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Egg donation is the process by which a woman provides one or several eggs (ova, oocytes) for purposes of assisted reproduction or biomedical research. For assisted reproduction purposes, egg donation involves the process of in vitro fertilization as the eggs are fertilized in the laboratory. In vitro fertilisation ( IVF) is a process by which After the eggs have been obtained, the role of the egg donor is complete. Egg donation is part of the process of third party reproduction. Third party reproduction refers to a process where another person provides sperm or eggs or where another woman provides her Uterus so that a woman can

Contents

Indication

The need for egg donation may arise for a number of reasons. Infertile couples may resort to acquiring eggs through egg donation when the female partner cannot have genetic children because she may not have eggs that can be successfully fertilized. This situation is often based on advanced reproductive age. Early onset of menopause which can occur in women as early as their 20’s can require a woman to use donor eggs to grow her family. Some women are born without ovaries or other reproductive organs. Sometimes a woman's reproductive organs have been damaged due to disease or have been forced to have them surgically removed. Another indication would be a genetic disorder on part of the woman that can be circumvented by using eggs from another person. The couple can personally get acquainted with the egg donor, her children and family members. Or a couple can request an anonymous egg donor. Egg donation is also required for gay couples using surrogacy (see LGBT parenting). Surrogacy is a method of Reproduction whereby a woman agrees to become pregnant and deliver a child for a contracted party Many lesbian gay bisexual and transgendered people are parents

Procedure

Egg donors are recruited, screened, and give consent prior to participation in the IVF process. Turner syndrome or Ullrich-Turner syndrome encompasses several conditions of which monosomy X is the most common Gonadal dysgenesis generally refers to a condition where gonadal development is abnormal often only presenting streaks of connective tissue so-called streak gonads. Oophorectomy (or ovariectomy) is the surgical removal of an Ovary or ovaries Menopause is the permanent shutting down of the female Reproductive system, a considerable length of time before the end of the lifespan Chemotherapy, in its most general sense refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells specifically those of micro-organisms or Cancer. Radiation therapy (or radiotherapy) is the medical use of Ionizing radiation as part of Cancer treatment to control Malignant Autoimmunity is the failure of an organism to recognize its own constituent parts as self, which results in an immune response against its own cells and tissues Sex linkage is the phenotypic expression of an Allele that is related to the chromosomal sex of the individual Transvaginal oocyte retrieval or simply oocyte retrieval (OCR is a technique used in In vitro fertilization in order to remove Oocytes from the Ovary Some patients bring their own, designated donors, while other patients rely on the services of often anonymous donors typically recruited by egg donor agencies or, sometimes, IVF programs. Once the egg donor is recruited, she undergoes the IVF stimulation therapy, followed by the egg retrieval procedure. In vitro fertilisation ( IVF) is a process by which After retrieval, the ova are handed over to the recipient couple, fertilized by the sperm of the male partner in the laboratory, and after several days, the resulting embryo(s) is placed in the uterus of the recipient. For the embryo transfer the lining of the recipient has been appropriately prepared in a synchronous fashion. Embryo transfer refers to a step in the process of in vitro fertilization (IVF whereby one or several Embryos are placed into the Uterus The recipient is usually the person who requested the service and then will carry and deliver the pregnancy and keep the baby. Pregnancy ( Latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring known as a Fetus or Embryo, inside the Uterus of a Female

Results

Results in treatments with the use of egg from donors often have a better than 50% chance of success. With egg donation, women who are past their reproductive years or menopause can become pregnant. Menopause is the permanent shutting down of the female Reproductive system, a considerable length of time before the end of the lifespan The oldest woman thus to give birth is Adriana Iliescu, age 66. Adriana Iliescu (born 31 May 1938, Craiova) was reported as the world's oldest woman to give birth, at age 66 a record which stood Babies born after egg donation are not genetically related to the recipient.

Donor motivation

An egg donor may be motivated by a number of reasons to provide eggs. Some egg donors may be altruistic and feel that participation in the reproductive process provides a benefit for another person, sometimes a person they know or are related to. Others may be attracted to the monetary compensation.

Risks

Egg donor

Egg donation carries risks for both donor and recipient. The egg donor may suffer complications from IVF, such as bleeding from the oocyte recovery procedure and reaction to the hormones used to induce hyperovulation (producing more than one egg), including ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) and, rarely, liver failure[2]. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome ( OHSS) is a complication from some forms of Fertility medication. The long-term impact of egg donation on donors has not been well studied, but apparently some evidence suggests a risk of early menopause and increased risk of ovarian cancer[3].

According to Jansen and Tucker, writing in the same ART (assisted reproductive technologies) textbook referenced above[4], the risk of OHSS varies with the clinic administering the hormones, from 6. 6 to 8. 4% of cycles,half of them "severe. " Patients treated with GnRH agonists appear to be at increased risk compared to those treated with GnRH antagonists. The most severe form of OHSS is life threatening. One study in the Netherlands found 10 documented cases of deaths from IVF, with a rate of 1:10,000. "All of these patients were treated with GnRH agonists and none of these cases have been published in the scientific literature. " Hormone treatments that can be dangerous in the short-term may have long-term health effects.

Daniel Navot, writing in the same collection of reports states that mild OHSS is a sign that treatment is working and describes the symptoms of moderate OHSS as "includes significant ovarian englargement (5-12 cm). . . abdominal pain, significant bloating,nausea, and diarrhea," symptoms attributable to ovarian enlargement and elevate estrogen levels. Signs that upgrade moderate OHSS to the severe form include liver dysfunction and anasarca. Criteia for severe OHSS include enlarge ovary, ascites, hemotacrit > 45%, WBC > 15,000, oliguria, creatinine 1. 0-1. 5 mg/dl, creatinine clearance > 50 ml/min, liver dysfunction, anasarca. Critical OHSS includes enlarged ovary, tense ascites with hydrothorax and pericardial effusion, hematocrit > 55%, WBC > 25,000, oligoanuria, creatinine > 1. 6 mg/dl, creatinine clearance > 50 ml/min, renal failure, thromboembolic phenomena,ARDS.

Recipient

The recipient has the risk of contracting a transmittable disease. While the donor may test negative for HIV, such testing does not exclude the possibility that the donor has contracted HIV very recently, so the recipient faces a residual risk of exposure. Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) is a Lentivirus (a member of the Retrovirus family that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

The recipient also trusts that the genetic and medical history of the donor is accurate. This factor of trust should not be underestimated in importance. Donors are paid thousands of dollars; monetary compensation may attract unscrupulous individuals inclined to conceal their true motivations. Moreover, recipients will have a de facto relationship to the biological parent of their offspring for life. Half of the child's genetic makeup, and related traits, capabilities, tendencies, etc. will come from the donor.

Multiple birth is a common complication if the physician transfers too many embryos. A multiple birth occurs when more than one Fetus is carried to term in a single Pregnancy. Incidence of twin births is very high.

Custody

Generally legal documents are signed to hand oocytes over to the recipient and renounce rights of ownership and custody on part of the donor, so that there will be no claims on part of the donor concerning the offspring.

Legality

Egg donation is regulated and /or prohibited in many countries. In the United States, having an attorney draft your contract is often necessary to establish and confirm your parental rights over any child.

Donor registries

Main article: Donor registration

A donor registry is a registry to facilitate donor conceived people, sperm donors and egg donors to establish contact with genetic kindred. Donor registration facilitates Donor conceived people, Sperm donors and Egg donors to establish contact with genetic kindred A donor offspring, or donor conceived person, is conceived via the donation of Sperm ( Sperm donation) or Ova ( Egg donation) or both Egg donation is the process by which a woman provides one or several eggs ( Ova, oocytes for purposes of assisted reproduction or biomedical research They are mostly used by donor conceived people to find genetic half-siblings from the same egg- or sperm donor.

Some donors are non-anonymous, but most are anonymous, i. e. the donor conceived person doesn't know the true identity of the donor. Still, he/she may get the donor number from the fertility clinic. If that donor had donated before, then other donor conceived people with the same donor number are thus genetic half-siblings. In short, donor registries match people who type in the same donor number.

Alternatively, if the donor number isn't available, then known donor characteristics, e. g. hair, eye and skin color may be used in matching.

Donors may also register, and therefore, donor registries may also match donors with their genetic children.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Womensinstiture
  2. ^ Textbook of Assisted Reproductive Techniques, Laboratory and Clinical Perspectives, edited by David K. Gardner, 2001
  3. ^ Kathryn Jean Lopez on Egg Selling on National Review Online
  4. ^ Textbook of Assisted Reproductive Techniques, Laboratory and Clinical Perspectives, edited by David K. Gardner, 2001

ASRM Practice Committee Reports, Fertility Sterility 82, Suppl. 1, Sept. 2004.

See also

External links

Sperm donation is the name of the practice by which a Man, known as a sperm donor, provides his Semen with the intention that it be used to produce a baby A donor offspring, or donor conceived person, is conceived via the donation of Sperm ( Sperm donation) or Ova ( Egg donation) or both

Dictionary

egg donation

-noun

  1. The process by which a woman provides one or several eggs (ova, oocytes) for purposes of assisted reproduction or biomedical research
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