An electric clock is a clock that is powered by electricity instead of powered manually or by other sources of energy, specifically in order to wind the mainspring or to drive the pendulum or oscillator. For the 2007 novel by Jay Lake see Mainspring (novel. A mainspring is a spiral spring of metal ribbon that is the power source in Mechanical A pendulum is a mass that is attached to a pivot from which it can swing freely Oscillation is the repetitive variation typically in Time, of some measure about a central value (often a point of Equilibrium) or between two or more different states
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Classification
There are actually four basic design classifications:
- Electromechanical clocks that use mechanics to rewind the mainspring (via attachment of a motor or an electromagnet)
- Electromechanical clocks that use mechanics to operate the pendulum or oscillator
- Electromagnetic clocks that use electromagnetic impulses to operate the pendulum or oscillator
- Synchronous clocks that use the 50 or 60 Hz oscillation of the AC power line as a timing source, by driving the clock gears with a synchronous motor. For the 2007 novel by Jay Lake see Mainspring (novel. A mainspring is a spiral spring of metal ribbon that is the power source in Mechanical Oscillation is the repetitive variation typically in Time, of some measure about a central value (often a point of Equilibrium) or between two or more different states Electromagnetism is the Physics of the Electromagnetic field: a field which exerts a Force on particles that possess the property of A pendulum is a mass that is attached to a pivot from which it can swing freely Oscillation is the repetitive variation typically in Time, of some measure about a central value (often a point of Equilibrium) or between two or more different states An alternating current ( AC) is an Electric current whose direction reverses cyclically as opposed to Direct current, whose direction remains constant A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor distinguished by a rotor spinning with coils passing magnets at the same rate as the Alternating current
History
In 1814, Sir Francis Ronalds (1788) of London invented the forerunner of an electric clock, the electrostatic clock. Sir Francis Ronalds (1788-1873 was a meteorologist, an inventor and a pioneer of the electric Telegraph. Electrostatics is the branch of Science that deals with the Phenomena arising from what seems to be stationary Electric charges Since Classical His prototype was powered with a dry pile battery. It proved unreliable in timekeeping, however, because of a strong dependence on a stable room temperature and 'weather conditions'.
In 1815, Giuseppe Zamboni (1776-1846) of Verona invented and showed another electrostatic clock run with dry pile battery and an oscillating orb. Giuseppe Zamboni (1776 - 1846-07-25, Venice) was an Italian Roman Catholic Priest and Physicist who invented the Zamboni pile, an Over the test of time Zamboni's clock was praised "the most elegant and at the same time the most simple movement yet produced by the electric column". [1] Zambodi's clock had a vertical needle supported by a pivot and was so energy efficient that it could operate on one battery for over 50 years.
Numerous people were intent on inventing the electric clock with electromechanical and electromagnetic designs around the year 1840, such as Wheatstone, Steinheil, Hipp, Breguet, and Garnier, both in Europe and America.
In 1840, Alexander Bain (1811-1877), a Scottish clock and instrument maker is the first to invent and patent the electric clock. Alexander Bain (October 1811 – January 2, 1877) was a Scottish instrument inventor technician and clockmaker His original electric clock patent is dated October 10, 1840. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year On January 11, 1841, Alexander Bain along with John Barwise, a chronometer maker, took out another important patent describing a clock in which an electromagnetic pendulum and an electric current is employed to keep the clock going instead of springs or weights. Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. For the game see 1841 (board game. Year 1841 ( MDCCCXLI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link Electromagnetism is the Physics of the Electromagnetic field: a field which exerts a Force on particles that possess the property of A pendulum is a mass that is attached to a pivot from which it can swing freely Electric current is the flow (movement of Electric charge. The SI unit of electric current is the Ampere. Later patents expanded on his original ideas.
Matthias Hipp (1815-1893), clockmaker born in Germany, is credited with establishing the production series, mass marketable electric clock. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Hipp opened a workshop in Reutlingen, Switzerland, where he developed an electric clock to have the Hipp-Toggle, presented in Berlin at an exhibition in 1843. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The Hipp-Toggle is a device attached to a pendulum or balance wheel that electromechanically allows occasional impulse or drive to the pendulum or wheel as its amplitude of swing drops below a certain level, and is so efficient that it was subsequently used in electric clocks for over a hundred years. Hipp also invented a small motor and built the chronoscope and the registering chronograph for time measurement. A chronograph is a Timepiece or Watch with both Timekeeping and Stopwatch functions
The first electric clocks had prominent pendulums because this was a familiar shape and design. Smaller clocks and watches with a spiral-balance are made on the same principles as pendulum clocks.
Electromechanical Clock
Description
The configuration of this device is comparatively very simple and reliable. The typical deviation of the electromechanical clock is about 10 seconds per hour and it usually can run for about a year using the energy of the single battery. In Engineering, electromechanics combines the Sciences of Electromagnetism of Electrical engineering and mechanics. The electrical current powers either a pendulum or an electromechanical oscillator. A pendulum is a mass that is attached to a pivot from which it can swing freely In Engineering, electromechanics combines the Sciences of Electromagnetism of Electrical engineering and mechanics. Oscillation is the repetitive variation typically in Time, of some measure about a central value (often a point of Equilibrium) or between two or more different states
The electromechanical oscillator component has an attached magnet that passes two inductors. A magnet (from Greek grc μαγνήτης λίθος " Magnesian stone" is a material or object that produces a Magnetic field. An inductor is a passive electrical component designed to provide Inductance in a circuit When the magnet passes the first inductor or sensor, the simple amplifier opens the current across the second inductor, and the second inductor works as electromagnet, providing an energy pulse to the moving oscillator. Generally an amplifier or simply amp, is any device that changes usually increases the amplitude of a signal. An electromagnet is a type of Magnet in which the Magnetic field is produced by the flow of an electric current. This oscillator is responsible for the accuracy of the clock. The electronic part would not generate electrical pulses if the oscillator is absent or does not move. The resonance frequency of the mechanical oscillator should be about several times per second. In Physics, resonance is the tendency of a system to Oscillate at maximum Amplitude at certain frequencies, known as the system's Frequency is a measure of the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit Time.
In the presented diagram of the 1968 year electromechanical clock, the resistor R1 can be about 27 kΩ, the capacitor C1 about 25 μF and capacitor C2 about 0,033 μF. Both inductors have about 2300 windings. The device is a common collector amplifier, opening current across the inductor Lu only when the oscillator magnet passes the sensor inductor L0, causing the base current and opening the transistor. In Electronics, a common-collector (also known as an emitter follower or voltage follower) amplifier is one of three basic single-stage This clock uses the 1. 5 V battery (the most of devices used 1. 5 - 4. 5 V power source).
See also
Notes
- ^ Perpetual Electromotive
References
- Viradez, Michel. History of Electric Clocks Retrieved on 07-08-2006. Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput, or Clock is a gene which encodes proteins regulating Circadian rhythm. In Engineering, electromechanics combines the Sciences of Electromagnetism of Electrical engineering and mechanics.
- Katz, Eugenii. Alexander Bain Biography Retrieved on 07-08-2006
- Perpetual Electromotive of Giuseppe Zamboni Retrieved on 07-08-2006
- Chirkin, K. Electromechanical clocks. Radio, 7 (1968): p. 43.
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