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Eikenella corrodens is a fastidious Gram-negative facultative anaerobic bacillus. The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have The Proteobacteria are a major group ( Phylum) of Bacteria. They include a wide variety of Pathogens such as Escherichia, The Neisseriaceae are a family of Proteobacteria, given their own order The Neisseriaceae are a family of Proteobacteria, given their own order A growth medium or culture medium is a liquid or gel designed to support the growth of Microorganisms or cells There are different types of media for Gram-negative bacteria are those Bacteria that do not retain Crystal violet dye in the Gram staining protocol It was first identified by M. Eiken in 1958, who called it Bacteroides corrodens. [1]
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Microbiology
E. corrodens is a pleomorphic bacillus that sometimes appears coccobacillary and typically creates a depression (or "pit") in the agar on which it is growing. It grows in aerobic and anaerobic conditions, but requires an atmosphere enhanced by 3–10% carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single The colonies are small and greyish, they produce a greenish discoloration of the underlying agar and smell faintly of bleach (hypochlorite). The hypochlorite Ion is Cl[[Oxygen O]]− A hypochlorite compound is a Chemical compound containing this group with chlorine in Oxidation Only half produce the pitting of the agar that is considered characteristic. They are oxidase-positive, catalase-negative, urease-negative, indole-negative and reduce nitrate to nitrite. An oxidase is any Enzyme that catalyzes an oxidation/reduction reaction involving molecular Oxygen (O2 as the electron acceptor Catalase is a common Enzyme found in nearly all living organisms where it functions to catalyze the decomposition of Hydrogen peroxide to Urease ( is an Enzyme that catalyzes the Hydrolysis of Urea into Carbon dioxide and Ammonia. Indole is an Aromatic heterocyclic Organic compound. It has a bicyclic structure consisting of a six-membered Benzene ring fused to a five-membered In Inorganic chemistry, a nitrate is a salt of Nitric acid with an Ion composed of one Nitrogen and three Oxygen atoms The nitrite Ion is NO2− The anion is bent being Isoelectronic with O3.
Medical importance
E. corrodens is a commensal of the human mouth and upper respiratory tract. In Ecology, commensalism is a kind of symbiotic relationship between two organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped (like a bird It is an unusual cause of infection and when it is cultured, it is most usually found mixed with other organisms. Infections most commonly occur in patients with cancers of the head and neck,[2] but it is also common in human bite infections, especially "reverse bite" or "fight bite", or "clenched fist injuries". A reverse bite injury (also called a clenched fist injury, or closed fist injury) is when after one person punches another person in the face the skin (and sometimes A reverse bite injury (also called a clenched fist injury, or closed fist injury) is when after one person punches another person in the face the skin (and sometimes [3] It also causes infections in insulin-dependent diabetics and intravenous drug users who lick their needles. Diabetes mellitus type 1 (Type 1 diabetes Type I diabetes T1D T1DM IDDM juvenile diabetes is a form of Diabetes mellitus. [4] It is one of the HACEK group of infections which are a cause of culture-negative endocarditis. A HACEK organism is one of a set of slow-growing Gram negative bacteria that form a normal part of the Human flora. Endocarditis is an Inflammation of the inner layer of the Heart, the Endocardium.
E. corrodens infections are typically indolent (the infection does not become clinically evident until a week or more after the injury). They also mimic anaerobic infection in being extremely foul-smelling. Fermentation is the process of deriving energy from the oxidation of organic compounds such as carbohydrates using an endogenous electron acceptor which is
Treatment
E. corrodens can be treated with penicillins, cephalosporins or tetracyclines. Penicillin (sometimes abbreviated PCN or pen) is a group of Beta-lactam antibiotics used in the treatment of Bacterial Infections The cephalosporins (ˌsɛfələˈspɔrən/ /ˌkɛfə- are a class of β-lactam antibiotics. Tetracyclines are a group of Broad-spectrum antibiotics whose general usefulness has been reduced with the onset of bacterial resistance It is innately resistant to macrolides (e. The macrolides are a group of drugs (typically Antibiotics) whose activity stems from the presence of a macrolide ring, a large macrocyclic g. , erythromycin), clindamycin and metronidazole. Erythromycin is a Macrolide Antibiotic that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of Penicillin, and is often used for people Clindamycin ( rINN; klɪndəˈmaɪsɨn is a lincosamide Antibiotic. Metronidazole ( INN) (mɛtrəˈnaɪdəzoʊl is a Nitroimidazole anti-infective medication used mainly in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible It is susceptible to fluoroquinolones (e. The quinolones are a family of synthetic Broad-spectrum antibiotics. g. , ciprofloxacin) in vitro but there is no clinical evidence available to advocate its use in these infections.
See also
References
- ^ Eiken M (1958). A HACEK organism is one of a set of slow-growing Gram negative bacteria that form a normal part of the Human flora. "Studies on an anaerobic, rod-shaped, gram-negative microorganism: Bacteroides corrodens N. sp. ". Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 43: 404–16.
- ^ Sheng WS, Hsueh PR, Hung CC, et al. (2001). "Clinical features of patients with invasive Eikenella corrodens infections and microbiological characteristics of the causative isolates". Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 20: 231–36. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Goldstein EJC. (1992). "Bite wounds and infections". Clin Infect Dis 14.
- ^ Swisher LA, Roberts JR, Glynn MJ. (1994). "Needle licker's osteomyelitis". Am J Emerg Med 12: 343–36. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
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