- For the impostor who claimed the throne as "Edward VI" in 1487 see Lambert Simnel. Lambert Simnel (c 1477 &ndash c 1525 was a child Pretender to the throne of England.
| Edward VI | |
|---|---|
| King of England and Ireland (more...) | |
 |
|
| Edward as Prince of Wales, Flemish School[1] | |
| Reign | 28 January 1547 – 6 July 1553 |
| Coronation | 20 February 1547 |
| Predecessor | Henry VIII |
| Regent | Lord Northumberland (1549–1553) Lord Somerset (1547–1549) and Council |
| Successor | Jane de facto; Mary I de jure |
| Titles and styles | |
| HM The King The Prince of Wales The Duke of Cornwall |
|
| Royal house | House of Tudor |
| Father | Henry VIII |
| Mother | Jane Seymour |
| Born | 12 October 1537 Hampton Court Palace, Richmond upon Thames |
| Died | 6 July 1553 (aged 15) Palace of Placentia, Greenwich |
| Burial | 9 August 1553 Henry VII Lady Chapel, Westminster Abbey |
Edward VI (12 October 1537 – 6 July 1553) became King of England and Ireland, on 28 January 1547, and was crowned on 20 February, at nine years of age. The precise style of British Sovereigns has varied over the years Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Lord John Dudley (1501 &ndash 22 August, 1553) was a Tudor general admiral and politician who de facto ruled England in the latter half of King } Edward Seymour 1st Duke of Somerset (c 1506 &ndash 22nd January 1552 was Lord Protector of England in the period between the death of Henry VIII in Lady Jane Grey (1536/1537&ndash 12 February 1554) also referred to as Queen Jane, a greatniece of Henry VIII of England, was a claimant Mary I (18 February 1516 &ndash 17 November 1558 was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death A royal house or royal dynasty is a familial designation or Family name of sorts used by Royalty. The Tudor dynasty or House of Tudor was an English royal Dynasty that lasted 118 years from 1485 to 1603 a period known as the Tudor period Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Jane Seymour (1508– 24 October 1537) was Queen Consort of England and the third wife of Henry VIII. Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon. Hampton Court Palace is a former royal palace in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, south west London, England. The London Borough of Richmond upon Thames ( is a London borough in south west London, England, which forms part of Outer London. Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England The Palace of Placentia was an English Royal Palace built by Humphrey Duke of Gloucester in 1447 in Greenwich, on the banks of the Greenwich ( ˈɡrɛnɪtʃ GREN-itch /ˈɡrɛnɪdʒ/ GREN-idge or /ˈɡrɪnɪdʒ/ GRIN-idge is a district in south-east London, Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus The Henry VII Lady Chapel, now more often known just as the Henry VII Chapel is a large Lady chapel at the far eastern end of Westminster Abbey built The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon. Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England The Kings of Wessex, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825 became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during The designation King of Ireland (Rí na hÉireann and Queen (regnant of Ireland was used during three periods of Irish history. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment He also carried the English claim to the French throne, but he did not rule France. The English claims to the French throne have a long and rather complex history between the 1340s and the 1800s This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Edward, the son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, was the third monarch of the Tudor dynasty and England's first born Protestant ruler. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Jane Seymour (1508– 24 October 1537) was Queen Consort of England and the third wife of Henry VIII. The Tudor dynasty or House of Tudor was an English royal Dynasty that lasted 118 years from 1485 to 1603 a period known as the Tudor period Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Edward's entire rule was mediated through a council of regency, as he never reached maturity. A regent, from the Latin regens "who reigns" is a person selected to act as Head of state (ruling or not because the ruler is a minor The council was first led by his uncle, Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (1547–1549), and then, after the Prayer Book Rebellion and Kett's Rebellion of 1549, by John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland (1549–1553). } Edward Seymour 1st Duke of Somerset (c 1506 &ndash 22nd January 1552 was Lord Protector of England in the period between the death of Henry VIII in The Prayer Book Rebellion, Western Rising or Western Rebellion was a popular revolt in Cornwall and Devon, in 1549 Kett's Rebellion was a revolt in Norfolk beginning in July 1549 instigated by Robert "Ben" Kett (or Ket of Wymondham, Norfolk Lord John Dudley (1501 &ndash 22 August, 1553) was a Tudor general admiral and politician who de facto ruled England in the latter half of King
Although Henry VIII had severed the link between the English church and Rome, it was during Edward's reign that Protestantism was fully established for the first time in England, with Thomas Cranmer, the Archbishop of Canterbury, implementing the Book of Common Prayer. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican An established church is a church officially sanctioned and supported by the government of a country e The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the The Book of Common Prayer is the common title of a number of prayer books of the Church of England and used throughout the Anglican Communion. Edward's reign was marked by increasingly harsh Protestant reforms, the loss of control of any part of Scotland, and an economic downturn. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. A period of social unrest begun earlier intensified during his rule, and conflicts with the French increased.
When it became clear that Edward's life was to be a short one, the Device to Alter the Succession was drafted. This made Lady Jane Grey, Edward's solidly Protestant cousin, the first in line of succession to the throne by excluding his two half sisters, the devout Catholic Mary and moderate Protestant Elizabeth. Lady Jane Grey (1536/1537&ndash 12 February 1554) also referred to as Queen Jane, a greatniece of Henry VIII of England, was a claimant Succession to the British throne is governed both by Common law and statute Mary I (18 February 1516 &ndash 17 November 1558 was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death Following Edward's death at the age of 15, a disputed succession reopened the religious conflicts. Lady Jane was Queen for only nine days, during that time reigning in name only, before she was replaced by Mary. Queen Mary then sought to undo many of Edward's Protestant reforms with the Marian Repeal Acts in her first two Parliaments.
Contents |
Early life
Painting by Hans Holbein
Prince Edward was born at Hampton Court Palace to the west of London. Hampton Court Palace is a former royal palace in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, south west London, England. [2] He was the son of King Henry VIII by his third wife, Jane Seymour, who died 12 days later from puerperal fever. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Jane Seymour (1508– 24 October 1537) was Queen Consort of England and the third wife of Henry VIII. Puerperal fever (from the Latin puer, child) also called childbed fever, can develop into puerperal sepsis, which is a serious It is sometimes claimed that Jane sacrificed her life by the performance of a Caesarean section, but this is disputed as Caesarean sections in the 16th century were almost invariably immediately fatal for the mother. A Caesarean section (or Cesarean section in American English) also known as C-section, is a form of Childbirth in which a surgical Henry was deeply upset at Jane's death. He described Jane as his only ‘True Wife’ as she was the only one that provided him with the son he so desperately wanted.
Edward automatically became Duke of Cornwall upon his birth; a few days later he was created Prince of Wales. The Dukedom of Cornwall was the first Dukedom created in the Peerage of England. Prince of Wales (Tywysog Cymru is a title traditionally granted to the Heir Apparent to the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom (and formerly the Kingdom His early care was guided by his father, who specified nurses for him, foremost among them was the "Lady Mistress," Lady Bryan.
Henry VIII was extremely pleased by the birth of a male heir. He had disposed of his two previous wives, Catherine of Aragon (mother of Mary) and Anne Boleyn (mother of Elizabeth), partially because of their failure to produce male heirs. Catherine of Aragon (16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536 also known as Catharine, Katherine or Katharine ( Castilian Infanta Catalina Mary I (18 February 1516 &ndash 17 November 1558 was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death Anne Boleyn (1501 or 1507 – 19 May 1536 was the Queen of England as the second wife of Henry VIII of England. Both marriages were annulled: Anne Boleyn was executed, and Mary and Elizabeth were declared illegitimate. Annulment in the Catholic Church See also Annulment (Catholic Church In the Roman Catholic Church, a marriage is considered to be a valid contract In Common law, legitimacy is the status of a Child that is born to parents who are legally married to one another or that is born shortly after the Henry later had them reinserted into the line of succession after Edward VI by the Third Succession Act (1543). An order of succession is a formula or algorithm that determines who inherits an office upon the death resignation or removal of its current occupant The Third Succession Act of Henry VIII's reign was passed by the Parliament of England in mid-1543 and returned both Mary and Elizabeth to the
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Edward at the age of six. TalkCommonewalth realm.--> The monarchy The Tudor dynasty or House of Tudor was an English royal Dynasty that lasted 118 years from 1485 to 1603 a period known as the Tudor period The Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom is the official Coat of arms of the British monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Henry Duke of Cornwall was the name of two sons of King Henry VIII of England and his first wife Catherine of Aragon. Mary I (18 February 1516 &ndash 17 November 1558 was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death
Painting by Hans Holbein |
Until recently it was widely accepted that Edward VI was an extremely sickly child, but now evidence is coming to light showing him as much more robust. Theories have speculated that he suffered from congenital syphilis[3] or from tuberculosis. Congenital syphilis is Syphilis present in utero and at birth and occurs when a child is born to a mother with secondary or tertiary syphilis Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common His first illness, experienced at the age of four, was a "quartan fever"[4] which lasted for months. His supposed frailty may have led Henry VIII to seek to remarry quickly; the King's last three marriages (to Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard and Catherine Parr), however, did not produce any children. Anne of Cleves Queen of England (22 September 1515&ndash16 July 1557 ( German: Anna von Jülich-Kleve-Berg) was the fourth wife of Henry VIII For other Catherine Howards see Catherine Howard (disambiguation Catherine Howard (between 1520 and 1525 – 13 February 1542 also called Catherine Parr ( c 1512 &ndash 5 September 1548 also known as Katherine or Katharine Parr(e, was the last of the six wives of Henry Other than this, Edward appears to have recovered quickly from other diseases. Edward's own journals mention no illness at all apart from a bout of measles in 1552. Measles (rubeola is a Disease caused by a virus specifically a Paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus. The policies of the Duke of Northumberland also indicate that he was making a foundation on which Edward was expected to build when he reached his majority at 16, rather than expecting Edward to die young. Lord John Dudley (1501 &ndash 22 August, 1553) was a Tudor general admiral and politician who de facto ruled England in the latter half of King
Edward's supposed physical difficulties did not impede his education; on the contrary, the young prince was a very bright child, already able to read and speak Greek and Latin at the age of seven. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. His principal tutors were Bishop Richard Cox, Sir John Cheke and Jean Belmain. Richard Cox (c 1500 - 22 July 1581) was an English clergyman who was dean of Westminster and Bishop of Ely. Sir John Cheke ( 16 June 1514 &ndash 13 September 1557) was an English Classical scholar and statesman notable as the Jean Belmain, also John Belmain (died after 1557) was a French Huguenot scholar who served as a French-language teacher to future English These were able teachers and great minds at the time, and imparted to Edward his knowledge of the Classics, seemingly based on the course of instruction described by Erasmus and Vives. Importantly, Henry VIII chose his tutors because they were humanists: he may also have considered their moderated Protestantism when making his choice,[5] as Edward was not brought up in the Catholic religion. Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal Edward's education was coloured by the Reformation that had swept through the Netherlands and Germany. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. [2] He later learned to speak French and Greek, and, by the age of thirteen, he was writing essays in the latter language. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people He was quite fond of his stepmother Catherine Parr, and wrote three letters to her, one each in French, English and Latin. He also wrote letters in Latin to his older sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, whom he addressed as his "Sweet Sister Temperance". (Waller, p. 47) Edward also had strong feelings for Mary, although these were tempered by their disagreements over religion. His love of learning and writing led him to found many grammar schools that were named after him. [3] He also gave the Royal Charter to Sherborne School, which has a claim to be the oldest educational establishment in England, teaching having occurred in the Abbey, which forms part of the school, from the 8th century. Sherborne School is a British Independent school for boys located in the town of Sherborne in north-west Dorset, England.
Christ's Hospital was the result of the vision of King Edward VI, assisted by Nicholas Ridley, Bishop of London, and Sir Richard Dobbs, Lord Mayor of London. Christ's Hospital (popularly known as The Bluecoat School, and also by the nicknames "Housey" and "CH" is a full board coeducational Boarding school Nicholas Ridley (died October 16, 1555) was an English Clergyman. Its genesis was the earlier dissolution of the monasteries and the resultant overflow onto the streets of the poor and destitute. The Dissolution of the Monasteries, sometimes referred to as the Suppression of the Monasteries, was the formal process between 1536 and 1541 by which Henry VIII disbanded Encouraged by a sermon from Ridley, exhorting mercy to the poor, the King wrote to the Lord Mayor encouraging him to action. This he did via a committee of 30 merchants. Henry VIII had already granted the use of Greyfriars to the City for the relief of the poor, and Edward granted The Palace of Bridewell, his lands of the Savoy and rents and other chattels to create three Royal Hospitals — Bridewell Hospital (now the King Edward's School, Witley, Surrey), St Thomas Hospital and Christ's Hospital, which was for the education of poor children. Bridewell Palace, London, originally a residence of Henry VIII, later became a poorhouse and prison St Thomas' Hospital is a large NHS Hospital in Lambeth, London, England. Christ's Hospital (popularly known as The Bluecoat School, and also by the nicknames "Housey" and "CH" is a full board coeducational Boarding school
The first boys and girls entered the school in Newgate in 1552. The royal charter was granted and signed by its founder, Edward VI, the following year, just a few days before his death.
Somerset's Protectorate
Council of Regency
Henry VIII died on 28 January 1547, when Edward was only nine. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted His will named sixteen executors, who were to act as a Council of Regency until Edward VI achieved majority at the age of eighteen (although it was agreed by the Council in 1552 that Edward would reach his majority at 16). In Common law, a will or testament is a document by which a person (the Testator) regulates the rights of others over his or her Property An executor, in the broadest sense is one who carries something out (in other words one who is responsible for executing a task A regent, from the Latin regens "who reigns" is a person selected to act as Head of state (ruling or not because the ruler is a minor These executors were to be supplemented by twelve assistants, who would participate only when the others deemed it fit. The executors were all inclined towards religious reformation, whose most prominent opponents, Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, Stephen Gardiner (the Bishop of Winchester) and Thomas Thirlby (the sole Bishop of Westminster), were excluded. Thomas Howard 3rd Duke of Norfolk (1473 – 25 August 1554) was a prominent Tudor politician. For the British architect see Stephen Gardiner (architect. Stephen Gardiner (c See also List of bishops of Winchester The Bishop of Winchester is the head of the Church of England Thomas Thirlby (c 1500&ndash1570 was an English bishop He remained loyal to the Roman Catholic Church during the English Reformation. The Council immediately appointed the king's maternal uncle Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford to serve as Lord Protector of the Realm and Governor of the King's Person during Edward's minority. } Edward Seymour 1st Duke of Somerset (c 1506 &ndash 22nd January 1552 was Lord Protector of England in the period between the death of Henry VIII in Lord Protector is a particular British title for Heads of State with two meanings (and full styles at different periods of history [6] A few days after Henry VIII's death, Lord Hertford was created Duke of Somerset and appointed to the influential positions of Lord High Treasurer and Earl Marshal. The Duke of Somerset is a title in the peerage of England that has been created several times The post of Lord High Treasurer or Lord Treasurer is an old English (after 1707, British) government position Earl Marshal (alternatively Marschal or Marischal) is an ancient chivalric title used separately in England, Ireland and the United Edward VI was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 20 February 1547. The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment [2]
To allay all doubts regarding the validity of Henry VIII's will, all the executors sought reappointment from Edward. On 13 March 1547, Edward VI created a new Council of twenty-six members. Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II. The Council consisted of all the executors and assistants, except for Thomas Wriothesley, 1st Earl of Southampton (who, whilst serving as Lord Chancellor, had illegally delegated some of his powers to other officials) and Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset. Thomas Wriothesley 1st Earl of Southampton KG ( 21 December, 1505 &ndash July 30, 1550) (pronounced "Risly" was a The Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, or Lord Chancellor is a senior and important functionary in the Government of the United Kingdom. Somerset, as Lord Protector, was supposed to act only on the advice of the other executors but was able to gain near complete control of government after obtaining the power to change the composition of the Council at his pleasure. The Lord Protector, then, became the real ruler of England, with Edward VI acting in a largely ceremonial role. Somerset's administration of the country would prove to be more merciful than tactical and more idealistic than practical; Henry VIII's treason and heresy acts were repealed or changed, resulting in social and political unrest. [7]
Ineffective rule
One of the Duke of Somerset's primary aims was to achieve a union between England and Scotland. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. In late 1547, an English army marched into Scotland and took control of the Lowlands in the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh. The Scottish Lowlands ( a' Ghalldachd, meaning roughly 'the non-Gaelic region' in Gaelic, and called Lawlands or Lallans in Scots The Battle of Pinkie Cleugh, along the banks of the River Esk near Musselburgh, Scotland on 10 September 1547, was part of the This action was the closing chapter in the War of the Rough Wooing and in the Anglo-Scottish Wars that had been simmering throughout the 16th century. The Rough Wooing was a term coined by Sir Walter Scott and H E The Anglo-Scottish Wars were a series of wars fought between England and Scotland during the sixteenth century In 1548, however, Mary, the young Scottish Queen, was betrothed to the Dauphin Francis, the heir-apparent to the French throne, thereby strengthening the traditional alliance between France and Scotland. The Dauphin of France (Dauphin de France—strictly Dauphin of Viennois ( Dauphin de Viennois)—was the title given to the Heir apparent of the Francis II (François II (19 January 1544 &ndash 5 December 1560 King-consort of Scotland (1558&ndash1560 and King of France (1559 &ndash 1560 was born This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.
The Duke of Somerset was hardly in a position to oppose both France and Scotland, as his own position was insecure. His brother, and the widower of Catherine Parr, Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley, the Lord High Admiral, took advantage of this weakness by hatching a plot to depose Somerset. Thomas Seymour 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley (c 1508 &ndash March 20, 1549) was a son of Sir John Seymour and the former Margarey Wentworth Lord Seymour's conspiracy, however, was exposed in 1549. A bill of attainder was introduced in Parliament and passed almost unanimously. A bill of attainder (also known as an act or writ of Attainder) is an act of Legislature declaring a person or group of persons guilty of Somerset was hesitant to sign his brother's death warrant, so Edward very reluctantly gave his consent to the Council; Lord Seymour was executed by beheading on 20 March 1549. Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. [8] Thomas Seymour was Edward's favourite uncle and his death would embitter the young king toward Protector Somerset. [2]
Another powerful influence on Edward VI was Thomas Cranmer, the Archbishop of Canterbury. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the Both Cranmer and the Duke of Somerset were committed to creating a Protestant England. The English Reformation was the series of events in 16th century England by which the Church of England first broke away from the authority of the Pope Various Catholic rites were replaced with Protestant ones. One of the most notable was Cranmer's Book of Common Prayer, which was published solely in English in 1549 to replace the four old liturgical books in Latin. The Book of Common Prayer is the common title of a number of prayer books of the Church of England and used throughout the Anglican Communion. The political aim of the work was to unite moderate religious factions into a single Protestant fold by obscuring the role of the Mass and downplaying the status of saints. Its use was enforced by an Act of Uniformity 1549 but it served only to antagonise both Protestants and Catholics. The Act of Uniformity 1549 (citation 2 & 3 Edward VI (reigned 1547 - 1553 c [7] Zealous reformers such as John Knox were appointed as court chaplains. John Knox (c 1510 – 24 November 1572 was a Scottish clergyman and leader of the Protestant Reformation who is considered the founder of the Presbyterian The Duke of Somerset, however, did not encourage persecution; rather, he refrained from it, as he feared the wrath of Europe's powerful Catholic monarchs, especially Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was
The Western or Prayer-Book Rebellion
The Western Rebellion was a movement opposing the Act of Uniformity. The ‘Book of Common Prayer’ was disapproved of by many in England, but it was especially opposed in Cornwall where the common tongue was not English but the native Cornish language. Cornwall ( Kernow ˈkɛɹnɔʊ is the most southwesterly county of England, on the Peninsula that lies to the west of the River Tamar For the Cornish-English dialect see West Country dialects and List of Cornish dialect words. However, although protesters explained that they spoke no English, Somerset refused to alter the Act: English was to be the language of the true English Church.
Led by prominent Catholic landowners, the protesters responded by forming an army of up to 3,000 men and proceeding to the city of Exeter, which they had assumed would support them. Exeter ( (IPA ˈeksɪtər is a city, district and County town of Devon, England. At Exeter, however, the mayor refused to open the city gates and a five-week siege began, during which time London had time to formulate a plan of action.
Somerset sent Sir Peter Carew and his brother to keep the Cornish army occupied until John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford could gather an army to counter the rebellion. Sir Peter Carew (1514&ndash 27 November 1575) was a Devonshire adventurer who served during the reign of Queen Elizabeth of England and became John Russell 1st Earl of Bedford, KG, PC, JP (c 1485 &ndash 14 March 1554 /1555 was an English royal minister in the later Eventually, and reinforced with troops from Italy and Germany, Russell was in a position to attack and most of the Cornish lost their lives when they were cut off and slaughtered by Gawen Carew. But the affair did little to aid Somerset’s popularity.
Somerset's fall
The Prayer Book Rebellion, along with Kett's Rebellion, which took place the same year, caused the Duke of Somerset to lose a good deal of support, even among his own Council. The Prayer Book Rebellion, Western Rising or Western Rebellion was a popular revolt in Cornwall and Devon, in 1549 Kett's Rebellion was a revolt in Norfolk beginning in July 1549 instigated by Robert "Ben" Kett (or Ket of Wymondham, Norfolk Inflation and the cost of war combined to double prices from 1547 to 1549 and although the wool industry boomed during this period - through the ongoing fencing in or enclosure of the landscape to raise sheep for individual proprietors - the displacement of common land caused great social unrest known as the enclosure riots. Wool is the fiber derived from the specialized skin cells called follicles of animals in the Caprinae family principally sheep, but the hair of certain species Enclosure or inclosure (the latter is used in Legal documents and Place names is the term used in England and Wales Common land (a common) is a piece of land owned by one person but over which other people can exercise certain traditional rights such as allowing their livestock to graze On August 8, 1549, taking advantage of internal strife, the French, under Henry II, formally declared war on England. Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula. Henry II (Henri II (31 March 1519 &ndash 10 July 1559 of the House of Valois and the son and successor of Francis I, was King of France from 31 Somerset’s response to the now substantial opposition to his Protectorate was to take possession of the King's person and flee to Windsor. However, he was soon deposed and sent under arrest to the Tower of London by John Dudley, Earl of Warwick and although Somerset briefly regained his place on the Council in 1550, he was executed in 1551. Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London (and historically as The Tower) is a historic monument in central London Lord John Dudley (1501 &ndash 22 August, 1553) was a Tudor general admiral and politician who de facto ruled England in the latter half of King
Under John Dudley, Earl of Warwick, Duke of Northumberland
Somerset was deposed, but John Dudley, Earl of Warwick made himself Lord President instead of Lord Protector, and even encouraged Edward VI into declaring his majority as soon as he was sixteen. Lord John Dudley (1501 &ndash 22 August, 1553) was a Tudor general admiral and politician who de facto ruled England in the latter half of King In 1550, Lord Northumberland conciliated the peasant rebels and made peace with France, giving up all of England's possessions in Scotland and Boulogne without compensation. [7] Unlike Somerset, Warwick was a man of action who was full of ambition to officially install and enforce an inflexible form of Protestantism and enrich himself with land and power.
The rise of the Earl of Warwick (later Duke of Northumberland) was accompanied by the fall of Catholicism in England. Use of the Book of Common Prayer in all Church services was more strictly enforced and all official editions of the Bible were accompanied by anti-Catholic annotations. The Book of Common Prayer is the common title of a number of prayer books of the Church of England and used throughout the Anglican Communion. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Catholic symbols in churches were desecrated by mobs and the Ordinal of 1550 replaced the divine ordination of priests with a government-run appointment system. [7] Religious dissenters, moreover, were often persecuted and burnt at the stake. The term dissenter (from the Latin dissentire, “to disagree” labels one who dissents or disagrees in matters of opinion belief etc Execution by burning has a long history as a method of Punishment for Crimes such as Treason, Heresy and Witchcraft In 1550 and 1551, the most powerful Roman Catholic Bishops, Edmund Bonner (the Bishop of London), Stephen Gardiner (the Bishop of Winchester) and Nicholas Heath (the Bishop of Worcester) included, were deposed and their places taken by Protestant reformers such as Nicholas Ridley. Edmund Bonner (also Edmund Boner) (c 1500 &ndash September 5, 1569) Bishop of London, was an English Bishop. The Bishop of London is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of London in the Province of Canterbury. For the British architect see Stephen Gardiner (architect. Stephen Gardiner (c See also List of bishops of Winchester The Bishop of Winchester is the head of the Church of England This is about the 16th century Archbishop for the British opera director see Nicholas Heath. The Bishop of Worcester heads the Church of England Diocese of Worcester in the Province of Canterbury in England. Nicholas Ridley (died October 16, 1555) was an English Clergyman. The Council under Warwick also systematically confiscated church territories and Warwick himself had the ambition to be the largest landowner in England. [9]
Meanwhile, the Duke of Somerset, who agreed to submit to Lord Warwick, was released from prison and readmitted to the Privy Council. Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council is a body of advisors to the British Sovereign. Within a few months, he found himself powerful enough to demand the release of other political and religious prisoners. He opposed the Council's attempt to curtail the religious liberty of Edward's sister, Mary. The Duke of Somerset's opposition to the more radical form of religious Reformation irked Lord Warwick.
Warwick attempted to increase his own prestige; on his advice, Edward created him Duke of Northumberland and bestowed honours on his numerous supporters. The Duke of Northumberland is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain. The Duke of Northumberland began a campaign to discredit the Duke of Somerset. The people of London were informed that the Duke of Somerset would destroy their city; Edward was told that the Duke would depose and imprison him and seize his Crown. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. It was also suggested that the Duke of Somerset had plotted to murder the Duke of Northumberland. In December of 1551, the Duke of Somerset was tried for treason on the grounds that he had attempted to imprison a member of the King's Council. In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation. The treason charge, however, could not be proven; instead, Somerset was found guilty of participating in unlawful assemblies, but was still sentenced to death. The Duke of Somerset was subsequently executed in January 1552.
On the day after the Duke of Somerset's execution, a new session of Parliament began. It passed the Act of Uniformity 1552, under which a second Book of Common Prayer was required for church services. The Act of Uniformity 1552 was enacted in 1552 by Edward VI of England. Unauthorised worship was punishable by up to life imprisonment.
The Devices and the plot to alter the succession
During his father's reign Edward had effectively been pampered and kept in seclusion. Edward desperately wanted his own freedom, and indulged in the early years of his reign with other children of his age. He became extremely fond of sports such as tennis. During the winter of 1552–53, Edward VI, strained by physical activities in the bitter weather, became ill. Although he may have contracted a cold or other respiratory infection, smallpox was epidemic in the region at the time. Doctors administered various medicines, but their efforts were in vain, leaving Edward in perpetual agony. The first symptoms of tuberculosis were manifest in January 1553 and by May it was obvious that his condition was fatal. Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common [10] Edward was enough the master of his own destiny to have concerns about the succession addressed. Having been brought up a Protestant, he had no desire to be succeeded by his older half-sister and devout Catholic, Mary. Mary I (18 February 1516 &ndash 17 November 1558 was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death
Traditional View
At the same time, the Duke of Northumberland was eager to retain his own power and contrived to alter the succession. He did not find the next two individuals in the line of succession, Mary and Elizabeth, conducive to his aims. The third individual in the line of succession under Henry VIII's will was Lady Frances Brandon (the daughter of Henry's younger sister Mary by Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk); she, too, was not to Northumberland's liking. Frances Grey Duchess of Suffolk ( July 16, 1517 &ndash November 20, 1559) born Lady Frances Brandon, was the second child and This article is about Mary Queen consort of France. For her niece and namesake Mary Tudor Queen regnant of England, see Mary I Charles Brandon 1st Duke of Suffolk (c 1484 &ndash 22 August 1545) was the son of Sir William Brandon and Elizabeth Bruyn Northumberland feared that Frances' husband, Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk, would claim the Crown as his own. Henry Grey Marquess of Dorset ( 17 January 1517 &ndash 23 February 1554) was an English nobleman of the Tudor period The Duke of Northumberland then foolishly attempted to rule through the Duchess of Suffolk's daughter, the Lady Jane Grey. Lady Jane Grey (1536/1537&ndash 12 February 1554) also referred to as Queen Jane, a greatniece of Henry VIII of England, was a claimant Jane was married off to the Duke of Northumberland's younger son, Guilford Dudley. The marriage between Lady Jane Grey and Guilford Dudley had been arranged for several months previous to Edward's sickness, and the Act to make Jane Grey heir to the throne and disclaim Mary and Elizabeth was written in Edward's own hand, showing that Edward at least consented to it. However, at the time that Guildford Dudley married Lady Jane Grey, it was not certain that she would be the mother of the next king, and she had not been named as heir to the throne. There is also debate over whether or not Edward was even thought to be dying at the time that the marriage was arranged.
.jpg/180px-Lady_Jane_Grey_(by_an_unknown_artist).jpg)
On 11 June 1553, the first draft of the will was written in Edward's own hand and the councilors of the privy council were forced to sign. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes.
The first draft of the will excluded Mary, Elizabeth, the Duchess of Suffolk and the Lady Jane Grey from the line of succession. The Crown was to be left to the Lady Jane's heirs-male, as it was not apparent that Edward would die so soon. Once it was discovered that Edward was indeed dying, the Device had to be altered. Because Lady Jane had no male heirs at this time, having been married only a month or so before, the draft was changed to leave the Crown to Jane and her heirs-male. Mary and Elizabeth were excluded because they were officially illegitimate; the Duchess of Suffolk agreed to renounce her own claims. As Edward VI lay dying, the Duke of Northumberland (according to legend) symbolically stole the crown from him and gave it to his daughter-in-law, the Lady Jane.
Revisionist perspectives
In recent years revisionist historians have speculated that there is in fact substantial evidence that Northumberland alone did not engineer the plot to subvert the succession and put Lady Jane Grey on the throne. Dale Hoak[11] suggests that "some others" shared Northumberland's responsibility for the scheme. Indeed, in his confession he did suggest that there were others involved but he would not name them. It is thought to have been Sir John Gates who "convinced Edward VI of the utlity of the plan", rather than Northumberland. David Starkey[12] has also suggested that "there is a distinct possibility that the audacious scheme to divert the succession from Mary to the staunchly reformist Jane Grey was Edward's rather than Northumberland's. Not to be confused with David Starkey (maritime historian. David Robert Starkey CBE (born 3 January 1945) " Matthew Christmas[13] has written that "it originated with Edward to ensure a Protestant successor", and Edward had the power to persuade even the Councillors and judges who signed the formal will because "whilst [Edward] lived, his word was law". He argues that at the time of Guildford Dudley's marriage to Jane Grey there was no way of realising that it would "give his son a crown, however briefly" and that he was just making another good "dynastic marriage", typical of the time.
Edward's death and aftermath
Edward died at the age of 15 at Greenwich Palace on 6 July 1553. The Palace of Placentia was an English Royal Palace built by Humphrey Duke of Gloucester in 1447 in Greenwich, on the banks of the Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England The definite cause of his death is unknown, but is believed to have been tuberculosis, arsenic poisoning, syphilis or rheumatoid arthritis. Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common Arsenic Poisoning kills by Allosteric inhibition of essential metabolic Enzymes, leading to death from multi-system Syphilis is a Sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochetal Bacterium Treponema pallidum pallidum. Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disorder that causes the Immune system to attack the Joints, where His last words were said to have been: "Oh my Lord God, defend this realm from papistry and maintain Thy true religion. "
He was buried in Henry VII Lady Chapel at Westminster Abbey by Thomas Cranmer with Protestant rites on 9 August 1553, while Mary had Mass said for his soul in the Tower. The Henry VII Lady Chapel, now more often known just as the Henry VII Chapel is a large Lady chapel at the far eastern end of Westminster Abbey built The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus
Edward's death was kept secret for several days so that preparations could be made for Jane's accession. High civic authorities privately swore their allegiance to the new Queen, who was not publicly proclaimed until 10 July 1553. List of current queens regnant A queen regnant (plural "queens regnant" is qualifying reference to a female Monarch possessing and exercising all of the monarchal Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia. However, the people were much more supportive of Mary, the rightful heir under the Act of Succession. The Third Succession Act of Henry VIII's reign was passed by the Parliament of England in mid-1543 and returned both Mary and Elizabeth to the On 19 July, Mary rode triumphantly into London, and Jane was forced to give up the Crown. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Jane's proclamation was revoked as an act done under coercion; her succession was deemed unlawful.
The Duke of Northumberland was executed, but the Lady Jane and her father were originally spared. In 1554, when Mary faced Wyatt's Rebellion, the Duke of Suffolk once again attempted to put his daughter on the throne. Wyatt's Rebellion was a popular uprising in England in 1554 named for Thomas Wyatt the younger, one of its leaders For this crime, Jane, her husband and the Duke of Suffolk were all executed.
After Edward VI's death, rumours of his survival persisted. To take advantage of the people's delusions, several impostors were put forward as rightful kings. These impersonations continued throughout Mary I's reign, and even far into Elizabeth I's reign (1558–1603). Mistaken identities also feature in the American author Mark Twain's novel, The Prince and the Pauper, in which the young Edward VI and a pauper boy of identical appearance accidentally replace each other. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30 1835 – April 21 1910 better known by the Pen name Mark Twain, was an American Humorist, satirist The Prince and the Pauper is a novel by Mark Twain. It was first published in 1881 in Canada before its 1882 publication in the United States
Ancestors
Style and arms
Like his father, Edward VI was referred to with the styles "Majesty", "Highness" and "Grace". His official style was of the same form as his father: "Edward the Sixth, by the Grace of God, King of England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith and of the Church of England and also of Ireland in Earth Supreme Head". God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. The Kings of Wessex, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825 became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during The English claims to the French throne have a long and rather complex history between the 1340s and the 1800s The Kingdom of Ireland (Ríocht na hÉireann was the name given to the Irish state from 1541 by the Crown of Ireland Act 1542 of the Parliament of Ireland. "Defender of the Faith" redirects here For the 1984 platinum album of British heavy metal group Judas Priest, see Defenders of the Faith The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican The Church of Ireland (Eaglais na hÉireann is an autonomous province of the Anglican Communion, operating across the island of Ireland. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001
Edward VI's arms were the same as those used by his predecessors since Henry IV: Quarterly, Azure three fleurs-de-lys Or (for France) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England). Heraldry in its most general sense encompasses all matters relating to the duties and responsibilities of officers of arms. Henry IV (3 April 1367 &ndash 20 March 1413 was King of England and Lord of Ireland (1399&ndash1413 This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland
His Royal Motto was idem per diversa, the same whatever the circumstances (similar to that of Elizabeth I - semper eadem, Always the same).
Coinage reform
One of the most significant legacies of Edward VI was the reform of England's coinage, and more specifically silver coinage which had suffered from debasement in previous eras. Silver coins such as the threepence, sixpence, shilling, half-crown and crown were first minted during the reign of Edward VI, and these denominations continued until modern times. The half-crown and crown in particular reflected the trend towards larger silver coins which had begun in Europe towards the end of the 15th century.
See also
Notes
- ^ This portrait was formerly attributed to Hans Eworth. Edward VI of England has been depicted in popular culture a number of times Hans Eworth or Hans Ewouts (c 1520 - 1574 was a Flemish Portrait painter. More recently, it has been suggested that the artist is William Scrot, but this is not widely regarded as being true. See Hearn, Karen, ed. Dynasties: Painting in Tudor and Jacobean England 1530-1630. New York: Rizzoli, 1995. ISBN 0-8478-1940-X
- ^ a b c d Williamson, p 66
- ^ a b Williamson, p 67
- ^ A fever recurring about every four days, today usually associated with malaria. Malaria is a vector -borne Infectious disease caused by Protozoan Parasites It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions including
- ^ Jordan, Edward VI: The Young King, Vol 1, p 68
- ^ Columbia Encyclopedia (2005), "Edward VI"
- ^ a b c d Encyclopaedia Britannica (2005), "United Kingdom: Edward VI (1547–53)"
- ^ TudorPalace. com
- ^ Britannia. com
- ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica (2005), "Edward VI"
- ^ Dale Hoak, Rehabilitating the Duke of Northumberland, from The Mid-Tudor Polity, C. 1540-1560, edited by Jennifer Loach and Robert Tittler
- ^ David Starkey, Juvenile Court
- ^ Matthew Christmas, Edward VI, The Changing Picture, History Review, March 1997
References
- "Edward VI (1547–1553 AD)", Britannia.com, Accessed 28 May 2006
- "King Edward VI", Royalty.nu, The Royal Tudor Dynasty, Accessed 28 May 2006
- David Williamson, Kings and Queens of England (1998), Barnes and Noble Books, pages 66–68
- "Edward VI", Encyclopædia Britannica (1911) 11th ed. Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. London: Cambridge University Press.
- "Edward VI", Encyclopædia Britannica (2005)
- "Edward VI", Columbia Encyclopedia (2005)
- Karen Hearn, ed. Dynasties: Painting in Tudor and Jacobean England 1530-1630. New York: Rizzoli, 1995. ISBN 0-8478-1940-X.
- W. K. Jordan, "Edward VI: The Young King, Vol 1. The Protectorship of the Duke of Somerset", (1968), Great Britain: George Allen and Unwin Ltd.
- Chris Skidmore, "Edward VI: The Lost King of England" (2007), Weidenfeld & Nicolson, ISBN 0297846493. Reviewed
- Jennifer Loach, Edward VI Yale University Press; New Ed edition (April 1, 2002), ISBN 0300094094. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar.
- Waller, Maureen, "Sovereign Ladies: Sex, Sacrifice, and Power. The Six Reigning Queens of England. " St. Martin's Press, New York, 2006. ISBN 0-312-33801-5
External links
- Stevens, Garry. (2004). "Bloody Mary: Further Intrigue in the Tudor Court".
- Site of author C.W. Gortner, author of "The Secret Lion" a novel about the final days of Edward VI's reign.
- Illustrated history of Edward VI.
- Edward VI at Find-A-Grave
|
Edward VI of England
Born: 12 October 1537 Died: 6 July 1553 |
||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Henry VIII |
King of England King of Ireland 28 January 1547 – 6 July 1553 |
Succeeded by Jane |
| English royalty | ||
| Preceded by Lady Elizabeth Tudor |
Heir to the English Throne as heir apparent 12 October 1537 – 28 January 1547 |
Succeeded by Lady Mary Tudor |
| New title New Kingdom
|
Heir to the Irish Throne as heir apparent 1541 – 28 January 1547 |
|
| Peerage of England | ||
| Preceded by Henry later became King Henry VIII |
Prince of Wales 1537 – 1547 |
Vacant
Title next held by
Henry Frederick |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Edward VI of England |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Edward I of Ireland |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | Tudor king |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 12 October 1537 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Hampton Court Palace, Richmond upon Thames |
| DATE OF DEATH | 6 July 1553 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Palace of Placentia, Greenwich, London |
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