Elektronika (Russian: Электроника) is the brand name used for many different electronic products such as calculators, electronic watches, portable games and radios in the Soviet Union and, nowadays, in Russia. A brand is a collection of Images and ideas representing an economic producer more specifically it refers to the descriptive verbal attributes and concrete symbols such as a Electronics refers to the flow of charge (moving Electrons through Nonmetal conductors (mainly Semiconductors, whereas electrical The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Many Elektronika designs were the result of dedicated reverse engineering efforts by Soviet engineers, who were working for the Soviet military-industrial complex but were challenged with producing consumer goods which were in great shortage in the Soviet Union. Reverse engineering (RE is the process of discovering the technological principles of a device object or system through analysis of its structure function and operation A military-industrial complex (MIC is a concept commonly used to refer to Policy relationships between Governments national Armed forces, and industrial The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991
Contents |
Calculators
Most notable is a line of calculators, which started production in 1968. A calculator is device for performing mathematical calculations distinguished from a Computer by having a limited problem solving ability and an interface optimized for interactive Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Elektronika calculators were produced in a variety of sizes and function sets, ranging from large, bulky four-function calculators to smaller models designed for use in schools operating on a special, safer 42V standard (like the MK-SCH-2). As time progressed, Elektronika calculators were produced that supported more advanced calculations, with some of the most recent models even offering full programmability and functionality similar to today's American-designed graphing calculators.
These designs were based directly on Japanese or American calculators, and often many of the bugs from the original calculator would be found in the Elektronika version as well. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Sometimes, significant errors were introduced during the design process, resulting in strange behavior during certain calculations. Elektronika calculators nevertheless had distinctive designs, legible displays, and were commonly available throughout the Soviet Union. Today, these relics can often be found on online auction sites directly from dealers in Ukraine that are willing to export them worldwide as souvenirs. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe.
Computers
- BK-0010 and BK-0011M (PDP11 clone)
- DVK
- MS 1502 (XT clone)
- KR-series (01/02/03/04) (RK-86 clones)
- Electronika 60
- UKNC
Electronic toys
Model names for Elektronika-branded Nintendo Game & Watch clones start with IM (Russian acronym for microprocessor game). UKNC (УКНЦ was a Soviet PDP-11 -compatible Educational computer aimed at teaching school Informatics course Elektronika BK is a series of Soviet Home computers trademarked as Elektronika that share architectural similarities with PDP-11. DVK (ДВК which stands for Диалоговый вычислительный комплекс Dialogue Computing Complex is a Russian clone of PDP-11 Minicomputer The Elektronika 60 (Russian Электроника 60) was a terminal Computer made in the Soviet Union by Elektronika in Voronezh UKNC (УКНЦ was a Soviet PDP-11 -compatible Educational computer aimed at teaching school Informatics course is a Multinational corporation headquartered in Kyoto Japan founded on The (G&W series were Handheld electronic games made by Nintendo and created by its game designer Gunpei Yokoi from to. A microprocessor incorporates most or all of the functions of a Central processing unit (CPU on a single Integrated The known models include:
- IM-02 Nu, pogodi! (1986) - Nintendo EG-26 Egg
- IM-03 Secrets of the Ocean (1989) - Nintendo OC-22 Octopus
- IM-04 Merry Cook (1989) - Nintendo FP-24 Chef
- MG-09 Space Bridge (1989) - Nintendo FR-27 Fire
- MG-13 Explorers from Space (1989)
- IM-18 Hunt (1989)
- IM-?? Funny Arithmetics (1989)
- IM-23 Car Slalom (1991)
- IM-50 Space Flight (1992)
Post-1992 versions:
- I-01 Car Slalom
- I-02 Merry Cook
- I-03 Space Bridge
- I-04 Cat the Fish-catcher
- I-05 Naval Combat
- I-06 Nu, pogodi!
- I-07 Frog the Croaker
- I-08 Hunt
- I-09 Explorers from Space
- I-10 Biathlon
- I-11 Circus
- I-12 Hockey
- I-13 Football
- I-14 Robbery
- I-15 Treasures of the Ocean
Original series:
- IM-29 Chess Partner
IM-11 Lunokhod was a clone of Bigtrak toy tank, a programmable battery-powered toy vehicle made by Milton Bradley Company. Nu pogodi! ( Ну погоди!, Well Just You Wait! or You Just Wait!) is a Soviet / Russian animated Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Lunokhod ( Russian Луноход "Moonwalker") 1 and 2 were a pair of by the Soviet robotic lunar rovers landed on the BIG TRAK / bigtrak was the programmable electric vehicle created by Milton Bradley in 1979 The Milton Bradley Company is an American Game company established by Milton Bradley in Springfield Massachusetts, in 1860
External links
- Museum of Soviet Calculators On the Web (MOSCOW) - the most thorough catalog of Soviet calculator designs to date
- Electronika IM Emulator
- Collection of Elektronika watches
- Article on Elektronika watches
- Soviet Calculators Collection
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic