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For other uses, see El Cid (disambiguation).
A different statue in Balboa Park, San Diego, in the United States
A different statue in Balboa Park, San Diego, in the United States
Statue of El Cid in Burgos, Spain. Balboa Park is a 1200 acre (49 km² urban cultural park in San Diego California, United States named after the Spanish explorer Vasco The United States of America —commonly referred to as the History Early man of Neanderthal occupied sites around Burgos as early as 800000 years ago Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.
A 1904 illustration of El Cid based upon earlier artwork.
A 1904 illustration of El Cid based upon earlier artwork. Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on

Rodrigo (or Ruy) Díaz de Vivar (Vivar (Burgos) c. Vivar or Vivar del Cid is a village of 140 inhabitants part of the municipality of Quintanilla Vivar located 7 kilometers away from Burgos, Spain. History Early man of Neanderthal occupied sites around Burgos as early as 800000 years ago 1040–Valencia, 10 July 1099), known as El Cid Campeador, was a Castilian nobleman, military leader and gifted diplomat, who after being exiled, conquered and governed the city of Valencia. Valencia ( Valencian: València, Valencia Spanish phonology --> is the capital of the Spanish autonomous Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia. Kingdom of Castile was one of the medieval kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula. Valencia ( Valencian: València, Valencia Spanish phonology --> is the capital of the Spanish autonomous Rodrigo Díaz was educated in the royal court of Castile and became the alférez, or chief general, of Alfonso VI, and his most valuable asset in the fight against the Moors. Kingdom of Castile was one of the medieval kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula. Alférez (from Arabic الفارس al-fāris, meaning "horseman" or "cavalier" is a junior officer rank also used in Spain Argentina and Chile Alfonso VI (before June 1040 &ndash June 29 / July 1, 1109) nicknamed the Brave, was King of León from 1065 to 1109 and King of The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent

The nickname "El Cid" comes from the Spanish article "El", which means "The" and the dialectal Arab word سيد "sïdi" or sayyid, which means "Lord". For the Lost character please see Sayid Jarrah Sayyid ( ar سيد) (plural Saadah is an Honorific title So "El Cid" could be translated as "The Lord". The title "Campeador" is a vulgar Latin word that could be translated as "master of military arts".

Contents

Early life

The exact date of El Cid's birth is unknown, however, most historians believe that El Cid was born in the year of 1040, in Vivar also known as Bivar, a small town about six miles north of Burgos, the capital of Castile. Vivar or Vivar del Cid is a village of 140 inhabitants part of the municipality of Quintanilla Vivar located 7 kilometers away from Burgos, Spain. History Early man of Neanderthal occupied sites around Burgos as early as 800000 years ago Kingdom of Castile was one of the medieval kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula. Historical records show that El Cid's father was Diego Laínez, who was part of the minor nobility (infanzones) of Castile. Diego Laínez was a courtier, bureaucrat, and cavalryman who had fought in several battles. Bureaucracy is the structure and set of regulations in place to control activity usually in large organizations and government The Cavalry (from French cavalerie) is the second oldest of the Combat Arms, and as Soldiers or Warriors who fought mounted on Despite the fact that El Cid's mother's family was aristocratic, in later years the peasants would consider him one of their own. Aristocracy is a form of Government, where rule is established through an internal struggle over who has the most status and influence over society and internal relations However, his relatives were not major court officials; documents show that El Cid's paternal grandfather, Lain Calvo, only confirmed five documents of Ferdinand I's, his maternal grandfather, Rodrigo Alvarez, certified only two of Sancho II's, and the Cid's own father confirmed only one. Ferdinand I, called the Great (in his time El Magno) (1017&ndash León, 1065 son of Sancho III of Navarre and Mayor of Castile Sancho II (1036/ 1038 - October 7, 1072) called the Strong, or in Spanish el Fuerte, was King of Castile (1065-1072 and This seems to indicate that El Cid's family was not composed of major court officials.

Education and early adulthood

El Cid was educated in the Castilian royal court, serving the prince and future king Sancho II, the son of King Ferdinand I (the Great). Sancho II (1036/ 1038 - October 7, 1072) called the Strong, or in Spanish el Fuerte, was King of Castile (1065-1072 and Ferdinand I, called the Great (in his time El Magno) (1017&ndash León, 1065 son of Sancho III of Navarre and Mayor of Castile When Ferdinand died in 1065, Sancho continued to enlarge his territory, conquering both Christian and the Moorish cities of Zamora and Badajoz. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent Zamora is a city in Castile and León, Spain, the capital of the province of Zamora. Badajoz - (IPA, formerly written Badajos in English the capital of the Spanish province of Badajoz in the autonomous community

El Cid, the Champion

By this time, the Cid was an amazing adult. In 1067, he fought against the Moorish stronghold of Zaragoza, making its emir al-Muqtadir a vassal of Sancho. Zaragoza, also called Saragossa in English, is the capital city of the Zaragoza province and of the autonomous community and former Emir ( Arabic: ar أمير;, female أميرة; emira;) ( Farsi and Urdu: امیر) Ahmad ibn Sulayman al-Muqtadir (or just Moctadir; أبو جعفر أحمد "المقتدر بالله" بن سليمان Abu Ja'far Ahmad al-Muqtadir bi-Llah In the spring of 1063, he fought in the Battle of Graus, where Ferdinand's half-brother, Ramiro I of Aragon, was laying siege to the Moorish town of Graus which was in Zaragozan lands. The Battle of Graus ( Spanish: Batalla de Graus; also Siege of Graus) was a battle of the early Spanish Reconquista in spring 1063 Ramiro I (bef 1007 - 8 May 1063) is usually credited with being the first King of Aragon. Graus is a village in the Spanish province of Huesca, located in the Pyrenees. Al-Muqtadir, accompanied by Castilian troops including the Cid, fought against the Aragonese. The party would emerge victorious; Ramiro I was killed and the Aragonese fled the field. One legend has said that during the conflict El Cid killed an Aragonese knight in single combat, giving him the honorific title of "El Cid Campeador". Knight is the English term for a social position originating in the Middle Ages. As practiced from the 11th to 20th centuries in Western societies a duel is an engagement in combat between two individuals with matched weapons in accordance with their combat

Service under Alfonso

Much speculation abounds about Sancho's death. Most say that the assassination was a result of a pact between his brother Alfonso and his sister Urraca ; some even say they (Alfonso and Urraca) had an incestuous relationship. Doña Urraca Lady of Zamora Infanta of Castile (1033/1034 &ndash 1101 was an 11th century Spanish princess at the time of El Cid and the In any case, since Sancho died unmarried and childless, all of his power passed to his brother Alfonso—the very person he had fought against.

Almost immediately, Alfonso was recalled from exile in Toledo and took his seat as king of Leon and Castile. While he was deeply suspected in Castile (probably correctly) for being involved in Sancho's murder, according to the epic of El Cid the Castilian nobility, led by the Cid and a dozen "oath-helpers", forced Alfonso to swear publicly in front of Santa Gadea (Saint Agatha) Church in Burgos on holy relics multiple times that he did not participate in the plot to kill his brother. Santa Gadea is the name of a church dedicated to Saint Agatha in Burgos, Spain. For communities named after St Agatha see Sainte-Agathe. Saint Agatha of Sicily or Saint Agatha (died 251 is a Christian History Early man of Neanderthal occupied sites around Burgos as early as 800000 years ago This is widely reported as truth but contemporary documents on the lives of both Alfonso VI of Castile and Leon and Rodrigo Diaz do not mention any such event. This legend is believed because it adds to accounts of the Cid's bravery. The Cid's position as armiger regis was taken away, however, and it was given to the Cid's enemy, Count García Ordóñez. Later in the year Alfonso's younger brother García returned to Galicia under the false pretenses of a conference.

Battle tactics

During his campaigns, the Cid often ordered books by classic Roman and Greek authors on military themes be read in loud voices to him and his troops, both for entertainment and inspiration during battle. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Greek literature refers to those writings autochthonic to the areas of Greek influence typically though not necessarily in one of the Greek dialects throughout the El Cid's army had a novel approach to planning strategy as well, holding what might be called brainstorming sessions before each battle to discuss tactics. Brainstorming is a group creativity technique designed to generate a large number of Ideas for the solution to a Problem. They frequently used unexpected strategies, engaging in what modern generals would call psychological warfare; waiting for the enemy to be paralyzed with terror and then attacking them suddenly, distracting the enemy with a small group of soldiers, etc. The US Department of Defense defines psychological warfare ( PSYWAR) as" The planned use of Propaganda and other Psychological actions El Cid had a humble personality and frequently accepted or included suggestions from his troops. He remained open to input from his soldiers and to the possibility that he himself was capable of error. The man who served him as his closest adviser was his nephew, Alvar Fáñez de Minaya. Alvar Fáñez de Minaya was the military commander to El Cid (Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar during his exile and his conquests as part of the Reconquista.

Taken together, these practices imply an educated and intelligent commander who was able to attract and inspire good subordinates, and who would have attracted considerable loyalty from his followers. Notwithstanding the legends of martial valor, El Cid appears to have been an outstanding battlefield commander by the standards of any time.

Marriage and family life

El Cid was married in July 1075 to Alfonso's kinswoman Jimena of Oviedo (spelled Ximena in Old Spanish). Old Spanish, or Old Castilian, is an early form of the Spanish language that was spoken from 10th Century until 15th Century, before the consonantic The Historia Roderici calls her daughter of a Count Diego of Oviedo, a person unknown to contemporary records, while later poetic sources name her father as an otherwise unknown Count Gomez de Gormaz. Oviedo ( Asturian: Uviéu is the capital city of the Principality of Asturias in northern Spain. The marriage was probably on Alfonso's suggestion, a move that he probably hoped would improve relations between him and El Cid; although we are told that when the Cid laid eyes on her he was enamored by her beauty. Together El Cid and Jimena had three children. Their daughters Cristina and María both married high nobility; Cristina to Ramiro, Lord of Monzón, grandson of García Sánchez III of Navarre via an illegitimate son; María, first (it is said) to a prince of Aragon (presumably the son of Peter I) and second to Ramón Berenguer III, count of Barcelona. Ramiro Sánchez of Monzón (1070 - 1116 Ramiro was born in the town of Monzón, Spain. Monzón is a small town in the autonomous community of Aragon, Spain. García Sánchez III, sometimes García III, IV, V, or VI (also García of Nájera, from García el de Nájera 1016-1054 was Peter I (c 1068-1104 was King of Aragon and Navarre from 1094 to 1104 Ramon Berenguer III the Great was the count of Barcelona, Girona, and Osona from 1082 (jointly with Berenguer Ramon II and solely Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia El Cid's son Diego Rodríguez was killed while fighting against the invading Muslim Almoravids from North Africa at the Battle of Consuegra (1097). North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan The battle of Consuegra was fought on August 15 1097 between the Castilian and Leonese army of Alfonso VI and the Almoravids

His own marriage and that of his daughters increased his status by connecting El Cid to royalty; even today, living monarchs descend from El Cid, through the lines of Navarre and Foix. El Cid is an ancestor to the monarchies of France and Britain, as well as every other monarchy in Europe, through his daughter Cristina's son, king García Ramírez of Navarre. García Ramírez, sometimes García IV, V, VI or VII (died 21 November 1150, Lorca) called the Restorer

Service as administrator

He was a cultivated man, having served Alfonso as a judge. He kept in life a personal archive with copies of the letters he mailed and important diplomas he signed as part of his co-operation in the king's administration.

Exile

In the Battle of Cabra (1079), El Cid rallied his troops and turned the battle into a rout of Emir Abd Allah of Granada and his ally García Ordóñez. The Battle of Cabra took place in 1079 in modern-day Spain. It resulted in a victory for El Cid who routed the combined armies of Emir Abd Allah of Granada Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. However, El Cid's unauthorized expedition into Granada greatly angered Alfonso, and May 8, 1080, was the last time El Cid confirmed a document in King Alfonso's court. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen This is the generally given reason for El Cid's exile, although several others are plausible and may have been contributing factors: jealous nobles turning Alfonso against El Cid, Alfonso's own animosity towards El Cid, an accusation of pocketing some of the tribute from Seville, and what one source describes as El Cid's "penchant" towards insulting powerful men.

However, the exile was not the end of El Cid, either physically or as an important figure. In 1081, El Cid, now a mercenary, offered his services to the Moorish king of the northeast Al-Andaluz city of Zaragoza, Yusuf al-Mutamin, and served both him and his successor, Al-Mustain II. Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or Zaragoza, also called Saragossa in English, is the capital city of the Zaragoza province and of the autonomous community and former Yusuf ibn Ahmad al-Mu'taman ibn Hud was an Arab Mathematician and a member of the Banu Hud family al-Mutamin ruled Zaragoza from 1082 Al-Mustain II Ahmad ibn Yusuf (أحمد بن يوسف المستعين was the final member of the Banu Hud family to rule Zaragoza. O'Callaghan writes:

At first he went to Barcelona where Ramón Berenguer II (1076-1082) and Berenguer Ramón II (1076-1097) refused his offer of service. Ramon Berenguer II the Towhead or Cap de estopes (1053 or 1054 &ndash December 5, 1082) was Count of Barcelona from 1076 until his Berenguer Ramon II the Fratricide ( 1050s - 1090s) was Count of Barcelona ( 1076 - 1097) Then he journeyed to Zaragoza where he received a warmer welcome. That kingdom was divided between al-Mutamin (1081-1085) who ruled Zaragoza proper, and his brother al-Mundhir, who ruled Lérida and Tortosa. Yusuf ibn Ahmad al-Mu'taman ibn Hud was an Arab Mathematician and a member of the Banu Hud family al-Mutamin ruled Zaragoza from 1082 Zaragoza, also called Saragossa in English, is the capital city of the Zaragoza province and of the autonomous community and former Lleida (Standard Central Catalan ˈʎejðə or North-Western Catalan; Spanish Lérida, though officially referred as Lleida Tortosa ( Latin: Dertusa or Dertosa, Arabic: طرطوشة Ṭurṭūšah) is the capital of the comarca El Cid entered al-Mutamin's service and successfully defended Zaragoza against the assaults of al-Mutamdhir, Sancho I of Aragón, and Ramón Berenguer II, whom he held captive briefly in 1082.

In 1086, the great Almoravid invasion of the Iberian Peninsula through and around Gibraltar began. The Almoravids, was a Berber dynasty from the Sahara that spread over a wide area of North-Western Africa and the Iberian peninsula during The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra Gibraltar (dʒɨˈbrɒltər is a British overseas territory located near the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar The Almoravids, Berber residents of present-day Morocco and Algeria, led by Yusef I (not the same person as al-Mutamin), also called Yusef ibn Tushafin or Yusef ibn Tashfin, were asked to help defend the Moors from Alfonso. Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. Yusuf ibn Tashfin or Tashafin (reigned c 1061 - 1106 (يوسف بن تاشفين or يوسف بن تشفين was an ethnic Berber and Al-Murabitoon ruler A great battle took place on Friday, October 23, 1086, at Sagrajas (in Arabic, Zallaqa). Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - The Moorish Andalusians, including the armies of Badajoz, Málaga, Granada and Seville, defeated a combined army of León, Aragón and Castile. Badajoz - (IPA, formerly written Badajos in English the capital of the Spanish province of Badajoz in the autonomous community Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. Seville ( Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic cultural and financial capital of southern Spain. According to Thomas:

The Andalusians encamped separately from the Murabitun. The Christian vanguard (Alvar Fañez) surprised the Andalusian camp before dawn; the men of Seville (Al-Mutamid) held firm but the remaining Andalusians were chased off by the Aragonese cavalry. Muhammad Ibn Abbad Al Mutamid (1040 - 1095 was the third and last ruler (reigned 1069&ndash1091 of Seville in Al-Andalus from the Abbadid dynasty. The Christian main body then attacked the Murabitun, but were held in check by the Lamtuma, and then withdrew to their own camp in response to an outflanking move by ibn Tashufin. The Aragonese returned to the field, did not like what they saw, and started a withdrawal that became a rout. The Andalusians rallied, and the Muslims drove Alfonso to a small hill. Alfonso and 500 knights escaped in the night to Toledo.

Terrified after his crushing defeat, Alfonso recalled the best Christian general from exile – El Cid. It has been shown that the Cid was at court on July 1087; however, what happened after that is unclear.

Conquest of Valencia

Around this time, the Cid, with a combined Christian and Moorish army, began maneuvering in order to create his own fiefdom in the Moorish Mediterranean coastal city of Valencia. Valencia ( Valencian: València, Valencia Spanish phonology --> is the capital of the Spanish autonomous Several obstacles lay in his way. First was Ramón Berenguer II, who ruled nearby Barcelona. Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia In May 1090, the Cid defeated and captured Berenguer in the Battle of Lébar. Berenguer was later ransomed and his son Ramón Berenguer III married the Cid's youngest daughter Maria to ward against future conflicts.

The Cid gradually came to have more influence on Valencia, then ruled by al-Qadir. Al-Qadir (القادر (died 1031 was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 991 to 1031 In October 1092 an uprising occurred in Valencia inspired by the city's chief judge Ibn Jahhaf and the Almoravids. The Almoravids, was a Berber dynasty from the Sahara that spread over a wide area of North-Western Africa and the Iberian peninsula during The Cid began a siege of Valencia. A December 1093 attempt to break failed. By the time the siege ended in May 1094 the Cid had carved out his own kingdom on the coast of the Mediterranean. Officially the Cid ruled in the name of Alfonso; in reality, the Cid was fully independent. The city was both Christian and Muslim, and both Moors and Christians served in the army and as administrators. In 1096 Valencia's nine mosques were converted into churches; Jérôme, a French bishop, was appointed archbishop of the city. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight

El Cid died of natural causes on July 10, 1099. Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia. His wife, Jimena ruled in his place for 3 years until the Amoravids once again besieged the city. Unable to hold it, she abandoned the city. Alfonso ordered the city burned to prevent it from falling into the hands of the Moors. Valencia was captured by Masdali on May 5, 1102 and would not become a Christian city again for over 125 years. Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John Jimena fled to Burgos with the Cid's body. Originally buried in Castile in the monastery of San Pedro de Cardeña, his body now lies at the center of the Burgos Cathedral. The Burgos Cathedral (Catedral de Burgos is a Gothic-style cathedral in Burgos, Spain

Legend

In the 1961 production of El Cid, featuring Charlton Heston, the wife of El Cid is depicted as strapping his body to his horse and sending it back into battle, fearing that his troops would become demoralized upon learning of his death. The soldiers, thinking that their leader was riding to fight beside them, rallied once more. The opposing army was so afraid of what looked to be an invincible fighter that they retreated to their boats. Thus, El Cid is said to have won his final battle even after his death.

In fact, El Cid died peacefully at Valencia years after its conquest (conquest: June 1094, death: 1099). The story of his body being strapped to a horse after his death has some basis in other legends regarding his death and burial, which may be found in the Estoria de Cardena.

Babieca

El Cid on his horse.
El Cid on his horse.

Babieca was El Cid's warhorse. Horses were first used in warfare over 5000 years ago The earliest evidence of the use of horses ridden in warfare dates Several stories exist about the Cid and Babieca. One well-known legend about the Cid describes how he acquired the white stallion. According to this story, Rodrigo's godfather, Pedro El Grande, was a monk at a Carthusian monastery. The Carthusian Order, also called the Order of St Bruno, is a Roman Catholic religious order of enclosed monastics. This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. For the life inside monasteries and its historical roots see Monasticism. Pedro's coming-of-age gift to El Cid was his pick of a horse from an Andalusian herd. El Cid picked a horse that his godfather thought was a weak, poor choice, causing the monk to exclaim "Babieca!" (stupid!) Hence, it became the name of El Cid's horse. Another legend states that in a competition of battle to become King Sancho's "Campeador", or champion, a knight on horseback wished to challenge the Cid. The King wished a fair fight and gave the Cid his finest horse, Babieca, or Bavieca. This version says Babieca was raised in the royal stables of Seville and was a highly trained and loyal war horse, not a foolish stallion. The name in this instance could suggest that the horse came from the Babia region in León, Spain. León is a province of northwestern Spain, in the northwestern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León.

In either case, Babieca became a great warhorse, famous to the Christians, feared by El Cid's enemies, and loved by the Cid, who allegedly requested that Babieca be buried with him in the monastery of San Pedro de Cardeña (he wasn't). A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth His name is mentioned in several tales and historical documents about El Cid, including "Cantar de Mío Cid" ("Song of the Cid"). Some say that after the Cid's death in combat, Babieca was never mounted again and died two years later at the age of forty.

Tizona

A sword of El Cid, exhibited in La Real Armería (the Royal Armory) museum, Royal Palace of Madrid, Spain. 2006.
A sword of El Cid, exhibited in La Real Armería (the Royal Armory) museum, Royal Palace of Madrid, Spain. 2006.

A weapon traditionally identified as El Cid's sword, Tizona, can still be seen in the Army Museum (Museo del Ejército) in Madrid. Tizona is the Sword carried by El Cid which was used to fight the Moors in Spain. Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. In 1999, a small sample of the blade underwent metallurgical analysis which confirmed that the blade was made in Moorish Córdoba in the eleventh century and contained amounts of Damascus steel. ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. Damascus steel is a hot- forged Steel used in Middle Eastern Swordmaking from about 1100 to 1700 AD

In 2007 the Autonomous Community of Castile and León bought the sword for 1. Castile and León (Castilla y León known formally as the Community of Castile and León is one of the seventeen autonomous communities of Spain. 6 million Euros, and it is currently on display at the Museum of Burgos. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e History Early man of Neanderthal occupied sites around Burgos as early as 800000 years ago

El Cid also had a sword called Colada. Colada is one of the two best-known swords along with Tizona, of El Cid Campeador.

Both swords have been misrepresented in popular culture. La Tizona was actually a one-handed sword, in the late roman style, whereas La Colada was a two-handed sword, greater in length.

Origin of the Campeador title

Campeador is the Romance or Vulgar Latin version of the Latin campi doctor or campi doctus; the term can be found in writings of late Latinity (4th–5th century) and can be found in some inscriptions of that era. Vulgar Latin (in Latin sermo vulgaris, "folk speech" is a Blanket term covering the popular Dialects and Sociolects of the Latin Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. After that period it became rare, although still sometimes found in the writings of the less educated writers of the Middle Ages. The literal significance of the expression campi doctor is "master of the military arts", and its use in the period of the late Roman Empire appears to have signified only one who instructed new military recruits. But it was in current usage when El Cid was still alive, and was applied to Rodrigo by a member of his circle in an official document promulgated in his name in 1098.

El Cid in literature, film, and other media

Many works have been written about El Cid. The oldest of the preserved manuscripts is the three-part Castilian cantar de gesta Cantar de Mio Cid, also called The Lay of the Cid, The Song of My Cid, or El Poema del Cid. "Gesta" redirects here For the Skipper butterfly Genus, see Gesta (butterfly. El Cantar de Mio Cid is the oldest preserved Spanish epic poem ( epopeya) El Cantar de Mio Cid is the oldest preserved Spanish epic poem ( epopeya) It keeps a realistic tone while not exactly following the historical truth. The exploits of El Cid are the topic of the Carmen Campidoctoris, a Latin text that precedes the Cantar de Mio Cid.

The Spanish old Romancero, the anonymous short poems based upon the epic poetry, preserved in the late Middle Ages the memory of El Cid and created new literary episodes on the topic. The prowesses of El Cid are one of the many sources for Don Quixote's early inspiration: though his steed Rocinante is less than capable, Don Quixote believes him to be better than Babieca. es '''''Don Quixote''''' (, see spelling and pronunciation below fully titled es '''''El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha''''' ("The Ingenious Hidalgo Don Rocinante is the name of Don Quixote 's horse in the novel Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes y Saavedra. The French playwright Pierre Corneille wrote the tragicomedy Le Cid in 1636, based on the play of Guillén de Castro, Las Mocedades del Cid. Pierre Corneille ( June 6, 1606 – October 1, 1684) was a French tragedian who was one of the three great seventeenth Century French Le Cid is a Tragicomedy written by Pierre Corneille and published in 1636 Guillén de Castro y Bellvis (1569 &ndash July 28, 1631) was a Spanish Dramatist of the Spanish Golden Age. El Cid is mentioned in Canto III of The Cantos of Ezra Pound as he arrives at Burgos Cathedral and later, alluding to his capture of Valencia. The Cantos by Ezra Pound is a long incomplete Poem in 120 sections each of which is a Canto. Ezra Weston Loomis Pound ( Hailey, Idaho Territory, United States October 30 1885 – Venice, Italy November 1 1972 was an American Expatriate Jules (Émile Frédéric) Massenet's 1885 opera Le Cid is a favorite of Plácido Domingo, who has sung the role of Rodrigue (Rodrigo) many times since first performing it at Carnegie Hall in 1976. Jules (Émile Frédéric Massenet ( May 12, 1842 – August 13, 1912) was a French composer best known for his Operas Le Cid is a Tragicomedy written by Pierre Corneille and published in 1636 WikipediaWikiProject Opera#Infoboxes --> José Plácido Domingo Embil KBE (born January 21, 1941) better Carnegie Hall (generally ˌkɑrnɨgi ˈhɔːl is a concert venue in Midtown Manhattan in New York City located at 881 Seventh Avenue, occupying the east [1]

Starting in the 14th century the legend of El Cid has been perpetuated in chronicles and above all in El Cid romances of the Spanish romances. Until the 14th century his life was told in the form of epic poems, each time with more attention to his youth imagined with much creative liberty, as can be observed in the late Mocedades de Rodrigo, in which are mentioned how in his youth he ventures to invade France, so eclipsing the exploits of the French chansons de geste. The Mocedades de Rodrigo is the name given to a late anonymous Castilian Cantar de gesta, composed around 1360, that relates the origins and The new compositions presented a conceited nature much to the liking of the times but were contradictory with the moderate and prudent style of Cantar de mio Cid. His youth and his love of Jimena were also subjects in the Spanish Romancero. There have been modern-day films about El Cid, such as El Cid[2] (1961, starring Charlton Heston and Sophia Loren) and the animated El Cid: La Leyenda (2003). El Cid is a 1961 historical Epic film made by Samuel Bronston Productions in association with The Rank Organisation Charlton Heston (born John Charles Carter; October 4 1923 &ndash April 5 2008) was an American Actor of Sophia Loren (born September 20 1934 is an Academy Award winning Italian film actress born Sofia Villani Scicolone In the early 80s there was an animated series called Ruy, el Pequeño Cid, portraying the fictional adventures of El Cid as a child.

Computer games set in medieval Europe sometimes feature El Cid. Age of Empires II: The Conquerors Expansion featured a six-level campaign based on the exploits of El Cid, including his exile from Castile, his conquest of Valencia and his legendary posthumous battle. Age of Empires II The Conquerors Expansion (sometimes abbreviated to AoC) is the Expansion pack to the 1999 Real-time strategy game He also appears as a warrior in the Anachronism card game and as the rebel leader of Valencia in Medieval: Total War and Medieval II. Anachronism is a Tabletop game with aspects of both miniatures and collectible card genres Medieval Total War ( MTW) is a computer Strategy game where the player builds a dynastic empire in Medieval Medieval II Total War, the indirect sequel to 2002 's Medieval Total War and the fourth game in the critically acclaimed Total In the latter case, his appearance is also an in-joke homage to Sid Meier, creator of the legendary Civilization series. An in-joke (also known as an in joke or inside joke) is a Joke whose Humor is clear only to those people who are "inside" a social Sidney K Meier (born February 24 1954 in Sarnia, Ontario, Canada) is an American programmer and designer of several Civilization is a series of Turn-based strategy Video games produced by Sid Meier. Also in the game Crusader Kings, he appears as Rodrigo de Vivar at the court of King Sancho II of Castile.

The El Cid Statue overlooks the Plaza de Panama, facing south toward the Spreckels Organ Pavilion in Balboa Park, San Diego, CA. Spreckels Organ Pavilion is home of the world's largest outdoor pipe organ Balboa Park is a 1200 acre (49 km² urban cultural park in San Diego California, United States named after the Spanish explorer Vasco This 23-ft (7-m) tall bronze equestrian sculpture was dedicated in 1930 as a symbolic guardian of Balboa Park. Two other statues were made from the same mold -- one stands in the court of the Museum of the Hispanic Society in New York City; the other is in Seville, Spain. The statue is attributed to Anna Hyatt Huntington and dated 1927. Anna Vaughn Hyatt Huntington ( March 10 1876 – October 4,1973 was an American Sculptor.

Robert Southey, English poet, historian and biographer of Nelson, wrote "The Chronicle of the Cid" in English. Robert Southey ( August 12, 1774 &ndash March 21, 1843) was an English Poet of the Romantic school one This work, written in 1808, is a translated blend of three Spanish sources: Chronica del famoso cavallero Cid Ruydiez Campeador, Poema del Cid, and Romances del Cid.

Cid Harbour, in the Whitsunday Islands, on Australia's Barrier Reef was named in his honour. It is overlooked by Bavieca Hill

Isabel Allende made El Cid one of the ancestors of the De La Vega family and thus a direct ancestor to El Zorro in her Novel Zorro. Isabel Allende Llona, (born in Lima, Peru; 2 August 1942 is a Chilean American Novelist.

References

  1. ^ The official authorized Website of Plácido Domingo | Repertoire/ Roles
  2. ^ The DVD release of El Cid made a list of "5 Things You Should Know About," Time 171. 5 (February 4, 2008): 63.
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