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El Argar civilization was the center of Iberian Bronze Age
El Argar civilization was the center of Iberian Bronze Age

El Argar is the type site of an Early Bronze Age culture called the Argaric culture, which flourished from the town of Antas, Almería, in the south-east of Spain between c. In Archaeology a type site (also known as a type-site or typesite) is a site that is considered the model of a particular Archaeological The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for Antas is a Municipality of Almería province, in the autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain. Almería is a province of southern Spain. It is bordered by the provinces of Granada, Murcia, and the Mediterranean Sea. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. 1800 BCE and 1300 BCE.

The Argaric culture was characterised by its early adoption of bronze, which briefly allowed this tribe local dominance over other, copper age peoples. Bronze is any of a broad range of Copper alloys, usually with Tin as the main additive but sometimes with other elements such as Phosphorus The Chalcolithic (Greek khalkos + lithos ' Copper stone' period or Copper Age period known as the '''Eneolithic''' ('''Æneolithic''' is a El Argar also developed sophisticated pottery and ceramic techniques, which they traded with other Mediterranean tribes. Pottery is the Ceramic ware made by potters It also refers to a group of materials that includes Earthenware, Stoneware The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word κεραμικός ( keramikos) A tribe, viewed historically or developmentally consists of a Social group existing before the development of or outside of States Many anthropologists use

El Argar developed from the earlier civilization of Los Millares but it shows clear Mediterranean influences of Mycenaean origin. Los Millares is the name of a Chalcolithic occupation site 17km north of Almería, in the municipality of Santa Fe de Mondújar, Andalusia The center of this civilization is displaced to the north and its extension and influence is clearly greater than that of its ancestor. Their mining and metallurgy were quite advanced, with bronze, silver and gold being mined and worked for weapons and jewelry. Metallurgy is a domain of Materials science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen

Pollen analysis in a peat deposit in the Canada del Gitano basin high in the Sierra de Baza suggests that the Argaric exhausted precious natural resources, helping bring about its own ruin. Palynology is the science that studies contemporary and fossil Palynomorphs including Pollen, Spores, Dinoflagellate Cysts Acritarchs [1] The deciduous oak forest that covered the region's slopes were burned off, leaving a tell-tale carbon layer, and replaced by the fire-tolerant, and fire-prone, Mediterranean scrub familiar under the names garrigue and maquis. Garrigue is a type of low soft-leaved Scrubland found on limestone soils around the Mediterranean Basin, generally near the seacoast where the climate is ameliorated [2][3]

Contents

Extension

The civilization of El Argar extended to all the province of Almería, north onto the central meseta, to most of the land of (Murcia) and eastwards into the province of Granada. Almería is a province of southern Spain. It is bordered by the provinces of Granada, Murcia, and the Mediterranean Sea. The Autonomous Community of the Region of Murcia (Spanish Comunidad Autónoma de la Región de Murcia) is one of Spain 's seventeen autonomous communities Granada is a province of southern Spain, in the eastern part of the autonomous community of Andalusia. [4]

Its cultural and possibly political influence was much wider, clearly influencing eastern and routhwestern Iberia (Algarve), and possibly other regions as well. The Algarve ( pron aɫ'gaɾv(ɨ is the southernmost region of mainland Portugal.

Some authors have suggested that El Argar was a unified state.

Main Argaric towns

Periodization

The culture of El Argar is divided in two phases, named A and B.

El Argar A

This phase started in the 18th century BCE, with the earliest calibrated C-14 dates pointing to the first half or this century:

El Argar B

This phase begins in the 16th century BCE. The main C-14 date is that of 1550 BCE (+/- 70 years) in Fuente Álamo for the upper layer of El Argar B2 (with four layers underneath the lowest B phase). Other stratigraphic dates are somewhat more recent but are not confirmed by C-14.

Post-Argarian phase

El Argar B ends in the 14th or 13th century BCE, giving way to a less homogeneous post-Argarian culture. Again Fuente Álamo gives the best C-14 dating with 1330 BCE (+/- 70 years).

Material culture

Metallurgy

El Argar is the center of the Early and Middle Bronze Age in Iberia. Metalurgy of bronze and pseudo-bronze (alloyed with arsenium instead of tin). Arsenie Todiraş (sometimes spelt Toderaş) (born July 22, 1983) is a Moldovan singer who was the youngest member of the former Boyband Tin is a Chemical element with the symbol Sn (stannum and Atomic number 50 Weapons are the main metallurgic product: knives, halberds, swords, spear and arrow points, and big axes of curved edge are all aboundant, not just in the Argaric area but also elsewhere in Iberia. A knife is a handheld sharp-edged instrument consisting of handle attached to a Blade used for cutting This is an article about a particle accelerator For uses of spear, see Spear or Spear (disambiguation. An arrow is a pointed Projectile that is shot with a bow. It predates recorded history and is common to most Cultures. The axe, or ax, is an implement that has been used for millennia to shape split and cut Wood, Harvest timber, as a Weapon Silver is also exploited, while gold, which had been aboundant in the Chalcolithic period, becomes less common.

Glass beads

A meaningful element are the glass beads (of blue, green and white colors) that are found in this culture and which have been related with similar findings in Egypt (Amarna), Mycenaen Greece (dated in the 14th century BCE), the British culture of Wessex (dated c. Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now The site of Amarna (commonly known as el-Amarna or incorrectly as Tel el-Amarna; see below ( Arabic: العمارنة al-‘amārnah) is located 1400 BCE) and some sites in France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Nevertheless some of these beads are already found in chalcolithic contexts (site of La Pastora) which has brought some to speculate on an earlier date for the introduction of this material in southeast Iberia (late 3rd millennium BCE). La Pastoria is a Town in the Caaguazú department of Paraguay. The 3rd millennium BC spans the Early to Middle Bronze Age. It represents a period of time in which Imperialism, or the desire to conquer grew to prominence

Other manufactured goods

Pottery undergoes important changes, almost totally abandoning decoration and with new types. Pottery is the Ceramic ware made by potters It also refers to a group of materials that includes Earthenware, Stoneware

Textile manufacture seems important, working specially with wool and flax. A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. Wool is the fiber derived from the specialized skin cells called follicles of animals in the Caprinae family principally sheep, but the hair of certain species Flax (also known as common flax or linseed) (binomial name Linum usitatissimum) is a member of the genus Linum Basket-making also seems to have been important, showing greater extent and diversification than in previous periods. A basket is a container which is traditionally constructed from stiff fibres often made of Willow.

Funerary customs

The collective burial tradition typical of European Megalithic Culture is abandoned in favor of individual burials. The tholos is abandoned in favour of small cists, either under the homes or outside. As a generic term tholos tomb is an alternative name for a Beehive tomb from the late Bronze Age. A cist (ˈkɪst or /ˈsɪst/ or kist (/ˈkɪst/ is a small stone-built coffin-like box or Ossuary used to hold the bodies of the dead. This trend seems to come from the Eastern Mediterranean, most likely from Mycenaean Greece (skipping Sicily and Italy, where the collective burial tradition remains for some time yet). Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest

From the Argarian civilization, these new burial customs will gradually and irregularly extend to the rest of Iberia.

In the phase B of this civilization, burial in pithoi (large jars) becomes most frequent. Pithos (plural pithoi) is the ancient Greek word ( πίθος, πίθοι) for a large storage jar of a characteristic shape Again this custom (that never reached beyond the Argarian circle) seems to come from Greece, where it was used after. ca 2000 BCE. The 20th century BC is a Century which lasted from the year 2000 BC to 1901 BC

Related cultures

Notes

  1. ^ C. Michael Hogan, Los Silillos, the Megaltihic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham
  2. ^ BBC News, "Eco-ruin 'felled early society'" 15 November 2007.
  3. ^ J.S.Carrión et al.: Holocene environmental change in a montane region of southern Europe with a long history of human settlement
  4. ^ Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen Edwards The Cambridge Ancient History, :1973:764.

Bibliography

See also

Vila Nova de São Pedro is the name of an archaeological site in Portuguese Estremadura where thousands of arrowheads were found inside a fortified site The Prehistory of the Iberian peninsula begins with the arrival of the first Hominins c
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