Efficacy is the ability to produce a desired amount of an effect.
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Explanation
Medical
In a medical context it indicates that the therapeutic effect of a given intervention (e. A therapeutic effect is a consequence of a medical treatment of any kind the results of which are judged to be desirable and beneficial g. intake of a medicine, an operation, or a public health measure) is acceptable. 'Acceptable' in that context refers to a consensus that it is at least as good as other available interventions to which it will have ideally been compared to in a clinical trial. In health care clinical trials are conducted to allow safety and Efficacy data to be collected for new drugs or devices For example, an efficacious vaccine has the ability to prevent or cure a specific illness in an acceptable proportion of exposed individuals. A vaccine is a biological preparation which is used to establish or improve immunity to a particular disease A cure is a substance or procedure that makes a sick or diseased person well Illness (sometimes referred to as ill-health or ail) can be defined as a state of poor Health. In strict epidemiological language, 'efficacy' refers to the impact of an intervention in a clinical trial, differing from 'effectiveness' which refers to the impact in real world situations.
The concept of 'self-efficacy' is an important one in the self-management of chronic diseases because doctors and patients often do not follow best practice in using a treatment. In Medicine, a chronic disease is a Disease that is long-lasting or recurrent Best Practice is an idea that asserts that there is a technique, method process activity incentive or reward that is more effective at delivering a particular outcome than For instance, a patient using combined oral contraceptive pills to prevent pregnancy may sometimes forget to take a pill at the prescribed time; thus, while the perfect-use failure rate for this form of contraception in the first year of use is just 0. 3%, the typical-use failure rate is 8%. [1]
Pharmacology
In pharmacology, intrinsic activity or efficacy refers to the ability of a drug to induce a biological response in its molecular target. This must be distinguished from the affinity, which refers to the ability of the drug to bind to its molecular target. The term introduced by Stephenson (1956)[1] to describe the way in which agonists vary in the response they produce even when they occupy the same number of receptors. High-efficacy agonists can produce their maximal response while occupying a relatively low proportion of receptors; agonists of lower efficacy cannot activate the receptors to the same degree and may not be able to produce the same maximal response even when they occupy the entire receptor population, thereby behaving as partial agonists[2]
The term is often used to classify the activity of a drug upon binding to its receptor.
- agonist: affinity and maximum efficacy
- antagonist : affinity without efficacy
- partial agonist: affinity and partial efficacy
Lighting
In lighting design, "efficacy" refers to the amount of light (luminous flux) produced by a lamp (a light bulb or other light source), usually measured in lumens, as a ratio of the amount of energy consumed to produce it, usually measured in watts. An agonist is a term used to describe a type of ligand or drug that binds and alters the activity of a receptor. A receptor antagonist is a type of receptor ligand or Drug that does not provoke a biological response itself upon binding to a receptor, but blocks Luminous efficacy is a property of Light sources which indicates what portion of the emitted Electromagnetic radiation is usable for human vision. In photometry, luminous flux or luminous power is the measure of the perceived power of Light. The lumen (symbol lm) is the SI unit of Luminous flux, a measure of the perceived power of Light. This is not to be confused with efficiency which is always a dimensionless ratio of output divided by input which for lighting relates to the watts of visible energy as a ratio of the energy consumed in watts. The visible energy can be approximated by the area under the Planck curve between 300 nm and 700 nm for a blackbody at the temperature of the filament as a ratio of the total energy under the blackbody curve. In Physics, a black body is an object that absorbs all light that falls on it Efficacy values for light from a heat source are typically less than two percent.
Difference amplifiers
The efficacy of a differential amplifier is measured by the degree of its rejection of common-mode signals impreference to differential signals. Refer to common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR).
See also
- Placebo (origins of technical term)
- Vaccine efficacy
- Efficiency
- Figure of merit
- Self-efficacy
- Effectiveness
References
- ^ Stephensn RP 1965 A modificaion of receptor theory. Placebo is a substance or procedure a patient accepts as medicine or therapy but which has no specific therapeutic activity Vaccine efficacy is defined as the reduction in the incidence of a disease among people who have received a Vaccine compared to the incidence in unvaccinated people A Figure of merit is a quantity used to characterize the performance of a device relative to other devices of the same type Self-efficacy is the belief that one is capable of performing in a certain manner to attain certain goals Effectiveness means the capability of producing an Effect. In Physics, an effective theory is similar to a phenomenological theory a framework intended Br J Pharmacol 11:379-393
- ^ Glaxo Wellcome pharmacology guide
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