Ein Kerem (Arabic: عين كارم; Hebrew: עין כרם) (literally, "Spring of the Vineyard"; commonly known as Ein Karem) is a picturesque neighborhood nestled in the hills of southwest Jerusalem. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the According to Christian tradition, this is the site where John the Baptist was born, hence Ein Kerem's attraction to Christian pilgrims and the proliferation of churches and monasteries. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Saint John the Baptist ( heb. Jochanan ben Sacharja, arab. يحيى Yaḥyā or يوحنا Yūḥanna, aram.
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History
Early history
A spring that provides water to the village of Ein Kerem stimulated settlement there from an early time. Pottery has been found nearby dating to the Middle Bronze Age [1]. The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for Archaeological evidence exists of settlement at the site's spring as early as the second century BCE. It was mentioned during the Islamic conquest and again, under the name St. The initial Arab Muslim conquests (632–732 (فتح Fatah, literally opening, also referred to as the Islamic conquests or Arab Jeehan de Bois, during the Crusades. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents Ottoman tax registers from 1596 showed a population of 160. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish
During excavations in Ein Karem, a marble statue of Aphrodite (or Venus) was found, broken in two. The VENUS ( V ictoria E xperimental N etwork U nder the S ea project is a cabled sea floor observatory operated by the University It is believed to date from the Roman era and was probably toppled in Byzantine times. Today, the statue is at the Rockefeller Museum. The Rockefeller Museum, formerly the Palestine Archaeological Museum, is an archaeological Museum located in East Jerusalem that houses a large [2]
Christian traditions
According to the Bible, Mary went "into the hill country, to a city of Judah" [3] when she visited the home of Zechariah and Elizabeth. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Zechariah (Hebrew prophet -->In the Bible, Zechariah Elizabeth or Elisabeth is the Greek form Ελισ(σάβετ Elis(savet of the Hebrew Elisheva, meaning "my God is an oath" Theodosius (530) says that the distance from Jerusalem to the place where Elizabeth, the mother of John the Baptist, lived is five miles. For the California area code see Area code 530 Events By Place Byzantine Empire Battle of Daras: Saint John the Baptist ( heb. Jochanan ben Sacharja, arab. يحيى Yaḥyā or يوحنا Yūḥanna, aram. The Jerusalem Calendar (dated before 638) mentions the village by name as the place of a festival in memory of Elizabeth celebrated on the twenty-eighth of August. Events By Place Asia The Muslims capture Jerusalem, Antioch, Caesarea Maritima and Akko
Modern history
The population of Ein Karem in 1931 was 2,637 and in 1944/45 it was 3,180, in each case including the smaller localities of Ayn al-Rawwas and Ayn al-Khandaq. [4]
The 1947 UN Partition Plan placed Ein Karem in the Jerusalem enclave intended for international control. The United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine or United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181 was a plan approved by the General Assembly on November 29 [5] Immediately after the April 1948 massacre at the nearby village of Deir Yassin (2 km to the north), most of the women and children in the village were evacuated. The Deir Yassin massacre was the killing of between 107 and 120 villagers the estimate generally accepted by scholars during and possibly after the battle at the village of It was attacked by Israeli forces during the 10-day truce of July 1948. The remaining civilian inhabitants fled on July 10-11. The Arab irregular forces which had camped in the village left on July 14-16 after Jewish forces captured two dominating hilltops, Khirbet Beit Mazmil and Khirbet al Hamama, and shelled the village. During its last days, Ein Karim suffered from severe food shortages. [6]
US Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas provides an eye witness account of the exodus from Ein Karem based on his visit there at the time:
Ein Karem, an Arab village for hundreds of years, was the birthplace of John the Baptist. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. A judge, or justice, is an Official who presides over a Court of law William Orville Douglas ( October 16, 1898 – January 19, 1980) was a United States Supreme Court Associate Justice. In the recent war it was never attacked by the Israeli army. The Israel Defense Forces ( IDF) (צְבָא הַהֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, lit It was indeed not on the path to Jerusalem. It had no apparent military value. Yet it was evacuated by the Arabs. Every man, woman, and child left, all except eight old women. The refugees put a few personal belongings and what food they had in their cupboards on the backs of donkeys. They walked out of their ancestral homes in Ein Karem, shut the doors, and turned to the east. They did this, though no shot was fired, though their village was neither encircled nor threatened. Some went through Jerusalem to Jericho down the corkscrew road on the east that drops off Judea. Jericho ( Arabic, ʼArīḥā; Hebrew, Standard Yəriḥo Tiberian Yərîḫô Judea or Judæa ( Hebrew: יהודה Standard Yəhuda Tiberian Yəhûḏāh, "praised Most went around the Eternal City, seeking a path down the precipitous Judea Mountains, fording the Jordan, and climbing the hot and blistering ridge of Moab. This article is about the Jordan River and its valley in western Asia A ridge is a geological feature that features a continuous elevational crest for some distance Moab (; Greek Μωάβ; Arabic مؤاب, Assyrian Mu'aba, Ma'ba, Ma'ab; Egyptian [7]
Israel later incorporated the village into the municipal boundaries of Jerusalem. [6]
Ein Kerem was one of the few depopulated Arab localities which survived the war with most of the buildings intact. Jewish refugees mainly from Yemen moved into the abandoned homes, though over the years the "country" atmosphere attracted a population of artisans and craftsmen. Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya
In 1961, Hadassah founded its medical center on a nearby hilltop, including the Hadassah Ein Kerem hospital and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem schools of medicine, dentistry, nursing, and pharmacology. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Hadassah the Women's Zionist Organization of America is an American Jewish Zionist Volunteer women's organization. Hadassah Medical Center (מרכז רפואי הדסה includes two University hospitals at Ein Kerem and Mount Scopus in Jerusalem, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים الجامعة العبرية في القدس abbreviated HUJI) is
Church of St. John the Baptist
There are two churches by this name in Ein Kerem. One is a Catholic church built in the second half of the 19th century on the remnants of earlier Byzantine and Crusader churches. Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The Crusader states were a number of mostly 12th- and 13th-century feudal states created by Western European Crusaders in Asia Minor, Greece and Inside are the remains of an ancient mosaic floor and a cave where, according to Christian tradition, John the Baptist was born. Art History Mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae, and they enriched the floors of Hellenistic
The church is mentioned in the Book of the Demonstration, attributed to Eutychius of Alexandria (940): "The church of Bayt Zakariya in the district of Aelia bears witness to the visit of Mary to her kinswoman Elizabeth. Events By Place Asia Saadia Gaon compiles his Siddur (Jewish prayer book in Iraq. Aelia Capitolina ( Latin in full Colonia Aelia Capitolina) was a city built by the emperor Hadrian in the year 131, and occupied "
The church has been in the hands of the Franciscans since 1674. The term Franciscan is commonly used to refer to members of Catholic In 1941-1942 they conducted excavations in the area immediately west of the church and the adjoining monastery. Several rock-cut chambers and graves were found, as well as wine presses with mosaic floors and small chapels with mosaic tiling. Art History Mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae, and they enriched the floors of Hellenistic The southern rock-cut chamber contained pottery of a type found elsewhere in Jerusalem, probably from the first century CE. [8]
The other is an Eastern Orthodox church built in 1894, also on the remnants of an ancient church. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Year 1894 ( MDCCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
Church of the Visitation
Another ancient church at Ein Kerem is located across the village to the southwest from St. John's. The ancient sanctuary there was built against a rock declivity. It is venerated as the pietra del nascondimento, the "stone in which John was concealed," in reference to the Protevangelium of James. The site is also attributed to John the Baptist's parental summer house, where Mary visited them.
The modern church was built in 1955, also on top of ancient church remnants. Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) It was designed by Antonio Barluzzi, an Italian architect, who designed many other churches in the Holy Land during the 20th century. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest
Les Soeurs de Notre-Dame de Sion
The monastery of Les Soeurs de Notre-Dame de Sion (Sisters of Our Lady of Zion) was founded by two brothers from France, Theodore and Marie Alphonse Ratisbonne, who were born Jewish and converted to Christianity. Marie-Alphonse Ratisbonne ( May 1, 1814, Strasbourg, France - May 6, 1884, Ein Karem, Jerusalem) was a French They established an orphanage here. An orphanage is an institution devoted to the care of children whose parents are deceased or otherwise unable to care for them Alphonse himself lived in the monastery and is buried in its garden.
"Moscovia" Monastery
Built by the Russian Orthodox Church at the end of the 19th century, this church (originally "Gorny Monastery") was nicknamed "Moskovia" (Arabic for Moscow) by the local Arab villagers, because of its tented roof similarity to other Russian churches. See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of A hipped roof or tented roof is a special type of Roof, widely used in 16th and 17th century Russian architecture for churches and The monastery has two churches enclosed within a compound wall.
St. Vincent
St. Vincent-Ein Kerem is a home for physically or mentally handicapped children. Saint Vincent-Ein Kerem is a home for physically or mentally handicapped children in Israel. Founded in 1954, St. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Vincent-Ein Kerem is a non-profit enterprise under leadership of the Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul. St Vincent de Paul and Church of St Vincent de Paul redirect here [9]
Mary's Spring
The village fresh-water spring is the traditional location where Mary and Elizabeth met. The spring waters are considered holy by the Christian pilgrims who visit the site and fill bottles with its waters. The spring water is now contaminated by the run off water from the near by Hadassah hospital
References
- ^ G. Ernest Wright, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 71 [Oct. 1938], pp. 28f
- ^ Ein Kerem. My Holy Land. Retrieved on 2007-11-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration
- ^ Luke 1:39
- ^ W. Khalidi, All that Remains (1992) p269-270. Walid Khalidi (وليد خالدي born in 1925 in Jerusalem) is an Oxford University educated Palestinian historian who has written extensively on the
- ^ UN map of Jerusalem Corpus Separatum
- ^ a b B. Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited (2004) p436, quoting: Entries for 10 and 11 July 1948, General Staff∖Operations Logbook, IDFA∖922∖75∖∖1176; and Mordechai Abir, ´The local Arab Factor in the War of Independence (Jerusalem Area)`18-19, IDFA 1046∖70∖185∖∖; and Yeruham, `Arab Information (from 14. Benny Morris (born 1948 is an Israeli historian identified with the New Historians school a group of Historians who dispute the traditional Israeli 7. 48)´, 15 July 1948 HA 105∖127aleph.
- ^ Strange Lands and Friendly People, William O. Douglas, Harper & Brothers (New York), pp. 265-6.
- ^ Abel, Geographie II, pp. 295f
- ^ Sisters of mercy - Haaretz - Israel News
See also
- Map showing Ayn Karim in relation to Jerusalem during the 1870s
- List of villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war
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