rabbis generally, but lauded as a great Jew by his disciple Rabbi Meir. [Adler, 1999, 254-255 (commentary)]

Milton Steinberg's As A Driven Leaf

Conservative Rabbi Milton Steinberg fictionalized the life of Elisha ben Abuyah in his controversial 1939 novel, As A Driven Leaf. Milton Steinberg (1903–1949 was an American Rabbi and author Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Steinberg's novel wrestles with the 2nd century Jewish struggle to reconcile Rabbinic Judaism both culturally and philosophically with Greek Hellenistic society. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ This article focuses on the cultural aspects of the Hellenistic age for the historical aspects see Hellenistic period. In Elisha's struggle, Steinberg speculates about questions and events that may have driven such a man to apostacy, and addresses questions of Jewish self-determination in the Roman Empire, the Bar Kochba Revolt (132-135), and above all the interdependence of reason and faith. Background After the failed Great Jewish Revolt in the year 70 the Roman authorities took measures to suppress the rebellious province Although the novel draws on Talmudic tradition to create the framework for Elisha's life, Steinberg himself wrote that his novel "springs from historical data without any effort at rigid conformity or literal confinement to them. " (Steinberg, As A Driven Leaf, 480, ISBN 0-87441-103-3).

Shimon Ballas' Outcast

Iraqi-Israeli author Shimon Ballas' novel Outcast, published in English in 2007, features an Elisha-like character. Outcast, is a 1991 novel by Baghdad -born Mizrahi Israeli author Shimon Ballas. Outcast is narrated by Haroun Soussan, a Jewish convert to Islam. For Iraq, he left Judaism, embraced Islam, and fought Zionism as the nonpareil, ethnocentrist threat to his dreams. He has lost his closest friends because of politics, particularly Assad Nissim, a principled Iraqi Jew forced to depart for Israel. Despite everything Soussan believes and has done, however, what he was is not forgotten, and he feels an outcast not merely from the Jews and the West but within his homeland. Based on a historical figure, Ahmad (Nissim) Soussa's work ended up being used as anti-Jewish propaganda during the era of Saddam Hussein. Commenting on the use of Soussan's writing on Judaism by propagandists, his friend Assad Nissim likens him to Elisha Ben Abuya, or the one they called Aher, the Outcast. In Hebrew, the title of the book is V'Hu Aher, which means And He is an Other or And He is a Different One.


  Rabbis of the Mishnah
v • d • e
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hillel
 
 Shammai
 
 
 
 
 
 Teacher → Student
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gamaliel the Elder
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Johanan b. Zakai
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Father → Son
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
R. Gamaliel
 
 Jose the Galilean
 
 Eliezer b. Hyrcanus
 
 Joshua b. Hananiah
 
 Eleazar b. Arach
 
 Eleazar b. Azariah
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Elisha b. word /š n/ and /t n/ --> The Mishnah or Mishna (he משנה "repetition" from the verb shanah he שנה or "to study and review" is a major work of Rabbinic Judaism Hillel (הלל (born Babylon traditionally c110BCE-10CE in Jerusalem) was a famous Jewish religious leader one of the most important figures in Jewish Shammai (50 BCE&ndash30 CE Hebrew: שמאי was a Jewish scholar of the 1st century and an important figure in Judaism 's core work of Rabbinic literature This article is about Gamaliel the Elder For other individuals and uses see Gamaliel (disambiguation Gamaliel the Elder (gəmā'lēəl or Yochanan ben Zakai (יוחנן בן זכאי c 30 BCE - 90 CE) was one of the Tannaim, an important Jewish sage in the era of the Second Temple Rabban Gamaliel II (also spelled Gamliel רבן גמליאל דיבנה was the first person to lead the Sanhedrin as Nasi after the fall of the second temple which Jose the Galilean ( Hebrew: יוסי הגלילי Yose ha-Gelili) was a Jew who lived in the first and second centuries of the common Eliezer ben Hurcanus (אליעזר בן הורקנוס was one of the most prominent Tannaim of the 1st and 2nd centuries disciple of R Joshua ben Hananiah ( Hebrew: יהושע בן חנניה d131CE was a leading tanna of the first half-century following the destruction of the Temple Eleazar ben Arach was one of the Tannaim of the second generation ( first century CE) Rabbi Eleazar ben Azariah ( Hebrew: רבי אלעזר בן עזריה) was a Mishnaic scholar of the second generation (1st century C Abuyah
 
 
 
 Akiva
 
 Ishmael b. Elisha
 
 Tarfon
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Meir
 
 Judah b. Ilai
 
 Jose b. Halafta
 
 Shimon b. Yohai
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Judah HaNasi
 
 Hiyya
 
 Oshiah
 
 


References

  1. ^ a b c Louis Ginzberg, "Elisha ben Abuyah", Jewish Encyclopedia, 1901-1906. Akiva redirects here For other people and things with this name see Akiva (disambiguation. Ishmael ben Elisha (90-135 CE commonly known as Rabbi Ishmael, Hebrew: רבי ישמעאל) was a Tanna of the first and second Rabbi Tarfon or Tarphon, ( Hebrew: רבי טרפון, from the Greek Tryphon) a member of the third generation of the Mishnah Rabbi Meir or Reb Meir Baal Haneis (or Hanes (lit Rabbi Meir Master of the Miracle) was a Jewish sage who lived in the time of the Mishna. Rabbi Judah ben Ilai, also known as Rabbi Judah, was a Tanna (a sage recorded in the Mishna) who lived in the 2nd Century. Rabbi Jose ben Halafta or Yose ben Halafta ( Hebrew: רבי יוסי בן חלפתא) was a Tanna of the fourth generation (2nd century CE Shimon bar Yohai, ( Aramaic: רבן שמעון בר יוחאי Shimon son of Yohai, Simon son of Yohai or Rashbi (רשב"י pronounced Hoshaiah Rabbah or Hoshayya Rabbah (also "Roba" "Berabbi" Hebrew: אושעיא בריבי) was Palestinian amora of the Rabbi Louis Ginzberg was one of the outstanding Talmudists of the twentieth century The Jewish Encyclopedia was an Encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls.
  2. ^ Hayyim Nahman Bialik and Yehoshua Hana Ravnitzky, eds. Hayyim Nahman Bialik ( Hebrew: חיים נחמן ביאליק) ( January 9, 1873&ndash July 4, 1934) also Chaim or , The Book of Legends/Sefer Ha-Aggadah: Legends from the Talmud and Midrash, translated by William G. Braude (New York: Schocken Books, 1992), p. 452, citing Avot of Rabbi Natan 24. Avot de-Rabbi Nathan (אבות דרבי נתן) usually printed together with the Minor tractates of the Talmud, is a Jewish Aggadic work probably
  3. ^ Babylonian Talmud Hagigah 14b, Jerusalem Talmud Hagigah 2:1. Moed ("Festivals" is the second Order of the Mishnah, the first written recording of the Oral Torah of the Jewish people (also the Tosefta and Talmud The Jerusalem Talmud or Talmud Yerushalmi (תַּלְמוּד יְרוּשָׁלְמִי often the Yerushalmi for short is a collection Moed ("Festivals" is the second Order of the Mishnah, the first written recording of the Oral Torah of the Jewish people (also the Tosefta and Talmud Both available online in Aramaic: Babylonian Talmud, Jerusalem Talmud. This translation based on Braude, Ginzberg, Rodkinson, and Streane.
  4. ^ A. W. Streane, A Translation of the Treatise Chagigah from the Babylonian Talmud (Cambridge University Press, 1891). p. 83.
  5. ^ Ecclesiastes 5:5. Ecclesiastes (often abbreviated Ecc) (קֹהֶלֶת Kohelet, variously transliterated as Qoheleth, Göhalath, Koheles, Koheleth
  6. ^ Jeremiah 3:14. The Book of Jeremiah, or Jeremiah ( יִרְמְיָהוּ Yirməyāhū in Hebrew) is part of the Hebrew Bible, Judaism
  7. ^ Hagigah 15a. Moed ("Festivals" is the second Order of the Mishnah, the first written recording of the Oral Torah of the Jewish people (also the Tosefta and Talmud Available online in Aramaic. This translation based on Ginzberg, Streane, and The Curious Jew.
  8. ^ "3 Enoch", Early Jewish Writings.
  9. ^ Andrei Orlov, "The Origin of the Name 'Metatron' and the Text of 2 (Slavonic Apocalypse of) Enoch", Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha 21 (2000).
  10. ^ Alon Goshen-Gottstein, The Sinner and the Amnesiac: The Rabbinic Invention of Elisha Ben Abuya and Eleazar Ben Arach, Stanford University Press, 2000.

This article incorporates text from the 1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, a publication now in the public domain. The Jewish Encyclopedia was an Encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls. The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone The Jewish Encyclopedia cites the following bibliography:

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