| St Edwin of Northumbria | |
| King of Deira and Bernicia | |
 Imaginary depiction of Edwin from John Speed's 1611 "Saxon Heptarchy". John Speed (1542–1629 was a Historian, now best remembered as the Cartographer whose maps of English counties are often found framed in homes throughout the |
|
| Reign | 616 - 12 October 633 |
|---|---|
| Born | 585 |
| Birthplace | Deira, England |
| Died | 12 October 633 |
| Place of death | Hatfield Chase, England |
| Predecessor | Æthelfrith |
| Wives | Cwenburg Æthelburg of Kent |
| Issue | Osfrith, Uscfrea, Eadfrith, Æthelhun, Eanflæd, Æthelthryth |
| Father | Ælle |
| Sainthood | ||
|---|---|---|
| Convert, King, Martyr[1] | ||
| Venerated in | Eastern Orthodox Church, Roman Catholic Church, Anglican Communion | |
| Commemorated | 12 October | |
| Patronage | converts; hoboes; homeless people; kings; parents of large | |
 Saints Portal |
||
Saint Edwin (alternately Eadwine or Æduini) (c. Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon. Events By Place Europe Oswald of Bernicia becomes Bretwalda. Osric becomes king of Deira. Deira was a kingdom in Northern England during the 6th century AD England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon. Events By Place Europe Oswald of Bernicia becomes Bretwalda. Osric becomes king of Deira. Hatfield Chase was a low-lying area in South Yorkshire, England which often flooded and is chiefly known from the Battle of Hatfield Chase in 633 Æthelfrith (died c 616 was King of Bernicia from c 593 until c Saint Ethelburga (also known as Æthelburh Ædilburh and Æthelburga) (c Eanflæd ( 19 April 626 &ndash 11 December 704) was the daughter of King Edwin of Deira and Æthelburg, daughter of King Ælla ( Ella, Ille) (died 588 is the first known king of Deira. In Christianity, veneration ( Latin veneratio, Greek &delta&omicron&upsilon&lambda&iota&alpha dulia) or veneration of saints The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world See also Anglicanism The Anglican Communion is an international association of national Anglican churches The Calendar of saints is a traditional Christian method of organizing a Liturgical year on the level of days by associating each day with one or more Saints The patron saint of a particular group of people is a Saint who would protect and 'love' the group and its members Hobo is a term that refers to a Subculture of wandering Homeless people particularly those who make a habit of hopping freight trains. 586–October 12, 632/633) was the King of Deira and Bernicia - which would later become known as Northumbria - from about 616 until his death. Northumbria, a kingdom of Angles in northern England, was initially divided into two kingdoms Bernicia and Deira. Deira was a kingdom in Northern England during the 6th century AD Bernicia was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom established by Anglian settlers of the 6th century in what is now the South-East of Scotland and the North-East of He converted to Christianity and was baptised in 627; after he fell at the Battle of Hatfield Chase, he was venerated as a saint. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted AC = "according to the Annales Cambriae " The Battle of Hatfield (O A saint (from the Latin sanctus) is a human being to whom has been attributed (and who has generally demonstrated a high level of Holiness and Sanctity
Edwin was the son of Ælle king of Deira. Ælla ( Ella, Ille) (died 588 is the first known king of Deira. Deira was a kingdom in Northern England during the 6th century AD His sister Acha was married to Æthelfrith, king of neighbouring Bernicia. Æthelfrith (died c 616 was King of Bernicia from c 593 until c Bernicia was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom established by Anglian settlers of the 6th century in what is now the South-East of Scotland and the North-East of An otherwise unknown sibling fathered Hereric, who in turn fathered Abbess Hilda of Whitby and Hereswith, wife to king Anna of East Anglia's brother Æthelric. Hilda of Whitby (c 614&ndash680 is a Christian Saint. The source of information about Hilda is The Ecclesiastical History of the English Anna was a mid-7th century King of East Anglia. He was the nephew of Raedwald of East Anglia, and probably the second of the sons of Eni, Raedwald's brother [2]
Contents |
Early life and exile
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports that on Ælle's death a certain "Æthelric" assumed power. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of Annals in Old English chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons. Aethelric (died c. 604? was a King of Deira ( c. 589/599&ndash c. The exact identity of Æthelric is uncertain. He may have been a brother of Ælle, an elder brother of Edwin, an otherwise unknown Deiran noble, or the father of Æthelfrith. Æthelfrith himself appears to have been king of "Northumbria"—both Deira and Bernicia—by no later than 604. [3] During the reign of Æthelfrith, Edwin was an exile. The location of his early exile as a child is not known, but late traditions, reported by Reginald of Durham and Geoffrey of Monmouth, place Edwin in the kingdom of Gwynedd, fostered by king Cadfan ap Iago, so allowing biblical parallels to be drawn from the struggle between Edwin and his supposed foster-brother Cadwallon. Reginald of Durham ( fl. 1162 &mdash 1173 was an English monk and Hagiologist. Geoffrey of Monmouth ( Gruffudd ap Arthur or Sieffre o Fynwy) (c Gwynedd (pr) is one of several Welsh Successor states that emerged in 5th-century post-Roman Britain. Cadfan ap Iago (c 580&ndash625 reigned from c 615 (Catamanus Gideon was a King of Gwynedd. Cadwallon ap Cadfan (died 634 was the King of Gwynedd from around 625 until his death in battle By the 610s he was certainly in Mercia, under the protection of king Cearl, whose daughter Cwenburg he married. Cearl was an early king of Mercia who ruled during the early part of the 7th century perhaps from about 606 to about 626 [4]
By around 616, Edwin was in East Anglia, under the protection of king Raedwald. Rædwald, son of Tytila, was King of the East Angles from c 600 AD until his death in c 624 AD Bede reports that Æthelfrith tried to have Raedwald murder his unwanted rival, and that Raedwald was minded to do so, only being persuaded otherwise by his wife with Divine prompting. Bede (ˈbiːd (also Saint Bede, the Venerable Bede, or (from Latin Beda (beda (c [5] Regardless of the exact course of events, Raedwald faced Æthelfrith in battle by the river Idle in 616, and Æthelfrith was killed, along with Raedwald's son Raegenhere. The River Idle is a River in Nottinghamshire, England. Its source is the confluence of the River Maun and River Meden, near [6] Edwin was installed as king of Northumbria, effectively confirming Raedwald as Bretwalda; Æthelfrith's sons went into exile in Irish Dál Riata and Pictland. Bretwalda, also Brytenwalda, Bretenanwealda, is an Anglo-Saxon term the first record of which comes from the late ninth century Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Dál Riata (also Dalriada or Dalriata) was a Gaelic overkingdom on the western seaboard of Scotland with some territory on the northern The Picts were a Confederation of tribes in what was later to become eastern and northern Scotland from Roman times until the 10th century That Edwin was able to take power not only in his native Deira, but also Bernicia, may have been due to his support from Raedwald, to whom he may have remained subject during the early part of his reign. Edwin's reign marks an interruption of the otherwise consistent domination of Northumbria by the Bernicians, and has been seen as "contrary to the prevailing tendency". [7]
Edwin as king
With the death of Æthelfrith, and of the powerful Æthelberht of Kent the same year, Raedwald and his client Edwin were well placed to dominate England, and indeed Raedwald did so until his death a decade later. Æthelberht (also Æthelbert, Aethelberht, Aethelbert, or Ethelbert) (c Edwin annexed the minor British kingdom of Elmet following a campaign in either 616 or 626. During the Early Middle Ages, between approximately the 5th century and early 7th century AD Elmet was an independent Celtic kingdom covering a broad area of Elmet had probably been subject to Mercia and then to Edwin. [8] The much larger kingdom of Lindsey appears to have been taken over c. Lindsey or Linnuis is the name of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom that lay between the Humber and The Wash, forming its inland boundaries from the course 625, after the death of king Raedwald.
At this time Edwin and Eadbald of Kent were allies, and Edwin arranged to marry Eadbald's sister Æthelburg. Eadbald (died 640 was King of Kent from 616 until his death He succeeded his father Æthelberht, who made Kent the dominant force in England during Saint Ethelburga (also known as Æthelburh Ædilburh and Æthelburga) (c It is said by Bede that Eadbald would only agree to marry his sister to Edwin if he converted to Christianity. The marriage of Eadbald's Merovingian mother Bertha had resulted in the conversion of Kent, and Æthelburg's would do the same in Northumbria. The Merovingians (also Merovings) were a Salian Frankish dynasty that came to rule the Franks in a region (known as Francia in Latin See also Saint Bertha of Val d'Or Saint Bertha or Saint Aldeberge (539 &ndash c [9]
Edwin's expansion to the west may have begun in early in his reign. In the early 620s, there is firm evidence of a war being waged between Edwin and Fiachnae mac Báetáin of the Dál nAraidi, king of the Ulaid in Ireland. Fiachnae mac Báetáin, also called Fiachnae Lurgan or Fiachnae Find, was king of the Dál nAraidi and high-king of the Ulaid in the early 7th Dál nAraidi (sometimes Latinised as Dalaradia &mdash which should not be confused with Dál Riata, Latinised as Dalriada was a kingdom of the Cruthin The Ulaid (pron /'ʊləɣ′/ were a people of early north-eastern Ireland, who gave their name to the modern province of Ulster: modern Irish Cúige Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world A lost poem is known to have existed recounting Fiachnae's campaigns against the Saxons, and the Irish annals report the siege, or the storming, of Bamburgh in Bernicia in 623–624. A number of Irish annals were compiled up to and shortly after the end of Gaelic Ireland in the 17th century Bamburgh is a large village on the coast of Northumberland, England. This should presumably be placed in the context of Edwin's designs on the Isle of Man, a target of Ulaid ambitions. The Isle of Man (Ellan Vannin ˈɛlʲən ˈvanɪn or Mann (Mannin) is a self-governing Crown dependency, located in the Irish Sea at the geographical Fiachnae's death in 626, at the hands of his namesake, Fiachnae mac Demmáin of the Dál Fiatach, and the second Fiachnae's death a year later in battle against the Dál Riata probably eased the way for Edwin's conquests in the Irish sea province. The Dál Fiatach were a group of related tribes located in north-east Ulster in the Early Christian and Early Medieval periods of the history of Ireland Dál Riata (also Dalriada or Dalriata) was a Gaelic overkingdom on the western seaboard of Scotland with some territory on the northern [10]
The routine of kingship in Edwin's time involved regular, probably annual, wars with neighbors, to obtain tribute, submission and slaves. By Edwin's death, it is likely that these annual wars, unreported in the main, had extended the Northumbrian kingdoms from the Humber and the Mersey north to the Southern Uplands and the Cheviots. The Humber is a large tidal Estuary on the east coast of northern England See also Mersey River (Tasmania and Mersey River (Nova Scotia. The Southern Uplands is the southernmost of Scotland 's three major geographic areas (the others being the Central Belt and the Highlands) The Cheviot Hills are a range of rolling hills straddling the England / Scotland border between Northumberland and the Scottish Borders. [11]
The royal household moved regularly from one "royal villa" to the next, consuming the food renders given in tribute and the produce of the royal estates, dispensing justice, and ensuring that royal authority remained visible throughout the land. The royal sites in Edwin's time included Yeavering in Bernicia, where traces of a timber amphitheatre have been found. Yeavering is a very small hamlet in the north-east corner of the Civil parish of Kirknewton in the English county of Northumberland An amphitheatre (alternatively amphitheater) is an open-air venue for spectator sports concerts rallies or theatrical performances This "Roman" feature makes Bede's claim that Edwin was preceded by a standard-bearer carrying a "tufa" (OE thuuf, this may have been a winged globe) appear to be more than antiquarian curiosity, although whether the model for this practice was Roman or Frankish is unknown. Other royal sites included Campodunum in Elmet (perhaps Barwick), Sancton in Deira and Goodmanham, the site where the pagan high priest Coifi destroyed the idols according to Bede. Barwick-in-Elmet is a Village 8 km (6 miles east of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. Sancton is a village and Civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. Goodmanham (alias Godmundin Gaham is a small village and Civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. [12] Edwin's realm included the former Roman cities of York and Carlisle, and both appear to have been of some importance in the 7th century, although it is not clear whether urban life continued at this period. York ( is an historic Walled city sited at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. Carlisle (pronounced CARLYLE(emphasis on the first syllable is a City in northern England the largest settlement in Cumbria. [13]
Edwin's conversion to Christianity
The account of Edwin's conversion offered by Bede turns on two events. The first, during Edwin's exile, tells how Edwin's life was saved by Paulinus of York. St Paulinus (born c 584 died 10 October 644 was the first Bishop of York and Bishop of Rochester in England The second, following his marriage to Æthelburg, was the attempted assassination at York, at Easter 626, by an agent of Cwichelm of Wessex, Edwin's decision to allow the baptism of his daughter Eanfled and his subsequent promise to adopt Christianity if his campaign against Cwichelm proved successful. York ( is an historic Walled city sited at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. Cwichelm (died Circa 636 was an Anglo-Saxon king of the Gewisse, a people in the upper Thames area who later created the kingdom of Wessex Eanflæd ( 19 April 626 &ndash 11 December 704) was the daughter of King Edwin of Deira and Æthelburg, daughter of King Apart from these events, the general character of Bede's account is one of an indecisive king, unwilling to take risks, unable to decide whether to convert or not. [14]
As well as these events, the influence of Edwin's half-Merovingian Queen cannot be ignored, and the letters which Bede reproduces, sent by Pope Boniface V to Edwin and Athelburg are unlikely to have been unique. Boniface V (died October 25, 625) was Pope from 619 to 625 He was consecrated as pope on December 23, 619. Given that Kent was under Frankish influence, while Bede sees the mission as being "Roman" in origin, the Franks were equally interested in converting their fellow Germans, and in extending their power and influence. [15] Bede recounts Edwin's baptism, and that of his chief men, on the 12th of April 627. [16] Edwin's zeal, so Bede says, led to Raedwald's son Eorpwald also converting. Eorpwald was the son of Raedwald and ruled as King of East Anglia from c 624 to c627 [17]
Edwin's conversion and Eorpwald's were reversed by their successors, and in the case of Northumbria the Roman Paulinus appears to have had very little impact. Indeed, by expelling British clergy from Elmet and elsewhere in Edwin's realm, Paulinus may have weakened the Church rather than strengthening it. Very few Roman clergy were present in Paulinus's time, only James the Deacon being known, so that the "conversion" can have been only superficial, extending little beyond the royal court. James the Deacon was an Italian Deacon who accompanied Paulinus of York on his mission to Northumbria to the court of King Edwin of Deira Paulinus's decision to flee Northumbria at Edwin's death, unlike his acolyte James who remained in Northumbria for many years afterwards until his death, suggests that the conversion was not popular, and the senior Italian cleric unloved. [18]
Edwin as overlord
The first challenge to Edwin came soon after his marriage-alliance with Kent, concluded at Canterbury in the summer of 625. Canterbury ( ˈkæntəbɹ̩i is a City in eastern Kent in the South East region of England. By offering his protection to lesser kings, such as the king of Wight, Edwin thwarted the ambitions of Cwichelm of Wessex. The Isle of Wight is an English Island and county in the English Channel between three and five miles (8 km from the south coast of the Cwichelm's response was to send an assassin, as noted already. Edwin did not immediately respond to this insult, suggesting either that he felt unable to do so, or that Bede's portrayal of him as a rather indecisive ruler is accurate. Following the failed assassination, as noted, Edwin committed himself to Christianity provided only that he was victorious against Cwichelm.
From about 627 onwards, Edwin was the most powerful king among the Anglo-Saxons, ruling Bernicia, Deira and much of eastern Mercia, the Isle of Man and Anglesey. The Isle of Man (Ellan Vannin ˈɛlʲən ˈvanɪn or Mann (Mannin) is a self-governing Crown dependency, located in the Irish Sea at the geographical History There are numerous Megalithic monuments and Menhirs present on Anglesey testifying to the presence of mankind in prehistory His alliance with Kent, the subjection of Wessex, and his recent successes added to his power and authority. The imperium, as Bede calls it, that Edwin possessed was later equated with the idea of a Bretwalda, a later concept invented by West Saxon kings in the 9th century. Bretwalda, also Brytenwalda, Bretenanwealda, is an Anglo-Saxon term the first record of which comes from the late ninth century Anglo-Saxon Chronicle West Saxon redirects here For other meanings of Wessex or West Saxon see Wessex (disambiguation. Put simply, success confirmed Edwin's overlordship, and failure would diminish it. [19]
Edwin's supposed foster-brother Cadwallon ap Cadfan enters the record circa 629, but Cadwallon was defeated and either submitted to Edwin's authority or went into exile. Cadwallon ap Cadfan (died 634 was the King of Gwynedd from around 625 until his death in battle [20] With the defeat of Cadwallon, Edwin's authority appears to have been unchallenged for a number of years, until Penda of Mercia and Cadwallon rose against him in 632–633. Penda (died November 15 655 was a 7th-century King of Mercia, a kingdom in what is today the English Midlands.
Edwin faced Penda and Cadwallon at the battle of Hatfield Chase in the autumn of 632 or 633, and was defeated and killed. AC = "according to the Annales Cambriae " The Battle of Hatfield (O For a time his body was (allegedly) hidden in Sherwood Forest at a location that became the village of Edwinstowe (trans. Sherwood Forest is a Royal Forest in Nottinghamshire, England, that is famous through its historical association with the Legend of Robin Edwinstowe is a Village in the heart of Sherwood Forest, north Nottinghamshire, England. Edwin's resting place). Of his two grown sons by Cwenburh of Mercia, Osfrith died at Hatfield, and Eadfrith was captured by Penda and killed some time afterwards. [21]
After his death, Edwin's Queen Æthelburg, along with Paulinus, returned to Kent, taking her son Uscfrea, daughter Eanfled, and Osfrith's son Yffi into exile with her. Uscfrea and Yffi were sent to the court of Æthelburg's kinsman Dagobert I, king of the Franks, but died soon afterwards. Dagobert I (c 603 &ndash 19 January 639) was the king of Austrasia (623&ndash634 king of all the Franks (629&ndash634 and king of Eanfled, however, lived to marry her first cousin king Oswiu, son of Acha and Æthelfrith. Oswiu (c 612&ndash 15 February 670) also known as Oswy, was King of Bernicia.
Death and legacy
Edwin's realm was divided at his death. He was succeeded by Osric, son of Edwin's paternal uncle Ælfric, in Deira, and by Eanfrith, son of Æthelfrith and Edwin's sister Acha, in Bernicia. Osric (died 633 or 634 was a King of Deira (632&ndash633 or 633&ndash634 in northern England. Eanfrith (590-634 was briefly King of Bernicia from 633 to 634 Eanfrith married a Pictish princess and had a son Talorcan, who later became a king of the Both reverted to paganism, and both were killed by Cadwallon; eventually Eanfrith's brother Oswald defeated and killed Cadwallon and united Northumbria once more. Paganism (from Latin paganus, meaning "country dweller rustic" is a word used to refer to various religions and religious beliefs from across the world Oswald (c 604 &ndash August 5, 642) was King of Northumbria from 634 until his death and is now venerated as a Christian Saint. Thereafter, with the exception of Oswine son of Osric, power in Northumbria was in the hands of the Idings, the descendants of Ida of Bernicia, until the middle of the 8th century. Oswine or Osuine (d August 20, 651) was a King of Deira in northern England. Ida or Ida the Flamebearer (died 559 was a ruler (probably the founder of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Bernicia between 547 and 559
After his death, Edwin came to be venerated as a saint by some, although his cult was eventually overshadowed by the ultimately more successful cult of Oswald, who was killed in 642. They met their deaths in battle against similar foes, the pagan Mercians and the British in both cases, thus allowing both of them to be perceived as martyrs; however, Bede's treatment of Oswald clearly demonstrates that he regarded Oswald as an unambiguously saintly figure, a status that he did not accord to Edwin. [22]
Edwin's renown comes largely from his treatment at some length by Bede, writing from an uncompromisingly English and Christian perspective, and rests on his belated conversion to Christianity. His united kingdom in the north did not outlast him, and his conversion to Christianity was renounced by his successors. When his kingship is compared with his pagan brother-in-law Æthelfrith, or to Æthelfrith's sons Oswald and Oswiu, or to the resolutely pagan Penda of Mercia, Edwin appears to be something less than a key figure in Britain during the first half of the 7th century. Perhaps the most significant legacies of Edwin's reign lay in his failures, the rise of Penda and of Mercia, and the return from Irish exile of the sons of Æthelfrith which tied the kingdom of Northumbria into the Irish sea world for generations. [23]
Notes
- ^ Edwin is sometimes listed as a martyr as he died in battle with the pagan King Penda of Mercia
- ^ Higham, Kingdom of Northumbria, p. 80; Kirby, p. 72. Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 76, makes Hereric a brother of Edwin.
- ^ Higham, "Edwin", p. 44.
- ^ Cadfan: Marsden, Northamhymbre Saga, pp. 82–83; Geoffrey of Monmouth, pp. 268–269. Mercia: Bede, HE, II, xiv; Higham, Kingdom of Northumbria, pp. 112–113; Holdsworth, "Edwin".
- ^ Bede, HE, II, xii.
- ^ Bede, HE, II, xii; ASC(E), s. a. 617.
- ^ D. P. Kirby, The Earliest English Kings (1991, 2000), pages 61–62.
- ^ Death of Ceretic in Annales Cambriae, s. Annales Cambriae, or The Annals of Wales, is the name given to a complex of Cambro-Latin Chronicles deriving ultimately from a text compiled a. 616; Bede, HE, IV, xxiii; Higham, Kingdom of Northumbria, pp. 84–87 & 116.
- ^ Bede, HE, II, ix–xi; Holdsworth, "Edwin"; Higham, Kingdom of Northumbria, pp. 113–115.
- ^ For Fiachnae see Ó Cróinín, Early Medieval Ireland, pp. 51–52; Byrne, Irish Kings and High Kings, p. 111. Siege or capture of Bamburgh see Annals of Ulster, s. The Annals of Ulster ( Annála Uladh) are a Chronicle of medieval Ireland. a. 623; Annals of Tigernach, s. The Annals of Tigernach ( abbr AT) is a Chronicle probably originating in Clonmacnoise, Ireland. a. 624.
- ^ Higham, Kingdom of Northumbria, p. 123
- ^ Tufa: Bede, HE, II, xvi. Royal villas: Gittos, "Yeavering"; Holdsworth, "Edwin"; Higham, Kingdom of Northumbria, p. 81; Bede, HE, II, xiii.
- ^ Blair, "Carlisle"; Hall, "York".
- ^ Bede, HE, II, ix–xiv.
- ^ James, The Franks, p. 103; Bede, HE, II, ix–xi; Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 60–61.
- ^ Bede, HE, II, xiv.
- ^ Bede, HE, II, xv.
- ^ Higham, Kingdom of Northumbria, pp. 119–124; Lapidge, "James the Deacon"; Lapidge, "Paulinus".
- ^ Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 80–82; Keynes, "Bretwalda"; Holdsworth, "Edwin"; Bede, HE, II, v; Higham, Kingdom of Northumbria, p. 115.
- ^ AC, s. a. 629; Higham, Kingdom of Northumbria, p. 116; Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 80–82.
- ^ Higham, Kingdom of Northumbria, p. 124; Bede, HE,, II, xx.
- ^ See Stancliffe, "Oswald", p. 41, for Bede's higher regard for Oswald; Thacker, "Membra Disjecta", p. 107, for the greater success of Oswald's cult.
- ^ Edwin's legacy: Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 81–82; Higham, Kingdom of Northumbria, p. 125ff. ;Campbell, "St Cuthbert", pp. 86–87.
References
|
see also External links for primary sources
|
|
External links
- Bede's Ecclesiastical History and its Continuation (pdf), at CCEL, translated by A. M. Sellar, Latin edition at the Latin Library.
- Anglo-Saxon Chronicle an XML edition by Tony Jebson, including Ms. E.
- Annales Cambriae (translated) at the Internet Medieval Sourcebook.
- Anglo-Saxon texts, selected Anglo-Saxon texts at Fordham University, Internet Medieval Sourcebook.
- CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork includes the Annals of Ulster and Tigernach. Most works are translated into English, or translations are in progress.
| Preceded by: Aethelfrith |
Kings of Bernicia | Succeeded by: Eanfrith |
| Kings of Deira | Succeeded by: Osric |
|
| Preceded by: Raedwald of East Anglia |
Bretwalda | Succeeded by: Oswald of Bernicia |
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic