| Elihu Yale | |
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President of Fort St George (Madras)
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| In office 8 August 1684,25 July 1687 – 26 January 1685,3 October 1692 |
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| Preceded by | William Langhorne,William Gyfford |
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| Succeeded by | William Gyfford, Nathaniel Higginson |
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| Born | 5 April 1649 Boston, Massachusetts |
| Died | 8 July 1721 London, England |
| Signature |  |
Elihu Yale (April 5, 1649, in Boston, Massachusetts - July 8, 1721, in London, England), was the first benefactor and namesake of Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. William Langhorne may refer to Sir William Langhorne 1st Baronet (c1634–1715 early colonial administrator in British India under the East India Company William Gyfford was a British factor and Agent of Madras from July 3 1681 to August 8 1684 and the President of Madras from January William Gyfford was a British factor and Agent of Madras from July 3 1681 to August 8 1684 and the President of Madras from January Nathaniel Higginson ( 11 October 1652 &ndash 31 October 1708) was an English Politican and a scion of the Higginson family Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000 Year 1721 ( MDCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000 Year 1721 ( MDCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
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Life
Born in Boston, Massachusetts to David Yale (1613-1690) and Ursula Knight (1624-1698), Yale was the grandson of Ann Lloyd (1591-1659), who after the death of her first husband, Thomas Yale (1590-1619) in Chester. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Chester is the County town of Cheshire, England. Lying on the River Dee, close to the border with Wales, it is home to 77040 Cheshire, England, married Governor Theophilus Eaton (1590-1657) of New Haven Colony. Cheshire (or archaically the County of Chester) is a county in North West England. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Theophilus Eaton (1590 &ndash January 7, 1658) was a merchant farmer and Puritan colonial leader who was the co-founder and first governor of New The New Haven Colony was an English colonial venture in present-day Connecticut in North America from 1637 to 1662. At the age of four, the Yale family moved to England and never returned to North America.
Yale's ancestry can be traced back to the family estate at Plas yn Iâl near the village of Llandegla, Denbighshire, Wales. Llandegla or Llandegla-yn-Iâl is a Village and community in the County of Denbighshire in Wales. Formation The present principal area was formed on April 1, 1996, under the Local Government (Wales Act 1994, from various parts of the county The name Yale is the English spelling of the Welsh place name, Iâl. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Welsh ( cy Cymraeg or cy y Gymraeg, kəmˈrɑːɨɡ and {{IPA|[ə ɡəmˈrɑːɨɡ]}}, is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic
For 20 years, Yale was part of the British East India Company, and he became the second governor of a settlement at Madras (now Chennai), India, in 1687, after Streynsham Master. The Honourable East India Company ( HEIC) referred to most commonly as the East India Company, also historically and colloquially as John Company, or India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Streynsham Master (1640-1724 was one of the early pioneers of the British East India Company who served as the Agent of Madras from 27 January 1678 He was instrumental in the development of the Government General Hospital, housed at Fort St. George. Government General Hospital or GGH is a major hospital situated in Chennai, India. Fort St George (or historically White Town is the name of the first British fortress in India, founded in 1639 at the coastal city of Madras (modern [1] Yale amassed a fortune in his lifetime, largely through secret contracts with Madras merchants, against the East India Company's directive. By 1692, Elihu Yale's repeated flouting of East India Company regulations and growing embarrassment at his illegal profiteering resulted in his being relieved of the post of governor. [2]
In 1718, Cotton Mather contacted Yale and asked for his help. Cotton Mather (February 12 1663 &ndash February 13 1728 AB 1678 ( Harvard College) A Mather represented a small institution of learning that had been founded as the Collegiate School of Connecticut in 1701, and it needed money for a new building in New Haven, Connecticut. Yale sent Mather a carton of goods that the school subsequently sold, earning them 560 pounds sterling, a substantial sum in the early 1700s. The Pound Sterling ( symbol £; ISO code: GBP) subdivided into 100 pence (singular penny) is the Currency In gratitude, officials named the new building Yale; eventually the entire institution became Yale College.
Tenure as President of Madras
As soon as Elihu Yale took over the administration of Fort St George on July 26, 1687, he implemented an order dated January 14, 1685 which required the British at Fort St George to make all attempts at procurement of the town of St Thome on lease. Fort St George (or historically White Town is the name of the first British fortress in India, founded in 1639 at the coastal city of Madras (modern Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. Santhome is a locality in Chennai in India The word Santhome is derived from Saint Thomas, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus Christ. To this effect, Chinna Venkatadri was sent to negotiate with the local Governor on August 4, 1687. Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. The mission was successful and Chinna Venkatadri assumed sovereignty over St Thome for a period of three years. Notwithstanding the vehement protests of the Portuguese inhabitants of St Thome, the British gained absolute control over all lands up to St Thomas Mount for a period of three years. St Thomas Mount is a small hillock located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
In September 1688, the Mughal Emperor Aurangazeb took Golconda after a prolonged battle. The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most Aurangzeb ( (full title Al-Sultan al-Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Abul Muzaffar Muhiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Bahadur Alamgir I Padshah Ghazi) ( November 4, The Sultan of Golconda was taken prisoner and the state annexed by the Mughals. The newly designated Mughal Subedar of the province immediately sent a letter to the British authorities at Fort St George demanding that the British at Madras acknowledge the overlordship of the Mughal Emperor. Subedar, a historical rank in Indian Army which ranked below British commissioned officers and above non-commissioned officers To this, the British complied willingly. Aurangazeb guaranteed the independence of Madras, but in return demanded that the British supply troops in the event of a war against the Marathas. The Marāthās ( Marathi: mr मराठा also Mahrattas) form an Indo Aryan group of Hindu Warriors hailing mostly from the present-day It was around this time that Yale's three-year old son David Yale died and was interred in the Madras cemetry.
The records of this period mention a flourishing slave trade in Madras. When the demand began to increase rapidly, the British merchants began to kidnap young children and deport them to distant parts of the world, very much against their will. The administration of Fort St George eventually stepped in and introduced laws to curb the menace. On February 2, 1688, Elihu Yale, with the support of a majority of factors, decreed that henceforth, slaves should be examined by the judges of the cholutry before being transported. Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Transportation of young children, in particular, was made illegal.
During Yale's Presidency, a plan for setting up a corporation in Madras was conceived by Josiah Child, the President of the Board of Directors of the British East India Company, in a letter addressed to the factors at Madras on 28 September 1687. Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. Three months later, Josiah Child and his deputy had an audience with James II, and as per the ensuing discussions, a Charter was issued by the king on 30 December 1687 which established the Corporation of Madras. James II of England and Ireland James VII of Scotland (14 October 1633 &ndash 16 September 1701 was King of England, King of Scots, Later that same year James Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St The charter came into effect on 29 September 1688, and a Corporation was established comprising a Mayor, 12 Aldermen, 60-100 Burgesses and sergeants. Events 522 BC - Darius I of Persia kills the Magian usurper Gaumâta securing his hold as king of the Persian Empire. Nathaniel Higginson, who was then the second member of the Council of Fort St George took office as the Mayor of Madras. Nathaniel Higginson ( 11 October 1652 &ndash 31 October 1708) was an English Politican and a scion of the Higginson family
On June 22, 1688, an Armenian delegation to London met with the Directors of the British East India Company and demanded permission for Armenian traders to settle in Madras. Soon Armenians began to arrive in Madras in large numbers giving rise to the large and powerful Armenian community which played a significant part in the politics of Madras in the 1700s. In August 1689, a French fleet appeared near the coast of Ceylon compelling the Governor of Pulicat Lawrence Pitt who was on high seas to seek protection within the bastions of Fort St George. Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island Pulicat (Pazhaverkadu is a town which lies in the Thiruvallur District, in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. Throughout the year 1690, French naval ships from Pondicherry ravaged the coast in order to drive the British and the Dutch out of the East Indies but were unsuccessful. They eventually withdrew from their enterprise when faced with heavy losses. It was also during this time that the British purchased the town of Tegnapatnam from the Marathas.
Accusations of Corruption and Removal
As governor of Fort St. George, Yale purchased territory for private purposes with East India Company funds, including a fort at Tevnapatam (now Cuddalore). WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Cuddalore (கடலூர் is a fast growing industrial city and headquarters of Cuddalore district Yale imposed high taxes for the maintenance of the colonial garrison and town, resulting in an unpopular regime and several revolts by Indians, brutally quelled by garrison soldiers. Garrison (various spellings (from the French garnison, itself from the verb garnir, "to equip" is the collective term for a body of Troops Yale was also notorious for arresting and trying Indians on his own private authority, including the hanging of a stable boy who had absconded with a Company horse. [2].
Charges of corruption were brought against Elihu Yale in the last years of his Presidency. He was eventually removed in 1692 and replaced with Nathaniel Higginson as the President of Madras.
Death and legacy
Yale died on July 8, 1721 in London, England but was buried in the churchyard of the parish church of St. Giles in Wrexham, Wales. St Giles' Church is the Parish church of Wrexham, Wales, and its tower is traditionally one of the Seven Wonders of Wales and commemorated in Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000 Year 1721 ( MDCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a St Giles' Church is the Parish church of Wrexham, Wales, and its tower is traditionally one of the Seven Wonders of Wales and commemorated in Wrexham (Wrecsam is a town and principal area in Wales. It is the largest town in North Wales and lies to the east of the region His tomb is inscribed with these lines:
- Born in America, in Europe bred
- In Africa travell'd and in Asia wed
- Where long he liv'd and thriv'd; In London dead
- Much good, some ill, he did; so hope all's even
- And that his soul thro' mercy's gone to Heaven
- You that survive and read this tale, take care
- For this most certain exit to prepare
- Where blest in peace, the actions of the just
- Smell sweet and blossom in silent dust.
Wrexham Tower, part of Saybrook College, Yale, is a replica of that of St. Saybrook College is one of the 12 residential colleges at Yale University. A replica is a copy that is relatively indistinguishable from the original Giles' Church, Wrexham.
In her article for Atlantic Monthly about Skull and Bones, Alexandra Robbins alleges that the gravestone of Elihu Yale was stolen years ago from its proper setting in Wrexham, and is displayed in a glass case, in a room with purple walls, which belongs to a building called the Tomb of the Skull and Bones at Yale University. The Atlantic (formerly known as The Atlantic Monthly) is an American Magazine founded in Boston in 1857 Skull and Bones is an elite Secret society based at Yale University, in New Haven Connecticut. Alexandra Robbins (born in 1976 is an investigative Journalist, lecturer and author A headstone, tombstone or gravestone is a marker normally carved from stone, placed over or next to the site of a Burial Wrexham (Wrecsam is a town and principal area in Wales. It is the largest town in North Wales and lies to the east of the region
In 1999, American Heritage magazine rated Elihu Yale the "most overrated philanthropist" in American history, arguing that the college that would later bear his name (Yale University) was successful largely because of the generosity of a man named Jeremiah Dummer, but that the trustees of the school did not want it known by the name "Dummer College". Jeremiah Dummer (1681 &ndash May 19, 1739) was an important colonial figure for New England in the early 1700s
Cultural references
- Elihu later became the name of a "senior society" founded in 1903 at Yale. Elihujpg|left|100px|Emblem of Elihu]] Elihu, founded in 1903 is the sixth oldest secret society at Yale University, New Haven CT. Secret society is a term used to describe a variety of organizations
- Tom Wolfe, who earned a Ph. Thomas Kennerly Wolfe Jr (born March 2, 1931 in Richmond, Virginia) known as Tom Wolfe, is a Best-selling D. in American Studies from Yale, named the African-American Atlanta police chief in A Man in Full Elihu Yale. American studies or American civilization is an interdisciplinary field dealing with the study of the United States. A Man in Full is a Novel by Tom Wolfe, published in 1998 by Farrar Straus & Giroux.
- Yale College, a college in Wrexham, is also named after Elihu Yale. Yale College of Wrexham ( Coleg Iâl) is a Further education college in Wrexham, northeast Wales. Wrexham (Wrecsam is a town and principal area in Wales. It is the largest town in North Wales and lies to the east of the region
- Elihu Yale is the name given to a JD Weatherspoons Public House in the town of Wrexham. Wrexham (Wrecsam is a town and principal area in Wales. It is the largest town in North Wales and lies to the east of the region
- Theodore Roosevelt's son Quentin kept a Hyacinth macaw named Eli Yale. Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T Quentin Roosevelt ( November 19, 1897 &ndash July 14, 1918) was the youngest and favorite son of President Theodore Roosevelt Native to central and eastern South America, the Hyacinth Macaw ( Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) or Hyacinthine Macaw, is the largest Macaw
References
- ^ Madras Medical College History
- ^ a b "Yale, India, and the failure of the 'global university'", The Hindu, 4 May 2005. Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-04-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer
| Preceded by William Gyfford Agent |
President of Madras August 8, 1684–January 26, 1685 |
Succeeded by William Gyfford |
| Preceded by William Gyfford |
President of Madras July 25, 1687–October 3, 1692 |
Succeeded by Nathaniel Higginson |
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