Citizendia
Your Ad Here

Electric-chair is sometimes used in publications by organizations of people with disabilities to mean "electric-powered wheelchair". A wheelchair is a wheeled Mobility device in which the user sits
Probably the most infamous American electric chair - Old Sparky from Sing-Sing Prison
Probably the most infamous American electric chair - Old Sparky from Sing-Sing Prison

Execution by electrocution (referred to as the Electric Chair) is an execution method in which the person being put to death is strapped to a specially built chair and electrocuted through electrodes placed on the body. Sing Sing Correctional Facility is a maximum security Prison in Ossining, New York, USA. "Electrocute" redirects here For the band see Electrocute (band. An electrode is an Electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit (e This execution method has been used only in the United States and, for a period of several decades,[1] in the Philippines (its first use there in 1924, last in 1976). The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The electric chair has become a symbol of the death penalty; however, its use is on a decline. Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment.

In the United States, most death sentences handed down are the result of persons being convicted of a statutory capital offense (i. e. , an offense violating the laws of a particular U. S. state and punishable in that state by death). For such statutory capital offenses, state legislatures are the authorizing bodies for death penalty allowance and any approved death penalty methods. In the United States of America, a state legislature is a generic term referring to the legislative body of any of the country's 50 states.

Electrocution is currently an optional form of execution in the U.S. states of Alabama, Florida, South Carolina and Virginia, though allow the prisoner to choose lethal injection as an alternative method. Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the South Carolina ( is a state in the southern region ( Deep South) of the United States of America. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state In the states of Kentucky and Tennessee, the electric chair has been retired except for those whose capital crimes were committed prior to legislated dates in 1998 [Kentucky March 31, 1998, Tennessee December 31, 1998] and who choose electrocution. The Commonwealth of Kentucky ( is a state located in the East Central United States of America. Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) In both states, inmates who do not choose electrocution or inmates who committed their crimes after the designated date are put to death by lethal injection. The electric chair is an alternate form of execution approved for potential use in Illinois and Oklahoma if other forms of execution are found unconstitutional in the state at the time of execution. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. In Florida, the condemned may choose death by electrocution, but the default is lethal injection. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the

Historically, once the person was attached to the chair, various cycles (differing in voltage and duration) of A.C. current would be passed through the condemned's body, in order to fatally damage the internal organs (including the brain). A chair is a kind of Furniture for Sitting, consisting of a back and sometimes arm rests commonly for use by one person An alternating current ( AC) is an Electric current whose direction reverses cyclically as opposed to Direct current, whose direction remains constant

The electric chair was first used in 1890. It was used by more than 25 states throughout the 20th century, acquiring nicknames such as Sizzlin' Sally, Old Smokey, Old Sparky, Yellow Mama, and Gruesome Gertie. Old Smokey is a name given to the state prison Electric chair in New Jersey, which is currently on exhibit at the New Jersey State Police Museum. Old Sparky is the Nickname of the Electric chairs of Texas, New York, Louisiana, Ohio, Illinois Yellow Mama is the nickname given Alabama 's Electric chair. First installed at the now-demolished Kilby State Prison in Montgomery Alabama Gruesome Gertie was the nickname given by Death row inmates to the Louisiana Electric chair. From 1924 to 1976, the electric chair was used as method of capital punishment in the Philippines. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP In the late 20th century, the electric chair was removed as a form of execution in many U. S. states, and its use in the 21st century is very infrequent.

On February 8, 2008, it was determined by the Nebraska Supreme Court that execution via the electric chair was "cruel and unusual punishment" under the State's constitution. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common This brought executions of this type to an end in Nebraska, the only remaining state to retain it as its sole method of execution.

Contents

History

Electric chair history and laws in the United StatesColor key:      Secondary method only      Has previously used electric chair, but does not today      Has never used electric chair
Electric chair history and laws in the United States
Color key:      Secondary method only      Has previously used electric chair, but does not today      Has never used electric chair
Executions by electrocution since 1979 by number and state
Executions by electrocution since 1979 by number and state

Alfred P. Southwick developed the idea of using electric current as a method of execution when he saw an intoxicated man die after touching an exposed terminal on a live generator. Dr Alfred P Southwick (1826 - 1898 was a dentist from Buffalo New York. Electric current is the flow (movement of Electric charge. The SI unit of electric current is the Ampere. [2] As Southwick was a dentist accustomed to performing procedures on subjects in chairs, his electrical device appeared in the form of a chair.

The first electric chair was made by Harold P. Brown. Harold Pitney Brown was the American inventor of the Electric chair. Brown was an employee of Thomas Edison, hired for the purpose of researching electrocution and for the development of the electric chair. "Electrocute" redirects here For the band see Electrocute (band. Since Brown worked for Edison, and Edison promoted Brown's work, the development of the electric chair is often erroneously credited to Edison himself. Brown's design was based on use of Nikola Tesla's alternating current (AC), which was marketed by George Westinghouse and was then just emerging as the rival to Edison's less transport-efficient direct current (DC), which was further along in commercial development. There have already been discussions about Tesla's ethnicity on the talk page An alternating current ( AC) is an Electric current whose direction reverses cyclically as opposed to Direct current, whose direction remains constant Direct current ( DC) is the unidirectional flow of Electric charge. The decision to use AC was partly driven by Edison's claims that AC was more lethal than DC. However, at the very high currents used for the device, which could be as high as ten amperes, the difference in lethality between the two types of currents was approximately a factor of two, which was marginal. The ampere, in practice often shortened to amp, (symbol A is a unit of Electric current, or amount of Electric charge per second The term "electrocution" originally referred only to electrical execution (from which it is a portmanteau word), and not to accidental electrical deaths. However, since no English word was available for the latter process, with the new rise of commercial electricity, the word "electrocution" eventually took over as a description of all circumstances of electrical death.

Detail

In 1887, after a particularly gruesome and bloody hanging was reported, New York State established a committee to determine a new, more humane system of execution to replace hanging. Hanging is the lethal suspension of a person by a ligature The Oxford English Dictionary states that hanging in this sense is "specifically to put to death Neither Edison nor Tesla as part of the War of Currents wanted their electrical system to be chosen because they feared that consumers would not want in their homes the same type of electricity used to kill criminals. In the "War of Currents" era (sometimes "War of the Currents" or "Battle of Currents") in the late 1880s George Westinghouse

In order to prove that AC electricity was dangerous and therefore better for executions, Brown and Edison, who promoted DC electricity, publicly killed many animals with AC for the press in order to ensure that AC current was associated with electrical death. It was at these events that the term "electrocution" was coined. Edison tried to introduce the verb "to Westinghouse" for denoting the art of executing persons with AC current. Most of their experiments were conducted at Edison's West Orange, New Jersey, laboratory in 1888. West Orange is a township in central Essex County, New Jersey, United States.

The demonstrations apparently had their intended effects, and the AC electric chair was adopted by the committee in 1889. [3]

When it came to building the actual state execution device, the Westinghouse company refused to sell an AC generator for the purpose, so Edison and Brown used subterfuge in order to acquire the AC generator. They pretended that the Westinghouse AC generator was for use in a university, and had it dropshipped to New York through a country in South America.

The first person to be executed via the electric chair was William Kemmler in New York's Auburn Prison on July 7, 1890; the 'state electrician' was Edwin Davis. William Kemmler ( May 9, 1860 &ndash August 6, 1890) of Buffalo New York was the first person to be executed via Electric Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common This article is not about Edwin Davis discoverer in 1846 of the Serpent Mound Edwin F The first 17-second passage of current through Kemmler caused unconsciousness, but failed to stop his heart and breathing. The attending physicians, Dr. Edward Charles Spitzka and Dr. Charles F. Macdonald, came forward to examine Kemmler. After confirming Kemmler was still alive, Spitzka reportedly called out, "Have the current turned on again, quick — no delay. "

In the second attempt, Kemmler was shocked with 2,000 volts. Blood vessels under the skin ruptured and bled and his body caught fire.

In all, the entire execution took approximately eight minutes. Westinghouse later commented: "They would have done better using an axe. " A reporter who witnessed it also said it was "an awful spectacle, far worse than hanging. "

The first woman to be executed in the electric chair was Martha M. Place, executed at Sing Sing Prison on March 20, 1899. Martha M Place (1854 or 1855 – March 20, 1899) was the first woman to die in the Electric chair. Sing Sing Correctional Facility is a maximum security Prison in Ossining, New York, USA. Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Year 1899 ( MDCCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common It was adopted by Ohio (1897), Massachusetts (1900), New Jersey (1906) and Virginia (1908), and soon became the prevalent method of execution in the U. S. , replacing hanging (although it saw very little use in the Western states, with the gas chamber the more popular alternative to hanging there). Hanging is the lethal suspension of a person by a ligature The Oxford English Dictionary states that hanging in this sense is "specifically to put to death The Western United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American West or simply the West &mdashtraditionally refers to the region comprising the westernmost A gas chamber is an apparatus for killing consisting of a sealed chamber into which a Poisonous or Asphyxiant gas is introduced It remained so until the mid-1980s, when lethal injection became widely accepted as an easier method for conducting judicial executions.

In 1900, Charles Justice was a prison inmate at the Ohio State Penitentiary in Columbus. While performing cleaning detail duties in the death chamber, he devised an idea to improve the efficiency of the restraints on the electric chair. Justice designed metal clamps to replace the leather straps, thus allowing for the inmate to be secured more tautly and minimize the problem of burnt flesh. Justice's improvements were implemented and he was subsequently paroled from prison.

The ironically-named convict's fortunes took a turn for the worse eleven years later, when he was convicted in a robbery/murder and returned to prison under a death sentence. On November 9, 1911, he died in the same electric chair that he had helped to improve. Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year [4]

A record was set on July 13, 1928 when seven men were executed, one after another, in the electric chair at Kentucky State Penitentiary in Eddyville. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In 1942, six Germans convicted of espionage in the Quirin Case were put to death in one day in the District of Columbia jail electric chair. Ex parte Quirin,, is a Supreme Court of the United States case that upheld the jurisdiction of a United States Military tribunal over the trial Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D

Notable deaths by electric chair include Leon Czolgosz, Giuseppe Zangara, Sacco and Vanzetti, Hans Schmidt, Bruno Hauptmann, Lepke Buchalter, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, Charles Starkweather, and (post-'Furman') Ted Bundy. Leon Frank Czolgosz (Zol-gash (May 1873 Czolgosz was born in Alpena Michigan She later wrote a piece in defense of Czolgosz Giuseppe Zangara ( September 7, 1900 &ndash March 20, 1933) attempted to kill United States President -elect Franklin Delano Ferdinando Nicola Sacco (April 22 1891 – August 23 1927 and Bartolomeo Vanzetti (June 11 1888 – August 23 1927 were two Italian-born American laborers Hans Schmidt (died February 18, 1916) was a Roman Catholic priest the only one to receive the Death penalty in the United States Bruno Richard Hauptmann ( November 26, 1899 &ndash April 3, 1936) was a German carpenter sentenced to death and executed for Louis "Lepke" Buchalter ( 6 February 1897 &ndash 4 March 1944) was a Jewish-American mobster of the 1930s Julius Rosenberg (May 12 1918 &ndash June 19 1953 and Ethel Greenglass Rosenberg (September 28 1915 &ndash June 19 1953 were American Communists who were executed Charles Raymond Starkweather ( November 25, 1938 &ndash June 25, 1959) was a Spree killer who murdered 11 victims in Theodore Robert Bundy (November 24 1946 &ndash January 24 1989 known as Ted Bundy, was an American Serial killer.

After 1966 electrocutions ceased for a time in the USA, but the method continued in the Philippines [2]. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP A well-publicized triple execution took place in May 1972, when Jaime Jose, Basilio Pineda and Edgardo Aquino were electrocuted for the 1967 abduction, and gang-rape of the young actress Maggie dela Riva. Magdalena T de la Riva (Maggie dela Riva (born 1942 in the Philippines, is a Filipino movie actress who has appeared in about 80 films

On May 25, 1979, John Arthur Spenkelink became the first electrocuted person after the Gregg v. Georgia decision by the Supreme Court of the United States in U. Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Gregg v Georgia, Proffitt v Florida, Jurek v Texas, Woodson v The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. S. in 1976. He was the first person to be executed in the USA in this manner since 1966.

However, the last person to be involuntarily executed via the electric chair was Lynda Lyon Block on May 10, 2002 in Alabama. Lynda Cheryl Lyon Block ( February 8, 1948 - May 10, 2002) was an American woman executed by the U Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America.

A number of states still allow the condemned person to choose between electrocution and lethal injection. In all, eight inmates nationwide, four in Virginia, two in South Carolina and one in both Arkansas and Tennessee have opted for electrocution over lethal injection. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state South Carolina ( is a state in the southern region ( Deep South) of the United States of America. Arkansas ( is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. The last use of the chair (as of June 2008) was on September 12, 2007, when Daryl Holton was electrocuted in Tennessee. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Daryl Keith Holton ( November 23, 1961 &ndash September 12, 2007) was an American convicted child killer executed by Electrocution He elected this method. Before that, it had not been used since July 2006, when Brandon Hedrick was electrocuted in Virginia. Brandon Wayne Hedrick ( February 23, 1979 &ndash July 20 2006) was a convicted murderer who was executed by Electric chair by the He also elected for execution by electric chair. It has also been elected to be used by James Earl Reed in South Carolina for his execution on June 20, 2008[5]. South Carolina ( is a state in the southern region ( Deep South) of the United States of America. Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun.

Other countries appear to have contemplated using the method, sometimes for special reasons. Minutes of the British War Cabinet released in 2006 show that in December 1942, Winston Churchill proposed that Adolf Hitler — if caught — should be summarily executed in an electric chair, obtained from the USA. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately 'This man is the mainspring of evil. Instrument — electric chair, for gangsters, no doubt available on lease-lend'. For other uses see Gangsta. A gangster is a criminal who is or at some point almost invariably becomes a member of a persistent violent Lend-Lease (Public Law 77-11 was the name of the program under which the United States of America supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, [6]

Method

The head and legs of the condemned person are shaved and the prisoner is strapped into the chair. A natural sponge, moistened with a saline solution, is placed on the head to aid conductivity. One electrode is attached to the head and a second attached to the leg to provide a closed circuit. At least two applications of an electrical current are applied with the time and current depending on the physical state of the condemned person. Typically an initial voltage of around 2,000 volts is applied for up to 15 seconds to attempt both to induce unconsciousness and to stop the heart. The volt (symbol V) is the SI derived unit of electric Potential difference or Electromotive force. The voltage is then lowered to reduce current flow to approximately 8 amps. The ampere, in practice often shortened to amp, (symbol A is a unit of Electric current, or amount of Electric charge per second The body of the person may heat up to approximately 138 °F (59 °C), and the electric current will generally cause severe damage to internal organs.

There have been incidents of a person's head on fire; of burning transformers, and of a chair breaking down after the initial application and letting the condemned wait in pain on the floor of the execution room while the chair was fixed. Not to be confused with Colombian poet Pedro Medina Avendaño. A transformer is a device that transfers Electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled Electrical conductors In 1946, the electric chair failed to execute Willie Francis, who reportedly shrieked "Stop it! Let me breathe!" as he was being executed. Willie Francis (c 1929 &ndash May 9, 1947) is best known for being the first recipient of a failed execution by Electrocution in the United States It turned out that the portable electric chair had been improperly set up by an intoxicated trustee. A case was brought before the U. S. Supreme Court (Francis v. Resweber),[7] with lawyers for the condemned arguing that although Francis did not die, he had, in fact, been executed. State of Louisiana Ex Rel Francis v Resweber,, is a case in which the U The argument was rejected on the basis that re-execution did not violate the double jeopardy clause of the 5th Amendment of the US Constitution, and Francis was returned to the electric chair and successfully executed in 1947. Double jeopardy (non bis in idem is a Procedural defense (and in many countries such as the United States, Canada, Mexico and India

Skin is inevitably burned and prison workers have to separate the burnt skin from the electrodes. The initial flow of electric current may cause the person to lose control over many bodily functions, including muscle movement, urination and defecation. To mitigate this, alterations to modern electric chairs include padding and an inertia style retractable seat belt.

Decline

The use of the electric chair has declined as legislators sought what they believed to be more humane methods of execution. Lethal injection became the most popular method, helped by newspaper accounts of botched electrocutions in the early 1980s.

As of 2008, the only places in the world which still reserve the electric chair as an option for execution are the U. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common S. states of Alabama, Florida, South Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia. Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the South Carolina ( is a state in the southern region ( Deep South) of the United States of America. The Commonwealth of Kentucky ( is a state located in the East Central United States of America. Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state (Oklahoma and Illinois laws provide for its use should lethal injection ever be held to be unconstitutional. Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. ) Inmates in the other states must select it or lethal injection. In the state of Florida, on July 8, 1999, Allen Lee Davis convicted of murder was executed in the Florida electric chair "Old Sparky". Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000 Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Allen Lee Davis ( July 20, 1944 &ndash July 8, 1999) was a convicted murderer executed for the May 11, 1982 Jacksonville Old Sparky is the Nickname of the Electric chairs of Texas, New York, Louisiana, Ohio, Illinois Davis' face was bloodied and photographs taken, which were later posted on the internet. The 1997 execution of Pedro Medina created controversy when flames burst from the inmate's head. Not to be confused with Colombian poet Pedro Medina Avendaño. Lethal injection is now, as of 2008, the primary method of execution in the state of Florida. On February 15, 2008, the Nebraska Supreme Court declared execution by electrocution to be "cruel and unusual punishment" prohibited by the Nebraska Constitution. [8]

The electric chair has also been criticized because of several instances in which the subjects were not instantly killed, but had to be subjected to multiple electric shocks. This led to a call for ending of the practice because many see it as cruel and unusual punishment [3]. Trying to address such concerns, Nebraska introduced a new electrocution protocol in 2004, which called for administration of a 15-second-long application of 2,450 volts of electricity; after a 15-minute wait, an official then checks for signs of life. New concerns raised regarding the 2004 protocol resulted, in April 2007, in the ushering in of the current Nebraska protocol, calling for a 20-second-long application of 2,450 volts of electricity. (Prior to the 2004 protocol change, an initial eight-second application of 2,450 volts was administered, followed by a one-second pause, then a 22-second application at 480 volts. After a 20-second break, the cycle was repeated three more times. )

In 1996, Georgia state legislator Doug Teper proposed the guillotine as a replacement for the electric chair as the state's method of execution to enable convicts to act as organ donors. The guillotine ( pronounced /ˈgijətin/ or /ˈgɪlətin/ in English in French was a device used for carrying out executions by Decapitation. Organ donation is the removal of the tissues of the Human body from a person who has recently Died, or from a living donor for the purpose of transplanting The proposal was not adopted.

See also

References

  1. ^ [1] Philippines: The Death Penalty: Criminality, Justice and Human Rights
  2. ^ "Alfred P. Southwick, MDS, DDS: dental practitioner, educator and originator of electrical executions" (November 2000). "Electrocute" redirects here For the band see Electrocute (band. Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. Yellow Mama is the nickname given Alabama 's Electric chair. First installed at the now-demolished Kilby State Prison in Montgomery Alabama Old Sparky is the Nickname of the Electric chairs of Texas, New York, Louisiana, Ohio, Illinois Gruesome Gertie was the nickname given by Death row inmates to the Louisiana Electric chair. " State Electrician " was the title given to some American state executioners in states using the Electric chair during the early twentieth This article is not about Edwin Davis discoverer in 1846 of the Serpent Mound Edwin F Robert Greene Elliott ( January 27, 1874 - October 10, 1939) was the " state electrician " (i Journal of the History of Dentistry 48 (3ghy): 115-45.  
  3. ^ Mary Bellis (2005). Death and Money - The History of the Electric Chair. About.com. Aboutcom is an online source for original information and advice and is among the top 15 US Websites ( Nielsen Online Spring 2008 Retrieved on 13 April 2006.
  4. ^ 312 People Died In Ohio's Electric Chair - News Story - WEWS Cleveland
  5. ^ SC man set to be executed chooses electric chair. Charlotte Observer. Retrieved on 2008-06-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
  6. ^ War crimes and war criminals, meeting held on July 6, 1942. Retrieved on 2006-04-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.
  7. ^ U. S. Supreme Court case, Francis v. Resweber: 329 U.S. 459 (1947)
  8. ^ http://www.supremecourt.ne.gov/opinions/2008/february/feb8/s05-1268.pdf

External links

Dictionary

electric chair

-noun

  1. A device used for performing execution by electrocution.
  2. An electrically powered wheelchair
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic