A member of Einsatzgruppe D is just about to shoot a Jewish man kneeling before a filled mass grave in Vinnitsa, Ukraine in 1942. Vinnytsia (Вінниця Vinnytsya) (also known by other names) is a City located on the banks of the Southern Buh River, in central Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. The back of the photograph is inscribed, "The last Jew in Vinnitsa". Vinnytsia (Вінниця Vinnytsya) (also known by other names) is a City located on the banks of the Southern Buh River, in central

Einsatzgruppen (German for "task forces" or "intervention groups") were paramilitary groups formed by Heinrich Himmler and operated by the SS before and during World War II. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. A paramilitary is a force whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military force but which are not regarded as having the same status Heinrich Luitpold Himmler ( 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945 was a Nazi German politician and head of the Schutzstaffel (SS. The ( German for "Protective Squadron" abbreviated SS - or ( Runic)- was a major Nazi organization under Adolf Hitler and the World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Their principal task, in the words of SS General Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski at the Nuremberg Trials, "was the annihilation of the Jews, Gypsies, and Soviet political commissars. Erich Julius Eberhard von Zalewski and also known as Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski (1 March 1899 - 8 March 1972 was a Nazi official and a member of the The Nuremberg Trials were a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany after PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia. A political commissar, or politruk, is an officer appointed by a government to oversee a unit of the military "^[1] They were a key component in Hitler's plans to implement his "final solution of the Jewish question" (German: Die Endlösung der Judenfrage) in the conquered territories. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately The Final Solution ( Die Endlösung) was Nazi Germany 's plan and execution of its systematic Genocide against European Jewry during World The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages.

Formed mainly from men of the Ordnungspolizei, the Waffen-SS and local volunteers and led by Gestapo, Kripo, and SD officers, these death squads followed the Wehrmacht as it advanced eastwards into Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. The Ordnungspolizei (Orpo was the name for the uniformed Regular German Police force in existence during the period of Nazi Germany, notably The Waffen-SS ( German for "Armed SS" literally "Weapons SS" was the Combat arm of the Schutzstaffel ("Protective Squadron" The ( contraction of ge heime Sta ats' po' lizei: "Secret State Police" was the official Secret police of Nazi Germany is the standard term for the criminal investigation agency within the Police forces of Germany, Austria and the German-speaking cantons of Switzerland The Sicherheitsdienst (SD Security Service was primarily the Intelligence service of the SS and the NSDAP. A death squad is an armed Squad that kills civilians terrorists or guerillas Wehrmacht (literally "defense force" was the name of the unified Armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945 Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 In occupied territories, the Einsatzgruppen also utilized local populations to provide additional security and manpower when needed. During World War II Nazi Germany occupied all or parts of the following countries Poland, Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, The activities of the Einsatzgruppen were spread throughout a large pool of personnel from different branches of the SS and German State.

According to their own records, the Einsatzgruppen operatives were responsible for killing over one million Jews, almost all civilians, without judicial review and later without semblance of legality (no reading of sentences of martial or administrative law), starting with the Polish intelligentsia and quickly progressing by 1941 to target primarily the Jews of Eastern Europe. Judicial review is the power of the courts to annul the acts of the executive and/or the legislative power where it finds them incompatible with a higher norm Martial law is the system of rules that takes effect when the military takes control of the normal administration of justice The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. For the coffee shop company often called Intelligentsia for short see Intelligentsia Coffee & Tea. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. The historian Raul Hilberg estimates that between 1941 and 1945 the Einsatzgruppen, along with the SS, murdered over 1. Raul Hilberg ( June 2, 1926 - August 4, 2007) was an Austrian -born American political scientist and Historian The ( German for "Protective Squadron" abbreviated SS - or ( Runic)- was a major Nazi organization under Adolf Hitler and the 3 million Jews in open-air shootings. ^[2]

History

Einsatzgruppen can be traced back to the ad hoc Einsatzkommando formed by Reinhard Heydrich to secure government buildings and documents following the Anschluss in Austria in March 1938. Einsatzkommando refers to a sub-group of the five Einsatzgruppen mobile killing squads — 3000 men — responsible for systematically killing every Jew and Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich ( 7 March 1904 &ndash 4 June 1942) was an SS - Obergruppenführer, chief The ( German: "link-up" also known as the, was the 1938 Annexation of Austria into Greater Germany by the Nazi Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The task of securing government buildings with their accompanying documentation and the questioning of senior civil servants in lands occupied by Germany was the Einsatzgruppen's original mission. In the summer of 1938, when Germany was preparing an invasion of Czechoslovakia scheduled for October 1 of that year, the Einsatzgruppen were founded. Following the Anschluss of Nazi Germany and Austria in March 1938 Nazi leader Adolf Hitler 's next target for annexation was Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. The intention was for Einsatzgruppen to travel in the wake of the German armies as they advanced into Czechoslovakia, and to secure government papers and offices. Unlike the Einsatzkommando, the Einsatzgruppen were to be armed and authorized to freely use lethal force to accomplish their mission. The Munich Agreement of 1938 prevented the war for which the Einsatzgruppen were originally founded, but as the Germans occupied the Sudetenland in the fall of 1938, the Einsatzgruppen moved into the region to occupy offices formally belonging to the Czechoslovak state. The Munich Agreement (Mnichovská dohoda Mníchovská dohoda Münchner Abkommen Accords de Munich was an agreement regarding the Sudetenland, which were areas along borders Sudetenland ( Czech and Polish: Sudety) is the German name used in English in the first half of the 20th century for the western regions of After the occupation of the rest of the Czech portion of Czechoslovakia on March 15, 1939, the Einsatzgruppen were re-formed and again used to secure offices formerly belonging to the Czechoslovak government. Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Einsatzgruppen were never a standing formation; rather they were ad hoc units recruited mostly from the ranks of the SS, the SD, and various German police forces such as the Ordnungspolizei, the Gendarmerie, the Kripo and the Gestapo. The ( German for "Protective Squadron" abbreviated SS - or ( Runic)- was a major Nazi organization under Adolf Hitler and the The Sicherheitsdienst (SD Security Service was primarily the Intelligence service of the SS and the NSDAP. The Ordnungspolizei (Orpo was the name for the uniformed Regular German Police force in existence during the period of Nazi Germany, notably A gendarmerie or gendarmery (dʒɛnˈdɑrməriː or /ˌʒɑndɑrməˈriː/ after the French is a Military body charged with Police duties among civilian is the standard term for the criminal investigation agency within the Police forces of Germany, Austria and the German-speaking cantons of Switzerland The ( contraction of ge heime Sta ats' po' lizei: "Secret State Police" was the official Secret police of Nazi Germany Once the military campaign had ended, the Einsatzgruppen units were disbanded, though generally the same personnel were recruited again if the need arose for the Einsatzgruppen units to be re-activated.

In May 1939, Adolf Hitler decided upon an invasion of Poland planned for August 25 of that year (later moved back to September 1). The Invasion of Poland (1939 precipitated World War II. It was carried out by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and a small German-allied Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. In response, Heydrich again re-formed the Einsatzgruppen to travel in the wake of the German armies. Unlike the earlier operations, Heydrich gave the Einsatzgruppen commanders carte blanche to kill anyone belonging to groups that the Germans considered hostile.

Execution of Poles by Einsatzkommando - Leszno, October 1939

An execution of Poles in Bochnia,
December 1939

After the occupation of Poland in 1939, the Einsatzgruppen killed Poles belonging to the intelligentsia, such as priests and teachers [1]. Leszno ( German Lissa, is a town in central Poland with 71000 habitants (2008 Bochnia is a town of 30000 inhabitants on the river Raba in southern Poland, 35 km southeast of Kraków. The Nazis considered all Slavic people to be Untermenschen (subhuman), and wanted to use the Polish lower classes as servants and slaves. Untermensch ( German for under man, sub-man, sub-human; plural Untermenschen is a term from Nazi racial Ideology The mission of the Einsatzgruppen was therefore the forceful depoliticisation of the Polish people and the elimination of the groups most clearly identified with the Polish national identity. Following the German invasion of the Netherlands, Belgium and France in May 1940, the Einsatzgruppen once again travelled in the wake of the Wehrmacht, but unlike their operations in Poland, the Einsatzgruppen operations in Western Europe in 1940 were within the original mandate of securing government offices and papers. In World War II, the Battle of France, also known as the Fall of France, was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Wehrmacht (literally "defense force" was the name of the unified Armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945 Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' Had Operation Sealion, the German plan for an invasion of the United Kingdom, been launched, six Einsatzgruppen were scheduled to follow the invasion force to Britain. Operation Sealion (Unternehmen Seelöwe was Germany's plan to invade the United Kingdom during World War II, beginning in 1940 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Einsatzgruppen intended for "Sealion" were provided with a list (known as The Black Book after the war) of 2,820 people to be arrested immediately. The Black Book was the post-war name given to the Sonderfahndungsliste G

After the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the Einsatzgruppen's main assignment was to kill Communist officers and Jews on a much larger scale than in Poland^[3]. Operation Barbarossa ( Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the Codename for Nazi Germany 's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 These Einsatzgruppen were under the control of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA) (Reich Security Main Office); i. e. , under Reinhard Heydrich and his successor Ernst Kaltenbrunner. Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich ( 7 March 1904 &ndash 4 June 1942) was an SS - Obergruppenführer, chief Ernst Kaltenbrunner (4 October 1903 &ndash 16 October 1946 was a senior Nazi official during World War II. The original mandate set by Heydrich for the four Einsatzgruppen sent into the Soviet Union as part of Operation Barbarossa was to secure the offices and papers of the Soviet state and Communist Party; to liquidate all of the higher cadres of the Soviet state; and to instigate and encourage pogroms against all local Jewish populations. Operation Barbarossa ( Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the Codename for Nazi Germany 's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II A pogrom is a form of Riot directed against a particular group whether ethnic religious or other and characterized by destruction of their Homes Businesses The orders that Heydrich drafted on July 2, 1941 stated that the Einsatzgruppen were to execute all Soviet officials of higher and medium rank; members of the Comintern; "extremist" Communist Party members; members of the central, provincial and district committees of the Communist Party; Red Army commissars; and all Communist Party members of Jewish origin^[4]. In regards to Jewish populations in general, "No steps will be taken to interfere with any purges that may be initialed by anti-Communist or anti-Jewish elements in the newly occupied territories. On the contrary, these are to be secretly encouraged"^[5].

As the Einsatzgruppen advanced into the Soviet Union, after July 1941, the Einsatzgruppen increasingly engaged in the mass murders of the local Jews themselves rather than encouraging pogroms. Initially, the Einsatzgruppen generally limited themselves to shooting Jewish men; but as the summer wore on, increasingly all Jews regardless of age or sex were shot^[6]. The most murderous of the four Einsatzgruppen was Einsatzgruppe A, which operated in the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania formerly occupied by the Soviets. The Baltic states (Balti riigid Baltijas valstis Baltijos valstybės or Baltic countries are three countries in Northern Europe, all members of the Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Einsatzgruppe A was the first Einsatzgruppe that attempted to systematically exterminate all Jews in its area. After December 1941, the other three Einsatzgruppen began what Raul Hilberg has called the "second sweep", which lasted into the summer of 1942, where they attempted to emulate Einsatzgruppe A by likewise systematically killing all Jews in their areas. Raul Hilberg ( June 2, 1926 - August 4, 2007) was an Austrian -born American political scientist and Historian

They murdered more than 1. 5 million Jews, Communists, prisoners of war, and Roma (Gypsies) in total. The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins They also assisted Wehrmacht units and local anti-Semites in killing half a million more. They were mobile forces in the beginning of the invasion, but settled down after the occupation. In addition, the Einsatzgruppen were often used to carry out anti-partisan operations in the occupied regions of the Soviet Union.

The Holocaust

After time, it was found that the killing methods used by the Einsatzgruppen were inefficient: they were costly, demoralizing for the troops, and sometimes did not kill the victims quickly enough. At the Wannsee Conference, SS and various other officials met to find a more efficient way of killing their victims; this ultimately led to the establishment of gas-chamber containing Vernichtungslagern or extermination camps. The Wannsee Conference was a Meeting of senior officials of the Nazi German regime held in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee on Extermination camps were two types of facilities that Nazi Germany built during World War II for the systematic killing of millions of people in what has become Under this and other plans, an estimated six million Jews and five million non-Jews would ultimately lose their lives. ^[7]

Method of killing

The Einsatzgruppen typically followed close behind Wehrmacht army formations, marching into cities and towns where large numbers of Jews were known to live. Wehrmacht (literally "defense force" was the name of the unified Armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945 Once they entered a town, they issued orders requiring Jews and non-Jewish communists to assemble for deportation out of town. Those who refused to comply were hunted down ruthlessly. The process was as follows: The Einsatzgruppen's Sonderkommando units (though not to be confused with Jewish gravediggers in the camps) were sent with the advancing military units to coordinate the executions, to concentrate the "hostile" population, and to recruit local assistants (Mannschaft, either "Junaks" (Lithuanian former convicts) or Gendarmes (Ukrainian policemen); then came the Einsatzkommando to execute the Jews and communists. Sonderkommandos were work units of Nazi Death camp prisoners forced to aid the killing process during The Holocaust. The killings followed several methods and patterns:

• In conquered urban areas of eastern Europe, many Jews would be killed in nearby locations such as woods or inside buildings. The remaining Jews would be confined to ghettos. During World War II Ghettos were established by the German Nazis to confine Jews and sometimes Gypsies into tightly packed areas of the cities Death rates from disease and malnourishment were high; groups from the ghetto were periodically taken away and shot or deported to extermination camps. An example of this is the Lithuanian city of Kaunas; the Jews of Kaunas were concentrated in a ghetto and sent, thousands at a time, to be slaughtered in the 7th and 9th forts (watch towers) of Kaunas.
• In small rural areas, or in battle zones, the Jews were quickly led to their deaths in nearby woods and mass graves, which were often dug by the victims. An example of such a case is the town of Dovno in Ukraine.
• In big cities, mainly in the battle zones, the Nazis would create a small local committee of 8 to 12 important Jews, known as the Judenrat, who would be required to summon the local Jews for "relocation". Judenräte (singular Judenrat; German for "Jewish council" were administrative bodies that the Germans required Jews to form in the The Jews (including the Judenrat delegates) would then be marched to previously prepared trenches or natural pits and shot. Examples are the massacre at Babi Yar and the Ponary massacre. See #Other memorials below for the Babi Yar Memorial Park in Denver Colorado USA The Ponary massacre (or Paneriai massacre) was the Mass-murder of 100000 people mostly Jews by German SD and SS and Lithuanian during
• Alternatives to execution by firearms existed. The gas trucks used by Einsatzgruppe D and Einsatzkommando Kulmhof in the death camp Chelmno are an example. Another, occasionally used in smaller towns, was to lock the Jews in abandoned buildings, which were then set alight or blown up, though this was rather rare.

Those who were gathered would then be sent to designated sites outside the cities and towns. Usually these massacre sites were graves dug in advance, shallow pits, or deep ravines (including one at Babi Yar, just outside Kiev), where executioners were already waiting with orders to kill them with machine guns or pistol shots to the head. Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the The killers would also seize the clothing and other belongings of the victims, and some victims were forced to strip naked just before their execution. Once dead, the victims would be buried with hand shovels or bulldozers. Some victims were only injured, not killed, and were buried alive. A few managed to climb out of the grave and recount this. (Martin Gilbert, The Holocaust)

The Einsatzgruppen were assisted by other Axis forces, including designated members of the Wehrmacht, including generals Walther von Reichenau and Erich von Manstein, and the Waffen SS. The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries The Waffen-SS ( German for "Armed SS" literally "Weapons SS" was the Combat arm of the Schutzstaffel ("Protective Squadron" In the Baltics and Ukraine, they also recruited local collaborators - hiwis to assist in the killing. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Hiwi is a German abbreviation It has two meanings "voluntary assistant" ( Hilfswilliger, literally one willing to help) and "assistant scientist"

The Jäger Report

Map titled "Jewish Executions Carried Out by Einsatzgruppe A" from the December 1941 Jäger Report. Marked "Secret Reich Matter," the map shows the number of Jews shot in the Baltic region, and reads at the bottom: "the estimated number of Jews still on hand is 128,000. "

The Einsatzgruppen kept track of many of their massacres, and one of the most infamous of these official records is the Jäger Report, covering the operation of Einsatzkommando 3 over five months in Lithuania. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Written by the commander of Einsatzkommando 3, Karl Jäger, it includes a detailed list summarizing each massacre, totaling 137,346 victims, and states "…I can confirm today that Einsatzkommando 3 has achieved the goal of solving the Jewish problem in Lithuania. Karl Jäger ( 20 September 1888 &ndash June 22 1959) was a Swiss -born Nazi leader There are no more Jews in Lithuania, apart from working Jews and their families. " Jäger escaped capture by the Allies when the war ended, assumed a false identity, and was able to assimilate back into society as an agriculturist until his report was discovered in March 1959. Arrested and charged with his crimes, Jäger committed suicide in prison in Hohenasperg while he was awaiting trial in June 1959.

Planned Holocaust for Jews living in the British Mandate of Palestine

A 2006 study by the German historians Klaus-Michael Mallman and Martin Cueppers says that an Einsatzgruppe was created in 1942 to kill Jews in the British Mandate of Palestine. Einsatzgruppen ( German: "task forces" "intervention groups" were Paramilitary groups formed by Heinrich Himmler and The Palestine Mandate, was a set of protocols or articles that formed a multilateral legal and administrative agreement “Einsatzgruppe Egypt” was standing by in Athens, Greece and was prepared to go with General Erwin Rommel’s Afrika Corps to Palestine, once German forces arrived there to kill the roughly half a million Jews in the Mandate. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel ( ( 15 November 1891 – 14 October 1944) (also known as the " Desert Fox " Wüstenfuchs The German Afrikakorps ( German: Deutsches Afrikakorps DAK) was the original German blocking force (Sperrverband = Armored Blocking Force in Libya The Palestine Mandate, was a set of protocols or articles that formed a multilateral legal and administrative agreement The mobile killing unit was to be led by SS Obersturmbannfuehrer Walter Rauff. Walter Rauff ( June 19, 1906 – May 14, 1984) was an SS officer in Nazi Germany, attaining the grade of Colonel The plan was for the 24 members of the death squad to enlist collaborators from the local Arab population so that the “mass murder would continue under German leadership without interruption. ”

The group never left Greece, however, because Rommel’s force was defeated at Battle of El Alamein by the British force of General Bernard Montgomery; otherwise, the history of the Middle East might have been different. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, KG, GCB, DSO, PC, (məntˈgʌmərɪ əv ˈæləmeɪn ^[8]

After the war

The ultimate authority for the Einsatzgruppen, which answered directly to Heinrich Himmler and Adolf Hitler, were the SS and Police Leaders who oversaw all Einsatzgruppen activities and reports in their given area. Heinrich Luitpold Himmler ( 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945 was a Nazi German politician and head of the Schutzstaffel (SS. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately SS and Police Leader (SS- und Polizeiführer was a title for senior Nazi officials that commanded large units of the SS during and prior to World War II At the close of World War II, the majority of SS and Police Leaders who had overseen activities in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union simply disappeared, were executed for war crimes, or committed suicide prior to their capture. As for the lower ranking members, a large number of them were killed in combat, were captured in combat and executed (on the Eastern Front) or were imprisoned and died in Russian camps. The lesser ranking members who returned to Germany or to other countries were not formally charged (due to their large numbers ) and simply returned to civilian life.

At the conclusion of World War II, senior leaders of the Einsatzgruppen were put before United States occupation courts, variously charged with crimes against humanity, war crimes, and membership in the SS (which had been declared a criminal organization), in what became known as the Einsatzgruppen Trial of the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials. In Public international law, a crime against humanity is an act of Persecution or any large scale atrocities against a body of people and is the highest level of War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war" including but not limited to "murder the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied The Einsatzgruppen Trial (or officially The United States of America vs The Subsequent Nuremberg Trials (more formally the Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals) were a series of twelve U Fourteen death sentences and five life sentences were among the judgments, although only four executions were carried out on June 7, 1951, and the rest of these sentences were commuted. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January Commutation of sentence involves the reduction of legal penalties, especially in terms of imprisonment.

Organization (1941)

Main article: Einsatzkommando

See also

• Massacres by Einsatzgruppen:
  • Babi Yar
  • Rumbula
  • Paneriai
  • Odessa Massacre
  • Jäger Report
• Systematic persecution, genocide and extermination:
  • The Holocaust
  • Porajmos - extermination of Roma (Gypsies)
  • World War II atrocities in Poland
• Generalplan Ost - Nazi master plan for Eastern Europe:
  • Operation Barbarossa
  • Operation Tannenberg
• Plans of Einsatzgruppen:
  • The Black Book - planned persecution in Great Britain-see also Dr Franz Six article. See #Other memorials below for the Babi Yar Memorial Park in Denver Colorado USA Rumbula is a Pine forest enclave in Riga, Latvia, in which Jews were massacred during the Holocaust. Paneriai (Ponary is a suburb of Vilnius, situated about 10 kilometres away from the city center The Odessa massacre was the extermination of Jews in Odessa and surrounding towns in Transnistria during the autumn of 1941 and the winter of 1942 in The Jäger Report was written by Karl Jäger, commander of Einsatzkommando 3 a unit of Einsatzgruppen A which was attached to Army Group North during The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as The Porajmos (also Porrajmos) literally Devouring, is a term considered to be coined by the Romani people to describe attempts by the regime in The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins See also Occupation of Poland (1939–1945, The Holocaust In addition to about three million Polish Jews (mostly killed in Operation Reinhard Generalplan Ost ( GPO) was a secret Nazi plan of Genocide and Ethnic cleansing to be realised in the territories occupied Operation Barbarossa ( Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the Codename for Nazi Germany 's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II The codename Unternehmen Tannenberg (Operation Tannenberg was used for two discrete German operations At the end of August 1939 the Gleiwitz incident -like The Black Book was the post-war name given to the Sonderfahndungsliste G See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands Dr Franz Alfred Six ( August 12 1909 in Mannheim - July 9 1975 in Bolzano) was a Nazi official who was
  • Einsatzkommando Egypt - planned extermination of Palestinian Jews. Mohammad Amin al-Husayni (محمد أمين الحسيني properly transliterated al-Husseini, 1895 / 1897 - July 4, 1974) a member
  • Wannsee Conference - planned extermination of Jewish people in areas under Nazi occupation. The Wannsee Conference was a Meeting of senior officials of the Nazi German regime held in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee on
  • Sonderaktion 1005 -attempt to destroy evidence of the mass killings. The Sonderaktion 1005, also called Aktion 1005, or' Enterdungsaktion' ("Exhumation action" was an operation conducted by Nazi Germany during
• Individuals:
  • Felix Landau, a Hauptscharführer SS who served in an Einsatzkommando, a "central figure in the Nazi program of the extermination of Galician Jews"^[9] known for his daily diary. Felix Landau ( May 21, 1910, Vienna, Austria - 1983 was a SS Hauptscharführer, a member of an Einsatzkommando Hauptscharführer was a Nazi paramilitary rank which was used by the Schutzstaffel (SS between the years of 1934 and 1945 Galician Jews or Galitzianer Jews are a subdivision of the Ashkenazim geographically originating from Galicia, from western Ukraine (current

Notes

References

• The Origins of the Final Solution, Christopher Browning, 2004
• Masters of Death, Richard Rhodes, 2002. Christopher Robert Browning, born, is an American Historian of The Holocaust. Richard Lee Rhodes (b July 4, 1937) is an American journalist historian and author of both fiction and non-fiction (which he prefers to call "verity"
• The Nazis : A Warning From History by Laurence Rees, foreword by Sir Ian Kershaw, New York : New Press, 1997 ISBN 1-56584-551-X

External links

• Chronicles of the Vilna Ghetto: wartime photographs & documents - vilnaghetto.com
• United States Holocaust Memorial Museum article on Einsatzgruppen
• Real Einsatzgruppen execution footage
• The Einsatzgruppen (einsatzgruppenarchives. Sir Ian Kershaw (born April 29 1943 in Oldham, Lancashire, England) is a British Historian, noted for his com)
• The Einsatzgruppen (shoaheducation. com)
• Einsatzgruppen at the Holocaust Encyclopedia.
• Einsatzgruppen (rumbula. org)
• The Motivation and Actions of the Einsatzgruppen (militaryhistoryonline. com)
• Copy of the Einsatzgruppen Operational Situation Report USSR No. 101. Sonderkommando 4a in collaboration with Einsatzgruppe HQ and two Kommandos of police regiment South, executed 33,771 Jews in Kiev on September 29 and 30, 1941. (nizkor. org)
• Einsatzgruppen personnel biographies and photographs