Eleanor Roosevelt
White House portrait
United States Delegate to the United Nations General Assembly
In office 31 December 1946 – 31 December 1952
President	Harry S. Truman
President and Chair of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights
In office 1946 – 1952
Preceded by	New Position
Succeeded by	Charles Malik
Chair of the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women
In office 1961 – 1962
President	John F. Kennedy
Preceded by	New Office
Succeeded by	Commission work taken over by Esther Peterson after Commissioner Roosevelt's death
First Lady of the United States
In office March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945
Preceded by	Lou Henry Hoover
Succeeded by	Elizabeth "Bess" Wallace Truman
Born	October 11, 1884(1884-10-11) New York, New York
Died	November 7, 1962 (aged 78) New York, New York
Political party	Democratic
Spouse	Franklin D. Roosevelt
Children	Anna Eleanor, James, Elliott, Franklin, John
Residence	Hyde Park, New York
Occupation	First Lady, diplomat, activist
Religion	Episcopal

Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (IPA: /ˈɛlɪnɔr ˈroʊzəvɛlt/; October 11, 1884 – November 7, 1962) was First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945. Membership For two articles dealing with membership in the General Assembly see General Assembly members Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United Nations Commission on Human Rights ( UNCHR) was a functional commission within the overall framework of the United Nations. Charles Habib Malik ( 1906 - 28 December 1987) (شارل مالك was a Lebanese philosopher and diplomat The Presidential Commission on the Status of Women (PCSW was established to advise the President of the United States on issues concerning the status of women John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of Esther Eggertsen Peterson ( December 9, 1906 &ndash December 20, 1997) was a lifelong consumer and women's advocate First Lady of the United States is the unofficial title of the hostess of the White House. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Louise Henry Hoover (March 29 1874 &ndash January 7 1944 was the wife of Herbert Hoover and First Lady of the United States. Elizabeth Virginia Wallace Truman (February 13 1885 – October 18 1982 widely known as Bess Truman, was the wife of Harry S Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The City of New York New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The City of New York New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. Anna Eleanor Roosevelt Halsted ( May 3, 1906 – December 1, 1975) née Anna Eleanor Roosevelt, also Anna Dall and James Roosevelt (December 23 1907 – August 13 1991 was the oldest son of President Franklin D Elliott Roosevelt ( September 23, 1910 &ndash October 27, 1990) was an United States Army Air Corps officer and an Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr ( August 17, 1914 – August 17, 1988) was the fifth child of Anna Eleanor Roosevelt and Franklin John Aspinwall Roosevelt ( March 13 1916 &ndash April 27 1981) was the 6th and last child of the 32nd President of the United States Franklin See also New Hyde Park for the village on Long Island there is also a hamlet named Hyde Park in Otsego County, near Cooperstown First Lady of the United States is the unofficial title of the hostess of the White House. Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states Activism, in a general sense can be described as intentional action to bring about social or political change The Episcopal Church is the official name of the Province of the Anglican Communion in the United States. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. First Lady of the United States is the unofficial title of the hostess of the White House. She supported the New Deal policies of her husband, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and assumed a role as an advocate for civil rights. The New Deal was the name that United States President Franklin D After her husband's death in 1945, she continued to be an internationally prominent author and speaker for the New Deal coalition. The New Deal coalition was the alignment of interest groups and voting blocs that supported the New Deal and voted for Democratic presidential candidates from 1932 She worked to enhance the status of working women, although she opposed the Equal Rights Amendment because she believed it would adversely affect women. The Equal Rights Amendment ( ERA) is a failed proposed amendment to the United States Constitution intended to guarantee equal rights under the

In the 1940s, she was one of the co-founders of Freedom House and supported the formation of the United Nations. Freedom House is a United States -based international Non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on Democracy, political The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Eleanor Roosevelt founded the UN Association of the United States in 1943 to advance support for the formation of the UN. The United Nations Association of the United States of America or UNA-USA is a not-for-profit membership organization dedicated to building understanding of and support She was a delegate to the UN General Assembly from 1945 and 1952, a job for which she was appointed by President Harry S. Truman and confirmed by the United States Senate. Membership For two articles dealing with membership in the General Assembly see General Assembly members The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives During her time at the United Nations she chaired the committee that drafted and approved the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR) is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly ( 10 December 1948 at Palais President Truman called her the "First Lady of the World" in tribute to her human rights achievements. Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled ^[1]

Active in politics for the rest of her life, she chaired the John F. Kennedy administration's ground-breaking committee which helped start second-wave feminism, the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women. John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of Second-wave feminism refers to a period of Feminist activity which began during the 1960s and lasted through the late 1970s The Presidential Commission on the Status of Women (PCSW was established to advise the President of the United States on issues concerning the status of women She was one of the most admired persons of the 20th century, according to Gallup's List of Widely Admired People. Gallup's List of Widely Admired People, a poll of United States citizens to volunteer the names of the individuals whom they most admire is a list compiled annually by The Gallup ^[2]

Contents 1 Personal life 1.1 Early life 1.2 Marriage and family life 1.3 Relationship with mother-in-law 1.4 Tensions with some "Oyster Bay Roosevelts" 1.5 Franklin's affair and Eleanor's relationships 2 Public life in the years before the White House 3 First Lady of the United States (1933–1945) 4 World War II 5 The years after the White House 5.1 United Nations 5.2 Relations with the Catholic Church 5.3 Postwar politics 6 Honors and awards 7 Later life 8 See also 9 Footnotes 10 References 11 External links

Personal life

Early life

Anna Eleanor Roosevelt was born on October 11, 1884, at 56 West 37th Street in New York City, New York. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The City of New York New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Her parents were Elliott Roosevelt and Anna Hall Roosevelt. Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt ( February 28[[ 860]]- August 14[[ 894]] was the father of Anna Eleanor Roosevelt and the brother of U Anna Rebecca Hall Roosevelt ( March 17, 1863 &ndash December 7, 1892) was the mother of former First Lady of the United States, She was named Anna for her mother and for her aunt, Anna Cowles and Eleanor for her father, who was nicknamed "Ellie". Anna Roosevelt Cowles ( January 18, 1855 &ndash August 25, 1931) was the older sister of United States President From the beginning, she preferred to be called by her middle name, Eleanor. Two brothers, Elliott, Jr. (1889–1893) and Hall Roosevelt (1891–1941) were born later. Gracie Hall Roosevelt ( June 28, 1891 - September 25, 1941) was the youngest brother of former First Lady of the United States, Eleanor also had a half brother, Elliott Roosevelt Mann, the result of an extramarital relation between Elliot and Katy Mann, a young servant girl employed by Anna. ^[3] She was born into a world of immense wealth and privilege, as her family was part of New York high society called the "swells". A socialite is a person who is known to be a part of fashionable Society because of his or her regular participation in social activities and fondness for spending a significant ^[4]

When Eleanor was eight, her mother died of diphtheria and she and her brothers were sent to live with her maternal grandmother, Mary Ludlow Hall (1843–1919) at Tivoli, New York and at a brownstone in New York City. Diphtheria ( Greek διφθερα ( diphthera)—“pair of leather scrolls" is an upper respiratory tract illness characterized by sore Tivoli is a Village in Dutchess County New York, United States. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Just before Eleanor turned ten, she was orphaned when her father died of complications of alcoholism. Alcoholism is a term with multiple and sometimes conflicting definitions In his Pulitzer Prize-winning biography of Eleanor Roosevelt, author Joseph Lash describes her during this period of childhood as insecure and starved for affection, considering herself "ugly". The Pulitzer Prize, ˈpʊlɨtsɚ PULL-it-sər is an American award regarded as the highest national honor in Newspaper journalism, ^[5] In the fall of 1899, with the encouragement of her paternal aunt Bamie Cowles, it was decided to send Eleanor to Allenswood Academy, an English finishing school. Anna Roosevelt Cowles ( January 18, 1855 &ndash August 25, 1931) was the older sister of United States President This article is about finishing school for the reality show see Charm School (TV series The headmistress, Marie Souvestre, was a noted feminist educator who sought to develop independent minds in young women. Marie Souvestre ( April 28, 1830 - March 30, 1905) was a feminist educator who sought to develop independent minds in young women Eleanor learned to speak French fluently and gained self-confidence. Her first-cousin Corinne Robinson, whose first term at Allenswood overlapped with Eleanor's last, said that when she arrived at the school, Eleanor was "everything". Corinne Alsop Cole (born Corinne Douglas Robinson July 2, 1886 in Orange New Jersey - June 23, 1971 in Avon Connecticut

Marriage and family life

In 1902 at age 17, Eleanor Roosevelt returned to the United States, ending her formal education, and was later given a debutante party. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A debutante ( deb or presentation ball (from the French débutante, "female beginner" is a young lady from an aristocratic or Soon afterward, she became reacquainted with her father's (Elliott Roosevelt's) fifth cousin Franklin D. Roosevelt ("FDR"), then a 20-year-old junior at Harvard University. Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt ( February 28[[ 860]]- August 14[[ 894]] was the father of Anna Eleanor Roosevelt and the brother of U Following a White House reception and dinner with her uncle, President Theodore Roosevelt, on New Year's Day, 1903, Franklin's courtship of Eleanor began. See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T New Year's Day is the first day of the Year. On the modern Gregorian calendar, it is celebrated on January 1, as it was also in ancient Rome (though In November, 1903, they became engaged, although the engagement was not announced for more than a year, until December 1, 1904, at the insistence of FDR's mother, Sara Delano Roosevelt. NOTICE TO WOULD-BE-ROMEOS*************** Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on Sara Ann Delano Roosevelt ( September 21 1854 &ndash September 7 1941) was the wife of James Roosevelt and the mother of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Anna Eleanor Roosevelt were married on St. Patrick's Day (March 17, 1905) at Eleanor's great-aunt's home in New York City. Saint Patrick's Day (Lá ’le Pádraig or Lá Fhéile Pádraig) colloquially St Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The City of New York The marriage produced six children, five of whom survived infancy: Anna Eleanor, James, Franklin Delano, Jr. Infant mortality is defined as the number of deaths of Infants (one year of age or younger per 1000 live births Anna Eleanor Roosevelt Halsted ( May 3, 1906 – December 1, 1975) née Anna Eleanor Roosevelt, also Anna Dall and James Roosevelt (December 23 1907 – August 13 1991 was the oldest son of President Franklin D (who was born and died in 1909), Elliott, Franklin Delano, and John Aspinwall. Elliott Roosevelt ( September 23, 1910 &ndash October 27, 1990) was an United States Army Air Corps officer and an Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr ( August 17, 1914 – August 17, 1988) was the fifth child of Anna Eleanor Roosevelt and Franklin John Aspinwall Roosevelt ( March 13 1916 &ndash April 27 1981) was the 6th and last child of the 32nd President of the United States Franklin Following a honeymoon in Europe, the newlyweds settled in New York City, in a house provided by Sara, as well as at the family's estate overlooking the Hudson River in Hyde Park, New York. The City of New York The Hudson River, called Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk, the Great Mohegan by the Iroquois, or as the Lenape Native Americans called it in Unami See also New Hyde Park for the village on Long Island there is also a hamlet named Hyde Park in Otsego County, near Cooperstown New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous

The family began spending summers at Campobello Island, New Brunswick, on the Maine–Canada border, where Franklin was stricken with high fever in August, 1921, which resulted in permanent paralysis of his legs. Campobello Island is a Canadian Island located at the entrance to Passamaquoddy Bay, adjacent to the entrance to Cobscook Bay, and within the The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Although the disease was widely believed during his lifetime to be poliomyelitis, some retrospective analysts now favor the diagnosis of Guillain-Barré syndrome (see also Franklin D. Roosevelt's paralytic illness). Poliomyelitis, often called polio or infantile paralysis, is an acute viral Infectious disease spread from person to person primarily via Guillain-Barré syndrome ( GBS) (in French ɡilɛ̃ baˈʁe in English ˈɡiːlæn ˈbɑreɪ /ɡiːˈæn bəˈreɪ/ etc Franklin D Roosevelt 's paralysis has become a major part of his image today even though during his life it was kept from public view and rarely discussed in public FDR's attending physician, Dr. William Keen, believed it was polio and commended Eleanor's devotion to the stricken Franklin during that time of travail, "You have been a rare wife and have borne your heavy burden most bravely", proclaiming her "one of my heroines". ^[4] A play and movie depicting that time, Sunrise at Campobello, were produced almost 40 years later. Sunrise at Campobello is a 1958 play by American producer and writer Dore Schary based on U

Relationship with mother-in-law

Eleanor had a somewhat contentious relationship with her domineering mother-in-law, Sara Delano Roosevelt. Sara Ann Delano Roosevelt ( September 21 1854 &ndash September 7 1941) was the wife of James Roosevelt and the mother of ^[6] Long before Eleanor fell in love with her future husband and distant cousin, Franklin, she already had a relationship with Sara as a distant but highly engaging cousin with whom she corresponded. Although they had a difficult relationship, Sara sincerely wanted to be a mother to Eleanor and did her best before and during the marriage to fill this role. Sara had her own reasons for attempting to prevent their marriage and historians continue to discuss them. Historians also have had widely diverging opinions on the pluses and minuses of this relationship. ^[7]

From Sara's perspective, Eleanor was relatively young, inexperienced and lacked the support from her late mother, Anna Hall Roosevelt. Sara Ann Delano Roosevelt ( September 21 1854 &ndash September 7 1941) was the wife of James Roosevelt and the mother of Anna Rebecca Hall Roosevelt ( March 17, 1863 &ndash December 7, 1892) was the mother of former First Lady of the United States, Despite her forceful and domineering personality, Sara had much to teach her new daughter-in-law on what a young wife should know. Eleanor, while sometimes resenting Sara's domineering nature, nevertheless highly valued her opinion in the early years of her marriage until she developed the experience and confidence a wife gains from the school of marital "hard knocks". Historians continue to study the reasons Eleanor allowed Sara to dominate their lives, especially in the first years of the marriage. Eleanor's income was more than half of that of her husband's when they married in 1905 and could have lived still relatively luxuriously without Sara's financial support. ^[8]

From Sara's perspective, she was bound and determined to ensure her son's success in all areas of life including his marriage. Sara had doted on her son to the point of spoiling him, and now intended to help him make a success of his marriage with a woman that she evidently viewed as being totally unprepared for her new role as chatelaine of a great family. Sara would continue to give huge presents to her new grandchildren, but sometimes Eleanor had problems with the influence that came with "mother's largesse. "^[4]

Tensions with some "Oyster Bay Roosevelts"

Although Eleanor was always in the good graces of her Uncle Theodore, the paterfamilias of the Oyster Bay Roosevelts, as the Republican branch of the family was known, she often found herself at odds with his eldest daughter, Alice Roosevelt. Alice Lee Roosevelt Longworth ( February 12, 1884 &ndash February 20, 1980) was the oldest child of Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th Uncle Theodore felt Eleanor's conduct to be far more responsible, socially acceptable and cooperative: in short, more "Rooseveltian" than that of the beautiful, highly photogenic but rebellious and self-absorbed Alice, to whom he would ask, "Why can't you be more like 'cousin Eleanor'?" These early experiences laid the foundation for life-long strain between the two high-profile cousins. Eleanor's relationship with her cousin and other Oyster Bay Roosevelts would be aggravated by the widening political gulf between the Hyde Park and Oyster Bay families as Franklin D. Roosevelt's political career began to take off. Characteristically caustic comments by "Cousin Alice", such as her later description of Franklin as "two-thirds mush and one-third Eleanor" certainly did not help. When Franklin was inaugurated president in 1933, Alice was invited to attend along with her brothers, Kermit and Archie. An inauguration is a ceremony of formal Investiture whereby an individual assumes an office or position of authority or power Alice Lee Roosevelt Longworth ( February 12, 1884 &ndash February 20, 1980) was the oldest child of Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th Kermit Roosevelt I MC ( October 10, 1889 – June 4, 1943) was a son of U Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt ( April 9, 1894 – October 13, 1979) the fifth child of US President Theodore Roosevelt was

Franklin's affair and Eleanor's relationships

Despite its happy start, the Roosevelts' marriage almost disintegrated over Franklin's affair with Eleanor's social secretary Lucy Mercer (later Lucy Mercer Rutherfurd). Lucy Page Mercer Rutherfurd ( April 26, 1891 - July 31, 1948) is considered by historians to have been a mistress of United States President When Eleanor learned of the affair from Mercer's letters to FDR (found in FDR's suitcases), which she discovered in September 1918, she was brought to despair and self-reproach. She told Franklin she would insist on a divorce if he did not immediately end the affair. ^[4]

So implacable was Sara's opposition to divorce that she warned her son she would disinherit him. Fala ( April 7, 1940 &ndash April 5, 1952) was a famous Scottish Terrier, the beloved Dog of U See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence Aunt Corinne, Uncle Ted, and Louis Howe, FDR's political advisor, were also influential in persuading Eleanor and Franklin to save the marriage for the sake of the five children and FDR's political career. Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T Louis McHenry Howe (1871-1936 was an intimate friend and political advisor to President Franklin D The idea has been put forth that because of Lucy being a Catholic she would never have married a divorced Protestant. However this is probably not true. Her relatives maintain that she was perfectly willing to marry Franklin. Her father's family was Episcopal and her mother, Minnie, had been divorced. ^[9] Franklin agreed not to see Mercer, but the affair continued right up to Franklin's death in 1945 at Warm Springs, Georgia, where Mercer was with FDR when he died. Warm Springs is a City in Meriwether County, Georgia, United States. The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule

Although the marriage survived, Eleanor Roosevelt emerged a different woman, coming to the realization that she could achieve fulfillment only through her own influence and life, not someone else's. ^[4]

In 1933 Eleanor Roosevelt had a very close relationship with Lorena Hickok, which spanned her early years in the White House. Lorena Alice Hickok ( March 7, 1893 &ndash May 1, 1968) was an American journalist and confidant of Eleanor Roosevelt. See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence ^[10] On the day of Roosevelt's inauguration, she was wearing a sapphire ring that Lorena had given her. Sapphire (antique greek hyacinthos refers to gem varieties of the mineral Corundum, an Aluminium oxide (Al2O3 when it is a color other than ^[10] Later, when their correspondence was made public, it became clear that Eleanor would write such endearments as, 'I want to put my arms around you & kiss you at the corner of your mouth. '^[11] It is however unknown if FDR was aware of that relationship, which Lillian Faderman has deemed to be lesbian. Lillian Faderman (born 1940 is a scholar whose books on Lesbian relationships in history have earned critical praise and awards ^[10] Hickok's relationship with Roosevelt has been the subject of much speculation but it has not been determined by historians whether or not the two were romantically connected. ^[12]

Eleanor also had a close relationship with New York State Police sergeant Earl Miller. Earl Miller ( September 12 1905 – June 20 1936) was a professional Ice hockey player who played 110 games in the National Hockey Franklin had assigned Miller as her bodyguard. Prior to that Miller had been Al Smith's personal bodyguard and was acquainted with Franklin from World War I. Alfred Emanuel Smith Jr, known in private and public life as Al Smith, ( December 30, 1873 - October 4, 1944) was elected Governor Miller was an athlete and had been the Navy's middleweight boxing champion as well as a member of the U. S. Olympic squad at the Antwerp games in 1920. ^[13]

Eleanor was 44 when they met, in 1929, and Miller was 32. According to Franklin's biographer Jean Edward Smith, Miller became her unofficial escort, companion, and manager. Jean Edward Smith (born October 13, 1932, Washington DC) is professor at Marshall University and biographer He taught her different sport activities, like diving and riding, and coached her tennis game. Whether they were more than good friends is open to conjecture. For example, according to Blanche Wiesen Cook, Earl Miller was Eleanor's "first romantic involvement" in her middle years but she does not speculate further. Blanche Wiesen Cook (born April 20 1941 in New York City) is the author of Eleanor Roosevelt Volume One 1884-1993, a Los Angeles Times Book Prize winning James Roosevelt wrote that "From my observations, I personally believe they were more than friends. James Roosevelt (December 23 1907 – August 13 1991 was the oldest son of President Franklin D " Eleanor's friendship with Miller coincided with Franklin's relationship with Missy LeHand, and Smith writes that "Remarkably, both ER and Franklin recognized, accepted, and encouraged the arrangement. Marguerite "Missy" LeHand ( 13 September 1898 - 31 July 1944) was private Secretary to former U . . Eleanor and Franklin were strong-willed people who cared greatly for each other's happiness but realized their own inability to provide for it. "^[14] Their relationship went on until Eleanor's death in 1962, but there is not much evidence of it. There are some photographs and a few home movies. They are thought to have corresponded daily, but all letters are lost. According to rumors the letters were anonymously purchased and destroyed or locked away when Eleanor died. ^[15]

Public life in the years before the White House

Following FDR's paralytic illness attack in 1921, Eleanor began serving as a stand-in for her incapacitated husband, making public appearances on his behalf. She also started working with the Women's Trade Union League (WTUL), raising funds in support of the union's goals: a 48-hour work week, minimum wage, and the abolition of child labor. A minimum wage is the lowest hourly daily or monthly Wage that employers may legally pay to employees or workers Child labor is the employment of Children at regular and sustained labour ^[4] Throughout the 1920s, she was increasingly influential as a leader in the New York State Democratic Party. In 1924, she actively campaigned for Alfred E. Smith in his successful re-election bid as governor of New York State. Alfred Emanuel Smith Jr, known in private and public life as Al Smith, ( December 30, 1873 - October 4, 1944) was elected Governor By 1928, she was actively promoting Smith's candidacy for president and Franklin Roosevelt's nomination as the Democratic Party's candidate for governor of New York, succeeding Smith. Although Smith lost, Roosevelt won handily and the Roosevelts moved into the governor's mansion in Albany, New York. Albany is the Capital of the State of New York and the County seat of Albany County. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous

She also taught literature and American history at the Todhunter School for Girls in New York City in the 1920s.

First Lady of the United States (1933–1945)

Having seen her aunt Edith Roosevelt's strictly circumscribed role and traditional protocol during the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909), Eleanor set out on a different course. Soong May-ling or Soong Mei-ling, also known as Madame Chiang Kai-shek ( ca 1897 She was the third of six children she was born in Shanghai Edith Kermit Carow Roosevelt ( August 6, 1861 &ndash September 30, 1948) second wife of Theodore Roosevelt, was First Lady Despite criticism, she continued with the active business and speaking agenda she had begun before becoming First Lady, in an era when few women had careers outside the home. She was the first First Lady to hold weekly press conferences and started writing a syndicated newspaper column, "My Day". First Lady of the United States is the unofficial title of the hostess of the White House. Eleanor Roosevelt maintained a heavy travel schedule over her twelve years in the White House, frequently making personal appearances at labor meetings to assure Depression-era workers that the White House was mindful of their plight. In one widely-circulated cartoon of the time lampooning the peripatetic First Lady, she was pictured appearing inside a coal mine wearing a miner's hat, to the astonishment of a startled miner who exclaims, "My gosh! There's Mrs. Roosevelt". ^[16] Eleanor Roosevelt saw the job of the First Lady as a buffer between victims of the Great Depression and the government bureaucracy, a guardian of human values within the administration, not just as a social, ceremonial position.

Eleanor also became an important connection for FDR's administration to the African-American population during the segregation era. During Franklin Roosevelt's terms as President, Eleanor was vocal in her support of the African-American civil rights movement. See also Protests of 1968 Historically the civil rights movement was a concentrated period of time around the world of approximately twenty years (1960-1980 in She was outspoken in her support of Marian Anderson in 1939 when the black singer was denied the use of Washington's Constitution Hall and was instrumental in the subsequent concert held on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Marian Anderson (February 27 1897 – April 8 1993 was an American DAR Constitution Hall is a Concert hall in Washington DC It was built in 1929 by the Daughters of the American Revolution to house its annual convention The Lincoln Memorial is a United States Presidential memorial built to honor the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. The first lady also played a role in racial affairs when she appointed Mary McLeod Bethune as head of the Division of Negro Affairs. ^[16]

World War II

In 1941, Eleanor Roosevelt, Wendell Willkie, and other Americans concerned about threats to democracy established Freedom House. Wendell Lewis Willkie ( February 18 1892 &ndash October 8 1944) was a corporate lawyer in the United States and the Republican Freedom House is a United States -based international Non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on Democracy, political Once the United States entered World War II, she was active on the homefront, co-chairing a national committee on civil defense with New York Mayor Fiorello La Guardia and frequently visiting civilian and military centers to boost war morale. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The United States home front during World War II covers the developments within the United States, 1940-1945 to support its efforts during World War II. LaGuardia redirects here For the airport see LaGuardia Airport.

She especially supported more opportunities for women and African-Americans, notably the Tuskegee Airmen in their successful effort to become the first black combat pilots. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout At a time when there was still racial segregation in the armed forces and considerable opposition to allowing blacks to train as pilots, the First Lady was openly supportive of the Tuskegee Airmen. She visited the Tuskegee Air Corps Advanced Flying School in Alabama and, at her request, flew with a black student pilot for more than an hour, which had great symbolic value and brought visibility to Tuskegee's pilot training program. ^[17] She also arranged a White House meeting in July 1941 for representatives of the Tuskegee flight school to plead their cause for more support from the military establishment in Washington. Afterwards, the president of the Tuskegee Institute, F. D. Patterson, wrote to her at the White House that he was "greatly heartened to know of your sympathetic interest". ^[17] As the war raged in Europe and the Tuskegee Airmen distinguished themselves in combat over the skies of Europe in 1943, Tuskegee President Patterson sent a telegram to Eleanor Roosevelt expressing his gratitude: "[I] feel your presence and endorsement . . .  was a major factor in favorable action. [I] am happy men in air now at front are justifying in full measure the great confidence you and others expressed in them". ^[17]

She was a strong proponent of the Morgenthau Plan to de-industrialize Germany in the postwar period,^[18][19][20] and was in 1946 one of the few prominent individuals to remain a member of the campaign group lobbying for a harsh peace for Germany. The Morgenthau Plan was a plan for the occupation of Germany after World War II that advocated measures intended to remove Germany's ability to wage war ^[21]

The years after the White House

United Nations

In 1946, U. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security S. President Harry S. Truman appointed Eleanor Roosevelt as a delegate to the United Nations General Assembly. Membership For two articles dealing with membership in the General Assembly see General Assembly members She played an instrumental role, along with René Cassin, John Peters Humphrey and others, in drafting the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This article is about the person named René Cassin for the human-rights group named after him see CCJO René Cassin. John Peters Humphrey ( April 30, 1905 &ndash March 14, 1995) was a Canadian legal scholar, Jurist, and The Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR) is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly ( 10 December 1948 at Palais Roosevelt served as the first chairperson of the UN Human Rights Commission. ^[22] On the night of September 28, 1948, Roosevelt spoke on behalf of the Declaration calling it "the international Magna Carta of all mankind" (James 1948). Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Magna Carta ( Latin for Great Charter, literally " Great Paper " also called Magna Carta Libertatum ( Great Charter of Freedoms The Declaration was adopted by the UN General Assembly on December 10, 1948. Membership For two articles dealing with membership in the General Assembly see General Assembly members Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[23] The vote of the General Assembly was unanimous except for eight abstentions.

Roosevelt resigned from her UN post in 1953 when Dwight D. Eisenhower became president. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general

Relations with the Catholic Church

In July 1949, she had a public disagreement with Francis Cardinal Spellman, the Catholic Archbishop of New York, which was characterized as "a battle still remembered for its vehemence and hostility". Francis Joseph Cardinal Spellman ( May 4, 1889 – December 2, 1967) wasthe ninth Bishop and sixth Archbishop of the ^[24][25] In her columns, Eleanor had attacked proposals for federal funding of certain nonreligious activities at parochial schools, such as bus transportation for students. Spellman cited the Supreme Court's decision which upheld such provisions, accusing her of anti-Catholicism. Most Democrats rallied behind Roosevelt, and Cardinal Spellman eventually met with Eleanor Roosevelt at her Hyde Park home to quell the dispute. However, Eleanor maintained her belief that Catholic schools should not receive federal aid, evidently heeding the writings of secularists such as Paul Blanshard. Paul Beecher Blanshard (often misspelled "Blanchard" (1892-1980 a native of Ohio and a graduate of the University of Michigan who later lived in Vermont was an American journalist ^[26]

During the Spanish Civil War, she favored the republican Loyalists against General Francisco Franco's Nationalists; after 1945, she opposed normalizing relations with Spain. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid ^[27] She told Spellman bluntly that "I cannot however say that in European countries the control by the Roman Catholic Church of great areas of land has always led to happiness for the people of those countries. "^[28] Her son Elliott Roosevelt suggested that her "reservations about Catholicism" were rooted in her husband's sexual affairs with Lucy Mercer and Missy LeHand, who were both Catholics. Elliott Roosevelt ( September 23, 1910 &ndash October 27, 1990) was an United States Army Air Corps officer and an Lucy Page Mercer Rutherfurd ( April 26, 1891 - July 31, 1948) is considered by historians to have been a mistress of United States President Marguerite "Missy" LeHand ( 13 September 1898 - 31 July 1944) was private Secretary to former U ^[29]

Her defenders, such as biographer Joseph P. Lash, deny that Eleanor Roosevelt was anti-Catholic, citing her public support of Al Smith, a Catholic, in the 1928 presidential campaign and her statement to a New York Times reporter that year quoting her uncle, President Theodore Roosevelt, in expressing "the hope to see the day when a Catholic or a Jew would become president" (The New York Times, January 25, 1928). Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[30]

Postwar politics

In the late 1940s, Roosevelt was courted for political office by Democrats in New York and throughout the country.

At first I was surprised that anyone should think that I would want to run for office, or that I was fitted to hold office. Then I realized that some people felt that I must have learned something from my husband in all the years that he was in public life! They also knew that I had stressed the fact that women should accept responsibility as citizens. I heard that I was being offered the nomination for governor or for the United States Senate in my own state, and even for Vice President. And some particularly humorous souls wrote in and suggested that I run as the first woman President of the United States! The simple truth is that I have had my fill of public life of the more or less stereotyped kind. ^[31]

In the 1948 campaign, she was touted by some as the ideal running mate for President Truman. Francis Albert "Frank" Sinatra (December 12 1915 &ndash May 14 1998 was an American singer and actor The North Dakota State Democratic Central Committee passed a resolution in 1947 calling for a Truman-Roosevelt ticket, and when Truman was asked if he would consider, he replied, "Why, of course, of course. . . What do you expect me to say to that?" Nevertheless, Eleanor rejected the appeals and insisted she had no interest in elective politics. Her son James Roosevelt would later say she refused to be considered for the vice presidency "because she was afraid of it. James Roosevelt (December 23 1907 – August 13 1991 was the oldest son of President Franklin D "^[31]

In 1954, Tammany Hall boss Carmine DeSapio campaigned against Eleanor's son, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr., during the New York Attorney General elections, which Franklin (Jr. Tammany Hall was the Democratic Party Political machine that played a major role in controlling New York City politics and helping immigrants (most notably Carmine Gerard DeSapio ( December 10, 1908 &ndash July 27, 2004) was an American politician from New York City. Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr ( August 17, 1914 – August 17, 1988) was the fifth child of Anna Eleanor Roosevelt and Franklin ) lost. Roosevelt held DeSapio responsible for her son's defeat and grew increasingly disgusted with his political conduct through the rest of the 1950s. Eventually, she would join with her old friends Herbert Lehman and Thomas Finletter to form the New York Committee for Democratic Voters, a group dedicated to enhancing the democratic process by opposing DeSapio's reincarnated Tammany. Herbert Henry Lehman (March 28 1878 December 5 1963 was a Democratic Party politician from the U Thomas Knight Finletter (1893–1980 was an American lawyer politician and statesman Their efforts were eventually successful, and DeSapio was removed from power in 1961. ^[32]

Eleanor was a close friend of Adlai Stevenson and supported his candidacies in the 1952 and 1956 presidential elections. This is about the mid-20th-century politician and diplomat for other American politicians so named see Adlai Stevenson (disambiguation. When President Truman backed New York Governor W. Averell Harriman, who was a close associate of Carmine DeSapio, for the Democratic presidential nomination, Roosevelt was disappointed but continued to support Stevenson who ultimately won the nomination. William Averell Harriman ( November 15 1891 July 26 1986) was an American Democratic Party politician businessman She backed Stevenson once again in 1960 primarily to block John F. Kennedy, who eventually received the presidential nomination. John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of ^[33] Nevertheless she worked hard to promote the Kennedy-Johnson ticket in 1960 and was appointed to policy-making positions by the young president, including the National Advisory Committee of the Peace Corps. The Peace Corps is an independent United States federal agency. ^[34]

 

By the 1950s Roosevelt's international role as spokesperson for women led her to stop publicly attacking the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site ( Val-Kill) consists of approximately two miles east of Springwood, the Hyde Park Roosevelt family home But she never supported it and never thought it was wise. In 1961, President Kennedy’s undersecretary of labor, Esther Peterson proposed a new "President’s Commission on the Status of Women". Esther Eggertsen Peterson ( December 9, 1906 &ndash December 20, 1997) was a lifelong consumer and women's advocate Kennedy appointed Roosevelt to chair the commission, with Peterson as director. Roosevelt died just before the commission issued its final report. It concluded that female equality was best achieved by recognition of gender differences and needs, and not by an Equal Rights Amendment. ^[35]

Roosevelt was responsible for the eventual establishment, in 1964, of the 2,800 acre (11 km²) ([1]) Roosevelt Campobello International Park on Campobello Island, New Brunswick, Canada. The acre is a unit of Area in a number of different systems including the imperial and U Campobello Island is a Canadian Island located at the entrance to Passamaquoddy Bay, adjacent to the entrance to Cobscook Bay, and within the New Brunswick ( French: Nouveau-Brunswick /nuvobʁɔnzwik/ is one of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally This followed a gift of the Roosevelt summer estate to the Canadian and American governments.

Honors and awards

Eleanor Roosevelt received 35 honorary degrees during her life, compared to 31 awarded to her husband. Ralph Rexford Bellamy ( June 17, 1904 – November 29, 1991) was an American Actor with a career spanning sixty-two Eileen Evelyn Greer Garson, CBE ( September 29, 1904 - April 6, 1996) was an English-American actress who was Sunrise at Campobello is a 1960 Biographical film made by Dore Schary Productions and Warner Bros An honorary degree or a degree honoris causa ( Latin: 'for the sake of the honour' is an Academic degree for which a university (or other degree-awarding Her first, a Doctor of Humane Letters or D. The degree of Doctor of Humane Letters ( Latin: Litterarum humanarum doctor; D H. L. on June 13, 1929, was also the first honorary degree awarded by Russell Sage College in Troy, New York. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Russell Sage College (often Russell Sage or RSC) is a women's college located in Troy, New York, approximately north of New Troy is a City in New York, US, and the County seat of Rensselaer County. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Her last was a Doctor of Laws, LL.D. degree granted by what is now Clark Atlanta University in June 1962. Doctor of Laws ( Latin: Legum Doctor, LLD) is a Doctorate -level Academic degree in Law. Clark Atlanta University (CAU is a private, historically black university in Atlanta, Georgia.

In 1968, she was awarded one of the United Nations Human Rights Prizes. The United Nations Prizes in the Field of Human Rights were instituted by United Nations General Assembly resolution 2217 in 1966 There was an unsuccessful campaign to award her a posthumous Nobel Peace Prize; however, a posthumous nomination has never been considered for the award. The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor ^[36]

In 1960, Greer Garson played Eleanor Roosevelt in the movie Sunrise at Campobello, which portrayed Eleanor's instrumental role during Franklin Roosevelt's paralytic illness and his protracted struggle to reenter politics in its aftermath. Eileen Evelyn Greer Garson, CBE ( September 29, 1904 - April 6, 1996) was an English-American actress who was Sunrise at Campobello is a 1960 Biographical film made by Dore Schary Productions and Warner Bros

Westmoreland Homesteads, located in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, was created on April 13, 1934, as one of a series of “subsistence homesteads” under the National Industrial Recovery Act. Westmoreland County is a County located in the US state of Pennsylvania. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA officially known as the Act of June 16, 1933, Ch In 1937, the community changed it's name to Norvelt (EleaNOR RooseVELT), following a visit by the first lady. Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Norvelt is an unincorporated community in Mount Pleasant Township, Westmoreland County Pennsylvania, United States.

The Norvelt fireman's hall located is called Roosevelt Hall.

Later life

Following FDR's death in 1945, Eleanor Roosevelt moved from the White House to Val-Kill Cottage in Hyde Park, NY, where she lived the rest of her life. Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site ( Val-Kill) consists of approximately two miles east of Springwood, the Hyde Park Roosevelt family home See also New Hyde Park for the village on Long Island there is also a hamlet named Hyde Park in Otsego County, near Cooperstown

Eleanor Roosevelt was a member of the Brandeis University Board of Trustees, delivering the University's first commencement speech, and joined the Brandeis faculty as a visiting lecturer in international relations in 1959 at the age of 75. Brandeis University is a private research University with a Liberal arts focus located in Waltham Massachusetts, United States. On November 15, 1960, she met for the last time with former US President, Harry S. Truman and his wife, Bess, at the Truman Library and Museum in Independence, Missouri. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Elizabeth Virginia Wallace Truman (February 13 1885 – October 18 1982 widely known as Bess Truman, was the wife of Harry S The Harry S Truman Presidential Museum and Library is a Library and Museum dedicated to preserve the papers books and other historical materials relating to former Independence is a city in Jackson County in the US state of Missouri, and the fourth largest city in the state Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee Roosevelt had raised considerable funds for the erection and dedication of the building. The Trumans would later attend Roosevelt's memorial service in Hyde Park, NY in November, 1962. See also New Hyde Park for the village on Long Island there is also a hamlet named Hyde Park in Otsego County, near Cooperstown

In 1961, all volumes of Eleanor Roosevelt's autobiography, which she had begun writing in 1937, were compiled into The Autobiography of Eleanor Roosevelt, which is still in print (Da Capo Press, ISBN 0-306-80476-X). An autobiography, from the Greek αὐτός autos "self" βίος bios "life" and γράφειν graphein "to write" Da Capo Press, a Publishing company with offices in New York City, Cambridge Massachusetts, Philadelphia and Emeryville California

Roosevelt was injured in April 1960 when she was struck by a car in New York City. The City of New York Afterwards, her health began a rapid decline. Subsequently diagnosed with aplastic anemia, she developed bone marrow tuberculosis. Bone marrow is the flexible tissue found in the hollow interior of Bones In adults marrow in large bones produces new Blood cells It constitutes 4% of Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common Roosevelt died at her Manhattan apartment on November 7, 1962 at 6:15 p. Manhattan Island, in New York Harbor, is much the largest part of the Borough of Manhattan, one of the Five Boroughs which form the City of New York Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. m. , at the age of 78. ^[37]

At her memorial service, Adlai Stevenson asked, "What other single human being has touched and transformed the existence of so many?" Stevenson also said that Roosevelt was someone "who would rather light a candle than curse the darkness. This is about the mid-20th-century politician and diplomat for other American politicians so named see Adlai Stevenson (disambiguation. " She was laid to rest next to Franklin at the family compound in Hyde Park, New York on November 10, 1962. See also New Hyde Park for the village on Long Island there is also a hamlet named Hyde Park in Otsego County, near Cooperstown Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A laconic cartoon published at the time showed two angels looking down towards an opening in the clouds with the caption "She's here".

Eleanor Roosevelt, who considered herself plain and craved affection as a child, had in the end transcended whatever shortcomings she felt were hers to bring comfort and hope to many, becoming one of the most admired figures of the 20th century. ^[1][2][5]

See also

• Franklin Delano Roosevelt, husband
• Roosevelt Family
• Elliott Roosevelt, father
• Anna Roosevelt, mother
• Hall Roosevelt, brother
• Theodore Roosevelt, uncle
• Lucy Mercer Rutherfurd
• Eleanor, West Virginia, a city named in her honor
• Arthurdale, a planned community she helped to develop in West Virginia
• Eleanor Roosevelt College, one of the seven undergraduate colleges within University of California, San Diego that was named in her honor in 1993
• Eleanor, by Barbara Cooney
• Eleanor Roosevelt High School, several high schools named in her honor
• List of coupled cousins
• Sunrise at Campobello
• Campobello Island

Footnotes

References

• Beasley, Maurine H. , et al, eds. The Eleanor Roosevelt Encyclopedia (2001) online version
• Cook, Blanche Wiesen. Eleanor Roosevelt, Vol. 1: 1884–1933 (1992).
• Cook, Blanche Wiesen. Eleanor Roosevelt: Volume 2, The Defining Years, 1933–1938 (2000).
• Faber, Harold. "An Upstate Focus for Eleanor Roosevelt Centennial. " New York Times, November 6, 1983, Metropolitan Desk: 54. Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Academic. LEXIS-NEXIS. Indiana University, Bloomington.
• Glendon, M. A. "John P. Humphrey and the Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. " Journal of the History of International Law 2000: 250–260. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Indiana University, Bloomington.
• Goodwin, Doris Kearns. No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II, 768 pages, ISBN 0-684-80448-4
• James, Michael. "Soviet Rights Hit by Mrs. Roosevelt. " New York Times, September 29, 1948: A4. Events 522 BC - Darius I of Persia kills the Magian usurper Gaumâta securing his hold as king of the Persian Empire. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ABI/Inform Global. ProQuest. Indiana University, Bloomington.
• Kenton, John. "Human Rights Declaration Adopted by U. N. Assembly. " New York Times, December 11, 1948: A1. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ABI/Inform Global. ProQuest. Indiana University, Bloomington.
• Lachman, Seymour P. "The Cardinal, the Congressmen, and the First Lady. " Journal of Church and State (Winter, 1965): 35–66.
• Lash, Joseph. Eleanor and Franklin. New York: W. W. Norton (1971).
• Lash, Joseph. Eleanor: The Years Alone (1972)
• Manly, Chesly. "U. N. Adopts 1st Declaration on Human Rights. " Chicago Daily Tribune December 11, 1948: 4. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ProQuest. EBSCO. Indiana University, Bloomington.
• "The Draft Declaration of Human Rights. " New York Times June 19, 1948. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ProQuest. EBSCO. Indiana University, Bloomington.
• Pfeffer, Paula F. "Eleanor Roosevelt and the National and World Women's Parties. " Historian, Fall, 1996: 39–58. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Indiana University, Bloomington.
• Pottker, Jan. Sara and Eleanor: The Story of Sara Delano Roosevelt and Her Daughter-In-Law, Eleanor Roosevelt, St. Martin's Press, 416 pages, ISBN 0-312-30340-8
• Roosevelt, David B. Grandmère: A Personal History of Eleanor Roosevelt, Warner Books, 2002, 256 pages, ISBN 0-446-52734-3
• Roosevelt, Eleanor, The Autobiography of Eleanor Roosevelt, Da Capo Press ed. , 1992, paperback, 439 pages, ISBN 0-306-80476-X, dacapopress.com
• Streitmatter, Roger. Empty Without You: The Intimate Letters of Eleanor Roosevelt and Lorena Hickok, Free Press, 1998, 336 pages, ISBN 0-684-84928-3

For Young Readers

• Cooney, Barbara. Eleanor. Viking, 1996, 40 pages, ISBN 978-0-670-86159-0.
• Fleming, Candace. Our Eleanor: a Scrapbook Look at Eleanor Roosevelt's Remarkable Life. Atheneum/Anne Schwartz, 2005, 192 pages, ISBN 978-0-689-86544-2
• Weidt, Maryann N. Stateswoman to the World: a Story about Eleanor Roosevelt. illus. by Lydia M. Anderson. Lerner Publications, 1991. ISBN 0-87614-663-9

External links

• White House Biography of Eleanor Roosevelt
• Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site (Val-Kill Cottage)
• First Lady of the World: Eleanor Roosevelt at Val-Kill, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
• The Eleanor Roosevelt Center at Val-Kill
• Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum
• National First Ladies' Library
• The Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute
• The Roosevelt Institution, a student think tank inspired in part by Eleanor Roosevelt
• TeddyRoosevelt.com: Information about Eleanor and her favorite uncle, President Theodore Roosevelt.
• Some of My Best Friends Are Negro: Mrs. Roosevelt and her views on race.
• Online Biographical Sketch at George Washington University's Eleanor Roosevelt archival papers site
• Text and Audio of Eleanor Roosevelt's Address to the United Nations General Assembly
• Audio, photographs and transcript documenting Eleanor Roosevelt's speech to a convocation in Assembly Hall at Ball State Teachers College (now Ball State University) in Muncie, Indiana
• George Washington University's biography of Eleanor Roosevelt and her archival papers
• American Experience: Eleanor web site for documentary program, including 28 My Day columns and excerpts from her FBI file
• "Mrs. Roosevelt dies at 78", New York Times obituary, November 8, 1962. Ball State University is a state-run research University located in Muncie, Indiana, U Muncie (ˈmʌnsi is a city in Center Township, Delaware County in east central Indiana, best known as the home of Ball State University and The State of Indiana ( was the 19th US state admitted into the union Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• The Truman Library's collection of correspondence between Eleanor Roosevelt and President Harry S. Truman.
• This Is My Story by Eleanor Roosevelt. (Her 1937 autobiography)
• Roosevelt Campobello International Park website

Honorary titles
Preceded by Lou Henry Hoover	First Lady of the United States 1933–1945	Succeeded by Bess Truman

Louise Henry Hoover (March 29 1874 &ndash January 7 1944 was the wife of Herbert Hoover and First Lady of the United States. First Lady of the United States is the unofficial title of the hostess of the White House. Elizabeth Virginia Wallace Truman (February 13 1885 – October 18 1982 widely known as Bess Truman, was the wife of Harry S

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