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This article pertains to elbow dysplasia in the dog. The dog ( Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated Subspecies of the gray wolf, a Mammal of the Canidae family of the order

Elbow dysplasia is a condition involving multiple developmental abnormalities of the elbow-joint. The elbow is the region surrounding the elbow-joint&mdashthe ginglymus or Hinge joint in the middle of the Arm. It is a common condition of certain breeds of dogs. The dog ( Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated Subspecies of the gray wolf, a Mammal of the Canidae family of the order Most developmental elbow abnormalities are related to osteochondrosis (OCD), which is a disease of the joint cartilage. The Osteochondrosis are a family of Orthopedic Diseases that occur in children and in rapidly growing animals particularly pigs horses and dogs Cartilage is a type of dense Connective tissue. It is composed of specialized cells called chondrocytes that produce a large amount of extracellular matrix Osteochondritis dissecans refers to separation of a flap of cartilage on the joint surface. Osteochondritis is a painful condition where the Cartilage and Bone in a Joint is Inflamed.

Ununited anconeal process
Ununited anconeal process

Contents

Causes

In OCD, the normal change of cartilage to bone in the development of the joint fails or is delayed. Bones are rigid organs that form part of the Endoskeleton of Vertebrates They function to move support and protect the various organs of the body produce The cartilage continues to grow and may split or become necrotic. Necrosis (in Greek Νεκρός = "dead" is the name given to unnatural Death of cells and living tissue. The cause is uncertain, but possibly includes genetics, trauma, and nutrition (including excessive calcium and decreased Vitamin C intake). Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is Treatment of physical trauma is described here and in First aid. Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Vitamin C or L-ascorbate is an Essential nutrient for a large number of higher primate species a small number of other Mammalian [1]

The disease

OCD lesions are found in the elbow at the medial epicondyle of the humerus. The humerus is a Long bone in the Arm or Forelimb that runs from the Shoulder to the Elbow. Specific conditions related to OCD include fragmentation of the medial coronoid process of the ulna (FMCP) and an ununited anconeal process of the ulna (UAP). The ulna ( elbow bone) is a long bone prismatic in form placed at the medial side of the Forearm, parallel with the radius. All types of OCD of the elbow are most typically found in large breed dogs, with symptoms starting between the ages of 4 to 8 months. [1] Males are affected twice as often as females. The disease often affects both elbows (30 to 70 percent of the time), and symptoms include intermittent lameness, joint swelling, and external rotation and abduction of the paw. Abduction, in functional anatomy is a movement which draws a limb away from the median ( Sagittal) plane of the body [2] Osteoarthritis will develop later in most cases. Osteoarthritis ( OA, also known as degenerative Arthritis, degenerative joint disease) is a clinical syndrome in which low-grade inflammation

UAP is caused by a separation from the ulna of the ossification center of the anconeal process. The first step in Ossification of the cartilage is that the cartilage cells at the point where ossification is commencing and which is termed a ossification center, enlarge FMCP is caused by a failure of the coronoid process to unite with the ulna. The coronoid process is a triangular eminence projecting forward from the upper and front part of the Ulna. OCD of the medial epicondyle of the humerus is caused by disturbed endochondral fusion of the epiphysis of the medial epicondyle with the distal end of the humerus, which may in turn be caused by avulsion of the epiphysis. Epiphysis is the name for a rounded end of a long Bone. The epiphysis is filled with red Bone marrow, which produces Erythrocytes, or red blood cells An avulsion fracture is a Bone fracture which occurs when a fragment of bone tears away from the main mass of bone as a result of Physical trauma. [3]

Diagnosis and treatment

Diagnosis is through x-rays and arthroscopy. X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of Electromagnetic radiation. Arthroscopy (also called arthroscopic surgery) is a Minimally invasive surgical procedure in which an examination and sometimes treatment of damage of the In cases with significant lameness, surgery is the best option, especially with UAP. Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē, via chirurgiae meaning "hand work" is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental However, conservative treatment is often enough for cases of FMCP and OCD of the medial humeral epicondyle. The dogs are exercised regularly and given pain medication, and between the ages of 12 to 18 months the lameness will often improve or disappear. [1] Control of body weight is important in all cases of elbow dysplasia, and prevention of quick growth spurts in puppies may help to prevent the disease. Surgery for FMCP consists of removal of cartilage and bone fragments and correction of any incongruity of the joint. Reattachment of UAP with a screw is usually attempted before the age of 24 weeks, and after that age the typical treatment is removal of the UAP. [4] Without surgery, UAP rapidly progresses to osteoarthritis, but with FMCP osteoarthritis typically occurs with or without surgery. Osteoarthritis ( OA, also known as degenerative Arthritis, degenerative joint disease) is a clinical syndrome in which low-grade inflammation Osteoarthritis is also a common sequela of OCD of the humerus despite medical or surgical treatment. [4] Elbow replacement surgery has been developed and can be an option for treatment[5]

Fragmentation of the medial coronoid process
Fragmentation of the medial coronoid process

The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals in the United States will grade elbow X-rays of dogs intended for breeding. The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA is a Not-for-profit organization based in Columbia Missouri that aims to research and prevent orthopedic and hereditary The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

Commonly affected breeds

UAP

FMCP

OCD of the medial humeral epicondyle

Elbow incongruity

A combination of FMCP, UAP, and OCD of the medial humeral epicondyle is seen in the Bernese Mountain Dog. The German Shepherd Dog ( GSD) (Deutscher Schäferhund is a breed of large-sized dog that originates from Germany. The Basset Hound is a short-legged breed of Dog of the Hound family The Newfoundland is a large usually black breed of Dog originally used as a Working dog in The Shar Pei or Chinese Shar-Pei is a breed of Dog known for its distinctive features of deep wrinkles and a blue-black tongue Chow Chow, or Chow, is a breed of Dog that was first developed in Mongolia about 4000 years ago and was later introduced The The Bouvier des Flandres is a Dog breed originating in Flanders. The Bullmastiff is a powerful Dog, which was originally a cross between the English Mastiff and the Old English Bulldog. The Great Dane, Danish Hound, or German Mastiff, is a breed of Domestic dog ( The Bernese Mountain Dog (also called Berner Sennenhund or Bouvier Bernois) is a versatile breed of farm Dog originating This is known as elbow incongruity, and it may be caused by abnormal development of the trochlear notch of the ulna. [1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Ettinger, Stephen J. ;Feldman, Edward C. (1995). Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 4th ed. , W. B. Saunders Company. ISBN 0-7216-6795-3.  
  2. ^ Hazewinkel, H. A. W. (2003). Elbow Dysplasia; Clinical Aspects and Screening Programs. Proceedings of the 28th World Congress of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association. Retrieved on 2006-08-24. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River
  3. ^ Elbow Dysplasia. The Merck Veterinary Manual (2006). Retrieved on 2007-02-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons
  4. ^ a b Demko J, McLaughlin R (2005). "Developmental orthopedic disease". Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 35 (5): 1111–35, v. doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2005.05.002. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 16129135.  
  5. ^ Total Elbow Replacement, canine and feline (cat and dog) veterinary factsheets
  6. ^ a b c LaFond E, Breur G, Austin C (2002). "Breed susceptibility for developmental orthopedic diseases in dogs". J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38 (5): 467–77. PMID 12220032.  

See also

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