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 Range of the Elfin-woods Warbler |
The Elfin-woods Warbler (Dendroica angelae), or Reinita de Bosque Enano (Spanish name), is a bird endemic to the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico where it is a local and uncommon species. Angela Kay Kepler (born 1943 is a New Zealand-born naturalist and author Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. This article is a parent page for a series of articles providing information about Endemism among birds in the World's various zoogeographic zones The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} Discovered in 1968 and described in 1972, it is the most recently described species of New World warbler (Parulidae family). This article refers to the New World wood warbler family of birds the Parulidae [2] The species name, angelae, is a tribute to Angela Kepler, one of its discoverers. Angela Kay Kepler (born 1943 is a New Zealand-born naturalist and author An insectivore, it feeds by gleaning small insects off leaves. An insectivore is a type of carnivore with a diet that consists chiefly of Insects and similar small creatures
Due to its small populations and restricted habitats, conservation efforts were begun in 1982 to protect this species but, as of 2005, the warbler was still in need of protection. A habitat (which is Latin for "it inhabits" is an Ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular Species. The species is not in immediate danger as the majority of its habitat is protected forest, but introduced species, such as rats and mongooses, habitat reduction, and natural disasters represent potential threats to the population. Forest protection is a general term describing methods purported to preserve or improve a Forest threatened or affected by abuse Rats are various medium sized long-tailed Rodents of the superfamily Muroidea A mongoose (plural mongooses) is a member of the family Herpestidae (although also used for some members of Eupleridae) a family of small
Contents |
Discovery
The Elfin-woods Warbler is one of 29 species in the Dendroica genus of the Parulidae family, the New World Warblers. It was first observed in 1968 by Cameron and Angela Kepler while they were conducting observations on two Puerto Rican endemic birds, the Puerto Rican Amazon and the Puerto Rican Tody. This is a list of the endemic Fauna of Puerto Rico. This list is sorted in alphabetical order by the Scientific name of the species which are in parentheses The Puerto Rican Amazon ( Amazona vittata) also known as the Puerto Rican Parrot or Iguaca, is a bird endemic to the Archipelago The Puerto Rican Tody is a Tody endemic to the Archipelago of Puerto Rico. On May 18, 1971, a specimen was captured in the Caribbean National Forest, which at the time was believed to be its only habitat. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. El Yunque National Forest, formerly known as the Caribbean National Forest, is located on the island of Puerto Rico. A year later Kepler and Parkes described and named the species making it the most recent warbler (Dendroica spp.) discovered in the New World. Dendroica is a genus of Birds of the New World Warbler family Parulidae [3] Also, it is the first species described in the West Indies since 1927 and the first Puerto Rican species described in the 20th century. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting [4]
Description
The Elfin-woods Warbler's upper body is predominantly black with white areas while its underparts are white with black streaks. Other identifying characteristics are dark brown eyes, white patches on its ears and neck, an incomplete white eyering, a white eyestripe, and two white spots on its outer tail feathers. Characteristic of Antillean warblers (D. adelaidae, D. delicata, D. plumbea and D. pharetra), the species features a long bill and short, round wings (53. The Antilles (the same in French; Antillas in Spanish; Antillen in Dutch) refers to the islands forming the greater part of the Adelaide's Warbler ( Dendroica adelaidae) is a Bird endemic to the Archipelago of Puerto Rico belonging to the Dendroica UserPolbot. -->The St Lucia Warbler ( Dendroica delicata) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae UserPolbot. --> The Plumbeous Warbler ( Dendroica plumbea) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae UserPolbot. -->The Arrowhead Warbler ( Dendroica pharetra) is a species of Bird in the Parulidae Anatomy Stegosaurus --> Beaks can vary significantly in size and shape from species to species WING "ESPN 1410" is a commercial AM radio station in Dayton Ohio operating with 5000 watts at 1410 kHz with studios offices and transmitter located on David 8 mm average). Among Dendroica spp. , only D. adelaidae has a shorter wing length average (50 mm) than the Elfin-woods Warbler. [4] Juveniles differ from adults, retaining a grayish-green back for approximately a year and partially moulting from July to October. A juvenile is an individual Organism that has not yet reached its Adult form Sexual maturity or size The Elfin-woods Warbler's average mature length is 12. 5 cm (4. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International 9 in) and its average weight is 8. Inches redirects here To see the Les Savy Fav album see Inches. 4 grams. For other uses of the words gram or gramme see Gram (disambiguation. [5] Sexual dimorphism is not present in this species. Sexual dimorphism is the systematic difference in form between individuals of different Sex in the same Species.
The Elfin-woods Warbler is often confused with the Black-and-white Warbler (Mniotilta varia), a non-breeding species in the Caribbean occurring in Puerto Rico from mid-September to early May. The Black-and-white Warbler, Mniotilta varia, is a small New World warbler. The main physical distinction resides in the eyes. The Elfin-woods Warbler has an incomplete white eyering and the Black-and-white Warbler has a white band across the eye and a white lower half of the eyering. Another distinction is found in the crown, with the Elfin-woods's being entirely black and the Black-and-white's having a white band across.
Population and distribution
When first discovered, the Elfin-woods Warbler was believed to exclusively occur in the high elevation, from 640 to 1,030 meters (2,099 to 3,378 feet), elfin or dwarf forests of the Caribbean National Forest in eastern Puerto Rico. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit The wind-clipped trees in these forests rarely exceed 5 m in height and are characterized by stiff, thick twigs, leathery leaves and impenetrable, dense undergrowth ideal for hiding from predators. Undergrowth usually refers to the vegetation in a Forest, which can obstruct passage through the forest Three more populations were later discovered in the Maricao State Forest (1972, largest known population), the Carite State Forest (1977) and the Toro Negro State Forest (late 1970s). [6] Also, studies showed that the species migrated altitudinally to lower elevations, from 370 to 600 metres (1,213 to 1,968 feet), tabonuco and palo colorado forests. Bird migration refers to the regular seasonal journeys undertaken by many species of Birds Bird movements include those made in response to changes in food availability Dacryodes excelsa is a Tree of the Caribbean region Its vernacular names include tabonuco, gommier, and candlewood. Cyrilla racemiflora, the sole species in the genus Cyrilla, is a Flowering plant in the family Cyrillaceae, native to warm temperate [7]
In September 1989, Hurricane Hugo struck the central and eastern region of Puerto Rico affecting three (the Caribbean National Forest, Toro Negro and Carite populations) of the four known populations of the Elfin-woods Warbler. Hurricane Hugo was a destructive Category 5 Hurricane that struck Guadeloupe, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, St A survey conducted two years later in the Toro Negro Forest, located in the Cordillera Central, did not find any individuals. La Cordillera Central (The Central Mountain rangesis the main mountain range in Puerto Rico. [8] Recent surveys suggest that, for reasons yet unknown, the populations at Carite and Toro Negro were likely extirpated. Local extinction is where a Species (or other Taxon) ceases to exist in the chosen area of study but still exists elsewhere [6] Continued monitoring of the Elfin-woods Warbler populations is achieved through bird counts performed every 3 to 4 years by the Puerto Rican Breeding Bird Survey (PRBBS). The Breeding Bird Survey monitors the status and trends of bird populations The last survey was conducted in 2001 in which 3 individuals were observed at the Maricao State Forest. IUCN's last assessment of the Elfin-woods Warbler, prepared in 2000, estimated a stable population of 600 mature individuals. Ecological Stability can take on any connotation in a continuum ranging from resilience (returning quickly to a previous state to constancy (lack of change to persistence (simply [9]
Historically, the Elfin-woods Warbler was restricted to humid mountainous forests at four distinct locales in Puerto Rico. Presently, the species is presumed extirpated from two locales, occurring only at the Caribbean National Forest and the Maricao State Forest. The elfin forest at the Caribbean National Forest is characterized by high rainfall and humidity, low temperatures and insolation, and constant winds. It is found at mountain summits and is primarily composed of dense shrub and small trees with moss and epiphyte growth in its plants and floor. Mosses are small soft Plants that are typically 1–10 cm (0 An epiphyte is an organism that grows upon or attaches to a living plant The species richness is low when compared to other types of forests (tabonuco, palo colorado and palma sierra forests) found in the Luquillo Mountains. [7] The elfin forest at the Maricao State Forest, located in western Puerto Rico, receives an annual average rainfall of 2,250 cm (994 in), a high amount considering that a rainforest, by definition, receives a minimum of 67 inches (1,700 mm) annually. However, since its soil has low water holding capacity its vegetation is more xeric than expected. [7] The species's highest density occurs in Podocarpus forests in the Maricao State Forest. Podocarpus is a Genus of Conifers the most numerous and widely distributed of the podocarp family Podocarpaceae. Little information is available on the elfin forests at Toro Negro and Carite.
Diet and behavior
The Elfin-woods Warbler is commonly found foraging the middle canopy for insects. Foraging theory is a branch of Behavioral ecology that studies the foraging behavior of animals in response to the environment in which the animal lives The canopy is one of the uppermost levels of a Forest, below the emergent layer, formed by the Tree crowns Canopy trees refers to the trees [5] While searching for food it often flocks with other birds, such as Black-and-white Warblers, Puerto Rican Tanagers and Lesser Antillean Pewees. The Puerto Rican Tanager ( Nesospingus speculiferus) is a small Passerine bird endemic to the Archipelago of Puerto Rico. UserPolbot. --> The Lesser Antillean Pewee ( Contopus latirostris) is a species of Bird in the Three maneuvers used for catching prey, gleaning, sally-hover and probing, have been described. [5] Gleaning is described as a hunting maneuver made by a standing or moving bird. Sally-hover is a hunting maneuver made by a bird in flight. Probing is a maneuver in which the bird, by digging with its beak, forages the substrate looking for food in a manner similar to chickens. [5] Gleaning, especially off leaves, is the maneuver used with more frequency by the Elfin-woods Warbler while probing is the least used. [5]
The Elfin-woods Warbler's song and call are difficult to hear. Bird vocalization includes both Bird calls and bird songs In non-technical use bird songs are the bird sounds that are melodious to the human ear Bird vocalization includes both Bird calls and bird songs In non-technical use bird songs are the bird sounds that are melodious to the human ear [10] The species has a subtle voice and its call and song resemble those of the Bananaquit, the most abundant bird in Puerto Rico. The Bananaquit, Coereba flaveola, is a Passerine Bird first described by Linnaeus in his Systema naturae in 1758 as Certhia The song is a series of "short, rapidly uttered, rather unmusical notes on one pitch, swelling in volume and terminating with a short series of distinct double syllables sounding slightly lower in pitch"[3] while the call has been described as "a single, short, metallic chip". [3]
The Elfin-woods Warbler breeds from March to June. Both parents are involved in the construction of the nest and in feeding the chicks. Nests are built close to the tree trunk within dry aerial leaf litter, usually Cecropia leaves (a material used by no other Parulidae species), in Bulbophyllum wadsworthii trees. In Botany, trunk (or bole) refers to the main structural member of a Tree that supports the Branches and is supported by and directly attached This article is about the tropical plant It is also an old name for the Acropolis Athens. This article refers to the New World wood warbler family of birds the Parulidae Nests are well-concealed and located 1. 3 to 7. 6 meters above ground level. [6] Nests are cup-shaped and made from small roots and twigs, dry leaves of Chusquea abietifolia and B. ROOT is an object-oriented program and library developed by CERN. A twig is a small terminal Branch section that may bear leaves, Buds and sometimes the Flowers and Fruit of Plants Only wadsworthii, and dry Panicum maximum leaves. The interior is made from fibers of C. abietifolia, dry leaves and other plant matter. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. [11] Females lay 2 to 3 white colored eggs with red-brown spots. [12] The chick's diet consists of insects – parents have been observed offering lepidopteran and orthopteran adults and lepidopteran larvae to hatchlings. Lepidoptera is an order of Insect that includes Moths and butterflies. The Orthoptera (from the Greek ορθός orthos = "straight" and πτεрόν pteron = "wing" are an order of Insects Lepidoptera is an order of Insect that includes Moths and butterflies. [11]
Threats and conservation efforts
The survival of the Elfin-woods Warbler faces two main threats, predation and the destruction or alteration of suitable habitat. Confirmed native predators are the Pearly-eyed Thrasher (Margarops fuscatus), the Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter striatus) and the extirpated White-necked Crow (Corvus leucognaphalus) while unconfirmed native predators include two endemic snakes and several carnivores (from fossil records). The Pearly-eyed Thrasher ( Margarops fuscatus) is a bird found in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, the Bahamas and Antilles The Sharp-shinned Hawk ( Accipiter striatus) is a small Hawk. Local extinction is where a Species (or other Taxon) ceases to exist in the chosen area of study but still exists elsewhere The White-necked Crow, Corvus leucognaphalus, is the largest (42&ndash46 cm in length of the four West Indian Crow species A snake is an elongate Reptile of the suborder Serpentes Like all reptiles snakes are covered in scales. A carnivore (ˈkɑrnɪvɔər meaning 'meat eater' ( Latin carne meaning 'flesh' and vorare meaning 'to devour' is any animal with a diet consisting FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. Introduced species, such as cats (Felis domesticus), dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), rats (Rattus rattus) and small Indian mongooses (Herpestes javanicus) are also potential nest predators. WikipediaManual of Style (spelling, articles should conform to one overall spelling style of English typically the one most linked to the article topic (if it is geographic The dog ( Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated Subspecies of the gray wolf, a Mammal of the Canidae family of the order [11] These species have proliferated due to the presence of human-developed facilities, mainly for communication purposes, in the Maricao State Forest and the Caribbean National Forest. Communication is the process of conveying information from a sender to a receiver with the use of a medium in which the communicated information is understood the same way Two factors contribute to the destruction of the Elfin-woods Warbler's habitat, humans and nature. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus Nature, in the broadest sense is equivalent to the natural world, physical universe, material world or material universe. Human-related habitat destruction includes the construction of communication towers, acquisition of timber, and expansion of roads and trails. Lumber or timber is Wood in any of its stages from felling through readiness for use as structural Material for Construction, or Nature's contribution comes from natural disasters such as forest fires and hurricanes. A natural disaster is the consequence of a Natural hazard (eg A wildfire, also known as a wildland fire, forest fire, brush fire, vegetation fire, grass fire, Peat fire, A tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a low pressure center and numerous Thunderstorms that produce strong winds and Flooding [3]
The Elfin-woods Warbler was placed on the United States federal candidate list for Endangered Species Act in 1982. The Endangered Species Act of 1973 ( et seq or ESA is the most wide-ranging of the dozens of United States environmental laws passed in the 1970s In 2005, a group of scientists, scholars, artists and environmentalists petitioned the Bush administration to admit 225 species, among these the Elfin woods Warbler, to the Endangered Species Act. The Presidency of George W Bush began on his inauguration on January 20, 2001 as the 43rd and current President of the United States of America Of these 225 species, more than one third have been on the candidate list for 20 or more years and half for 10 or more years. Recent studies also show that since the creation of the Endangered Species Act in 1973, 114 United States species have become extinct, many because of lack of habitat protection by the federal government. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. [13]
The IUCN first evaluated the status of the Elfin-woods Warbler in 1988. At the time it was given a classification of lower Risk/least concern. In 1994, its status was changed to Lower Risk/near threatened and in 2000, its status was changed to vulnerable, where it remains. The conservation status of a Species is an indicator of the likelihood of that species remaining extant either in the present day or the near future [1] The justification for maintaining the species' status as vulnerable is that "There are no direct or immediate threats, but the combination of a very small range and population may have important implications for its chances of long-term survival, and this species consequently qualifies as Vulnerable". [9]
See also
References
Cited references
- ^ a b Dendroica angelae. This is a list of the endemic Fauna of Puerto Rico. This list is sorted in alphabetical order by the Scientific name of the species which are in parentheses This is a list of the endemic flora of Puerto Rico. This list is sorted in alphabetical order by binomial names. Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a categorized list of the Bird species recorded IUCN List of threatened species. IUCN (2004). Retrieved on March 19, 2006.
- ^ Sherman, Snady (May 21, 1998). The Dirty Dozen - A Wood Warbler Trivia Quiz. Delaware Valley Ornithological Club. Retrieved on March 19, 2006.
- ^ a b c d Cuevas, Victor, M. (January 2002). Wildlife Facts - January 2002 - Elfin-woods Warbler. USDA Forest Service. Retrieved on March 19, 2006.
- ^ a b Kepler, C. B. and Parkes, K. (January 1972). "A New Species of Warbler (Parulidae) from Puerto Rico". The Auk 89 (1): 1–18.
- ^ a b c d e Cruz, Alexander and Delannoy, Carlos A. . "Ecology of the Elfin-woods Warbler (Dendroica Angelae) II": 152–162.
- ^ a b c Anadón Irrizary, Verónica (2006). Distribution, habitat occupancy and population density of the Elfin-woods Warbler. MS Thesis. University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez. The University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez ( UPRM) &mdashor Recinto Universitario de Mayagüez ( RUM) in Spanish &mdash is a State university
- ^ a b c Candidate and Listing Priority Assignment Form - Elfin woods Warbler (2001). Retrieved on March 19, 2006.
- ^ Arroyo Vázquez, B. (2001). "Comparative study of foraging behavior and habitat selection of resident wood warblers (Dendroica) in southwestern Puerto Rico".
- ^ a b Species factsheet: Dendroica angelae. BirdLife International (2005). Retrieved on March 19, 2006.
- ^ To listen to the sound of this species click here.
- ^ a b c Arroyo Vázquez, Bryan (June 1992). "Observations of the breeding biology of the Elfin Woods Warbler". The Wilson Bulletin 104 (2): 362–365.
- ^ Elfin-woods Warbler. Oiuseax. net. Retrieved on March 19, 2006.
- ^ Lucas, Tim. "A Coalition for Conservation", May 5, 2004. Retrieved on 2006-03-19. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China.
General references
- Sociedad Ortinológica Puertorriqueña - Reinita de Bosque Enano. Retrieved on June 15, 2006. Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. (Spanish)
- Oberle, Mark (2003). Las aves de Puerto Rico en fotografías. Editorial Humanitas, 24. ISBN 0-9650104-2-2. (Spanish)
- Curson, Quinn and Beadle (1994). New World Warblers. Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7136-3932-6.
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