Western Philosophy 20th-century philosophy
Edward Wadie Said
Name	Edward Saïd
Birth	November 1, 1935(1935-11-01) Jerusalem, British Mandate of Palestine
Death	September 25, 2003 (aged 67) New York City, USA
School/tradition	Postcolonialism, Postmodernism
Notable ideas	Orientalism "The Other"
Influenced by	Derrida, Vico, Shakespeare, Hopkins, Gramsci, Adorno, Conrad, Blackmur, Williams, Foucault, Chomsky. Western philosophy is a term that refers to philosophical thinking in the Western or Occidental world, as distinct from Eastern or Oriental philosophies See also [[Analytic philosophy]] and [[Continental philosophy]] The 20th century brought with it upheavals that produced a series of conflicting developments within Philosophy Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the The Palestine Mandate, was a set of protocols or articles that formed a multilateral legal and administrative agreement Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. The City of New York The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Postcolonialism ( postcolonial theory, post-colonial theory) is an intellectual discourse that holds together a set of theories found among the texts and Postmodernism literally means 'after the modernist movement' While " Modern " itself refers to something "related to the present" the movement of modernism Orientalism refers to the imitation or depiction of aspects of Eastern cultures in the West by writers designers and artists and can also refer to a sympathetic stance The Other or constitutive other (also referred to as othering) is a key concept in Continental philosophy, opposed to the Same William Shakespeare ( baptised Gerard Manley Hopkins ( 28 July 1844 – 8 June, 1889) was an English Poet, Roman Catholic convert and Antonio Gramsci ('ɡramʃi ( January 23, 1891 &ndash April 27, 1937) was an Italian Philosopher, Writer, Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund Adorno ( September 11, 1903 &ndash August 6, 1969) was a German -born international sociologist Joseph Conrad (born Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski, 3 December 1857 – 3 August 1924 was a Polish-born English novelist Richard Palmer Blackmur ( January 21, 1904 – February 2, 1965) was an American Literary critic and Poet. Raymond Henry Williams ( 31 August 1921 &ndash 26 January 1988) was a Welsh academic Novelist and Critic. Michel Foucault ( (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984 was a French philosopher, Historian, Intellectual, Critic and Sociologist. Avram Noam Chomsky (noʊm ˈtʃɑmski born December 7 1928 is an American linguist, Philosopher, cognitive scientist, Political
Influenced	Hamid Dabashi, Homi K. Bhabha, John Esposito, Gayatri Spivak, Robert Fisk, Mahmood Mamdani, Rashid Khalidi, Joseph Massad. Biography Born and raised in southern city of Ahvaz in Iran, Dabashi was educated in Iran and then in the United States where he received a dual Ph This page is about the critical theorist Homi K Bhabha For the physicist see Homi J John Louis Esposito (born 19 May 1940 Brooklyn, New York City) is a professor of International Affairs and Islamic Studies at Georgetown University Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (born February 24 1942) is an Indian Literary critic and theorist. Robert Fisk (born July 12 1946 in Maidstone, Kent) is a British Journalist and is Middle East correspondent Mahmood Mamdani (b 1947 in Kampala, Uganda) is the Herbert Lehman Professor of Government in the Departments of Anthropology and Political Science at Rashid Khalidi (born 1950 an American historian of the Middle East, is the Edward Said Professor of Arab Studies at Columbia University, and director Joseph Andoni Massad (born 1963 is Associate Professor of Modern Arab Politics and Intellectual History at Columbia University, whose

Edward Wadie Saïd MRSL (Arabic: إدوارد وديع سعيد‎, transliteration: Idwārd Wadīʿ Saʿīd; 1 November 1935 – 25 September 2003) was a Palestinian American literary theorist, cultural critic, political activist, and an outspoken advocate of Palestinian rights. The Royal Society of Literature is the "senior literary organisation in Britain " Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Different approaches and methods for the Romanization of Arabic exist Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Palestinian Americans are Americans of Palestinian Arab ancestry Literary theory in a strict sense is the systematic study of the nature of Literature and of the methods for analyzing literature A cultural critic is a Critic of a given Culture, usually as a whole and typically on a radical basis Activism, in a general sense can be described as intentional action to bring about social or political change He was University Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Columbia University, and is a founding figure in postcolonial theory. Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. Postcolonialism ( postcolonial theory, post-colonial theory) is an intellectual discourse that holds together a set of theories found among the texts and ^[1]

Contents 1 Life 2 Orientalism 2.1 The argument 2.2 Criticism 2.3 Supporters of Said and his influence 3 Criticism of US Foreign Policy 4 Pro-Palestinian activism 4.1 Claims made regarding Said's early life 5 Publications 6 See also 7 Notes 8 External links 8.1 Critical

Life

Saïd was born in Jerusalem (then in the British Mandate of Palestine) on November 1, 1935. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the The Palestine Mandate, was a set of protocols or articles that formed a multilateral legal and administrative agreement Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. His father was a wealthy Protestant Palestinian businessman and an American citizen who had served under General Pershing in World War I, while his mother was born in Nazareth also of Christian Palestinian descent. Palestinian people or Palestinians ( الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni; الفلسطينيون, al-filasTīnīyyūn John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing, GCB ( September 13, 1860 – July 15, 1948) was an officer in the United States Army Nazareth (ˈnæzərəθ (נָצְרַת Hebrew Natz'rat or Natzeret, الناصرة an-Nāṣira or an-Naseriyye) is the capital and largest ^[2] His sister was the historian and writer Rosemarie Said Zahlan. Rosemarie Said Zahlan ( روزماري سعيد زهلان) ( August 20, 1937 - May 10, 2006) was a Palestinian - American He referred to himself as a "Christian wrapped in a Muslim culture". Said experienced much confusion growing up and was quoted as saying that with an unexceptionally Arab family name like Said connected to an improbably British first name (my mother much admired the Prince of Wales in 1935, the year of my birth), I was an uncomfortably anomalous student all through my early years: a Palestinian going to school in Egypt, with an English first name, an American passport and no certain identity at all. ^[3] According to Saïd's autobiographical memoir, Out of Place,^[3] Saïd lived "between worlds" in both Cairo and Jerusalem until the age of 12. In 1947, he attended the Anglican St. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican George's Academy when he was in Jerusalem, but his extended family became refugees in 1948 during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War when their neighborhood of Talbiya was captured by Jewish militia groups, along with the western part of Jerusalem, which became part of the State of Israel:

I was born in Jerusalem and had spent most of my formative years there and, after 1948, when my entire family became refugees, in Egypt. According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race Talbiya or Talbiyeh (טלביה is an upscale neighborhood in Jerusalem, Israel, located between Rehavia and Katamon. All my early education had, however, been in élite colonial schools, English public schools designed by the British to bring up a generation of Arabs with natural ties to Britain. An independent school in the United Kingdom is a school relying upon private sources for all of its funding predominantly in the form of school fees The last one I went to before I left the Middle East to go to the United States was Victoria College in Alexandria, a school in effect created to educate those ruling-class Arabs and Levantines who were going to take over after the British left. Victoria College Alexandria was founded in 1902 under the impetus of the recently ennobled Evelyn Baring 1st Earl of Cromer of the Barings Bank, that was heavily Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια My contemporaries and classmates included King Hussein of Jordan, several Jordanian, Egyptian, Syrian and Saudi boys who were to become ministers, prime ministers and leading businessmen, as well as such glamorous figures as Michel Shalhoub, head prefect of the school and chief tormentor when I was a relatively junior boy, whom everyone has seen on screen as Omar Sharif. Hussein bin Talal King of Jordan (حسين بن طلال Ḥusayn bin Ṭalāl) ( November 14, 1935 – February 7, 1999) was Omar Sharif ( عمر الشريف; born April 10, 1932) is a two-time Academy Award -nominated and Golden Globe -winning Egyptian ^[3]

In the year 1951 Said was expelled from Victoria College for being a "troublemaker",^[3] and was consequently sent by his parents to Mount Hermon School, a private college preparatory school in Massachusetts, where he recalls a "miserable" year feeling "out of place". Northfield Mount Hermon School (NMH is a ninth-twelfth grade private college preparatory school located near the Connecticut River in the town of Gill, The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. ^[3] Said later reflected that the decision to send him so far away was heavily influenced by the 'the prospects of deracinated people like us being so uncertain that it would be best to send me as far away as possible'. ^[3] Despite feeling out of place Said did well at the Massachusetts boarding school often 'achieving the rank of either first or second in a class of about a hundred and sixty'. ^[3]

Said earned an A.B. (1957) from Princeton University and an M. Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. A. (1960) and a Ph. D. (1964) from Harvard University, where he won the Bowdoin Prize. He joined the faculty of Columbia University in 1963 and served as Professor of English and Comparative Literature for several decades. Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. In 1977 Said became the Parr Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Columbia and subsequently became the Old Dominion Foundation Professor in the Humanities. In 1992 he attained the rank of University Professor, Columbia's most prestigious academic position. Professor Said also taught at Harvard, Johns Hopkins, and Yale universities. He was fluent in English, French, and Arabic. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language In 1999, after his earlier election to second vice president and following its succession policy, Said served as president of the Modern Language Association. The Modern Language Association of America (usually referred to as simply Modern Language Association or MLA) is the principal Professional association

Said was bestowed with numerous honorary doctorates from universities around the world and twice received Columbia's Trilling Award and the Wellek Prize of the American Comparative Literature Association. His autobiographical memoir Out of Place won the 1999 New Yorker Prize for non-fiction. He was also a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Letters, the Royal Society of Literature, and the American Philosophical Society. The American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS is an organization dedicated to scholarship and the advancement of learning The American Academy of Arts and Letters is a 250-member organization whose goal is to "foster assist and sustain excellence" in American Literature, The Royal Society of Literature is the "senior literary organisation in Britain " The American Philosophical Society is a discussion group founded in 1743 by Benjamin Franklin as an offshoot of his earlier club the Junto. ^[4]

Said's writing regularly appeared in The Nation, The Guardian, the London Review of Books, Le Monde Diplomatique, Counterpunch, Al Ahram, and the pan-Arab daily al-Hayat. This article is about the US Publication. For other newspapers magazines and alternate uses by the same name see The Nation (disambiguation. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. The London Review of Books (or LRB) is a Fortnightly British literary and political magazine Le Monde diplomatique (nicknamed "Le Diplo" by its French readers is a monthly publication offering analysis and opinion on politics culture and current affairs CounterPunch is a biweekly Newsletter published in the United States that covers politics in a manner its editors describe as "muckraking with a radical Al-Ahram ( Arabic: الأهرام, literally "The Pyramids" founded in 1875 is one of the most widely circulating Egyptian daily newspapers Al-Hayat ("Life"-- الحياة is one of the leading Daily Pan-Arab Newspapers, with a circulation of almost 300000 He gave interviews alongside his good friend, fellow political activist, and colleague Noam Chomsky regarding U. Avram Noam Chomsky (noʊm ˈtʃɑmski born December 7 1928 is an American linguist, Philosopher, cognitive scientist, Political S. foreign policy for various independent radio programs.

Said also contributed music criticism to The Nation for many years. In 1999, he jointly founded the West-East Divan Orchestra with the Argentine-Israeli conductor and close friend Daniel Barenboim. Projects that work to foster peaceful and productive co-existence between Israelis and Arabs (including Palestinians fall into various categories Daniel Barenboim (born November 15, 1942) is a pianist and conductor.

Edward Said died at the age of 67 in the early morning of September 25, 2003, in New York City, after a decade-long battle with chronic myelogenous leukemia. Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. The City of New York Chronic myelogenous (or myeloid leukemia ( CML) is a form of Leukemia characterized by the increased and unregulated growth of predominantly Myeloid cells ^[5]

In November 2004, Birzeit University renamed its music school as the Edward Said National Conservatory of Music in his honor. Birzeit University ( BZU) (جامعة بيرزيت is a University located in the town of Birzeit near Ramallah. ^[6]

In January 2006, anthropologist David Price obtained 147 pages of Said's 238-page FBI file through a Freedom of Information Act request. David Price may refer to Politics Sir David Price (British politician (b The records reveal that Said was under surveillance starting in 1971. Most of his records are marked as related to "IS Middle East" ("IS" = Israel) and significant portions remain "Classified Secrets. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The United States government classification system is established under Executive Order 13292, the latest in a long series of executive "^[7]

Orientalism

Main article: Orientalism (book)

Said is best known for describing and critiquing "Orientalism", which he perceived as a constellation of false assumptions underlying Western attitudes toward the East. Orientalism is the 1978 book by Edward Said that has been highly influential in postcolonial studies. Orientalism refers to the imitation or depiction of aspects of Eastern cultures in the West by writers designers and artists and can also refer to a sympathetic stance The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. In Orientalism (1978), Said described the "subtle and persistent Eurocentric prejudice against Arabo-Islamic peoples and their culture. Orientalism is the 1978 book by Edward Said that has been highly influential in postcolonial studies. Eurocentrism is the practice of viewing the world from a European perspective with an implied belief either consciously or subconsciously in the preeminence of European (and "^[8] He argued that a long tradition of false and romanticized images of Asia and the Middle East in Western culture had served as an implicit justification for Europe and America's colonial and imperial ambitions. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Just as fiercely, he denounced the practice of Arab elites who internalized the American and British orientalists' ideas of Arabic culture. Internalization has different definitions depending on the field that the term is used in Literature See also Arabic literature Arabic literature is the writing produced both Prose and Poetry, by speakers of the

In 1980 Said criticized what he regarded as poor understanding of the Arab culture in the West:

So far as the United States seems to be concerned, it is only a slight overstatement to say that Moslems and Arabs are essentially seen as either oil suppliers or potential terrorists. Very little of the detail, the human density, the passion of Arab-Moslem life has entered the awareness of even those people whose profession it is to report the Arab world. What we have instead is a series of crude, essentialized caricatures of the Islamic world presented in such a way as to make that world vulnerable to military aggression. ^[9]

The argument

Orientalism has had a significant impact on the fields of literary theory, cultural studies and human geography, and to a lesser extent on those of history and oriental studies. Literary theory in a strict sense is the systematic study of the nature of Literature and of the methods for analyzing literature Cultural studies is an academic discipline which combines Political economy, Communication, Sociology, Social theory, Literary theory Human geography is a branch of Geography that focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape human interaction with the environment with particular reference to Taking his cue from the work of Jacques Derrida and Michel Foucault, and from earlier critics of western Orientalism such as A. Michel Foucault ( (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984 was a French philosopher, Historian, Intellectual, Critic and Sociologist. L. Tibawi,^[10] Anouar Abdel-Malek,^[11] Maxime Rodinson,^[12] and Richard William Southern,^[13] Said argued that Western writings on the Orient, and the perceptions of the East purveyed in them, are suspect, and cannot be taken at face value. Maxime Rodinson ( 26 January 1915 &ndash 23 May 2004) was a French Marxist Historian, Sociologist and According to Said, the history of European colonial rule and political domination over the East distorts the writings of even the most knowledgeable, well-meaning and sympathetic Western ‘Orientalists’ (a term that he transformed into a pejorative):

“

I doubt if it is controversial, for example, to say that an Englishman in India or Egypt in the later nineteenth century took an interest in those countries which was never far from their status in his mind as British colonies. To say this may seem quite different from saying that all academic knowledge about India and Egypt is somehow tinged and impressed with, violated by, the gross political fact – and yet that is what I am saying in this study of Orientalism. (Said, Orientalism 11)

”

Said contended that Europe had dominated Asia politically so completely for so long that even the most outwardly objective Western texts on the East were permeated with a bias that even most Western scholars could not recognise. His contention was not only that the West has conquered the East politically but also that Western scholars have appropriated the exploration and interpretation of the Orient’s languages, history and culture for themselves. They have written Asia’s past and constructed its modern identities from a perspective that takes Europe as the norm, from which the "exotic", "inscrutable" Orient deviates.

Said concludes that Western writings about the Orient depict it as an irrational, weak, feminised "Other", contrasted with the rational, strong, masculine West, a contrast he suggests derives from the need to create "difference" between West and East that can be attributed to immutable "essences" in the Oriental make-up. In 1978, when the book was first published, with memories of the Yom Kippur war and the OPEC crisis still fresh, Said argued that these attitudes still permeated the Western media and academia. The Yom Kippur War, Ramadan War or October War (מלחמת יום הכיפורים transliterated: Milkhemet Yom HaKipurim or מלחמת יום The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC) is a Cartel of thirteen countries made up of Algeria, Angola, Ecuador After stating the central thesis, Orientalism consists mainly of supporting examples from Western texts.

Criticism

The highly influential Orientalism and other works by Said sparked controversy in the academic community, with criticism ranging from details to outright rebuttals.

Martin Kramer claimed that Orientalists are overwhelmingly sympathetic to Islam, and helpful to its causes. Martin Seth Kramer (b 1954 Washington DC) is an American scholar of the Middle East at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, the ^[14]

Ernest Gellner^[15] argued that Said's contention that the West had dominated the East for more than 2,000 years (since the composition of Aeschylus’s The Persians) was unsupportable, noting that until the late 17th century the Ottoman Empire had posed a serious threat to Europe. Ernest André Gellner ( 9 December 1925 &ndash 5 November 1995) was a Philosopher and social anthropologist, cited as one Aeschylus (ˈɛskɨləs or /ˈiːskɨləs/ Greek: Ασχύλος, Aischylos, 525 BC/524 BC 456 BC/455 BC was an ancient Greek Playwright

Mark Proudman notes that Said claimed the British empire extended from Egypt to India in the 1880s, when in fact the Ottoman and Persian empires intervened. ^[16]

Others pointed out that even at the height of the imperial era, European power in the East was never absolute, and remained heavily dependent on local collaborators and local forms of knowledge, which were frequently subversive of imperial aims. ^[17]

Another criticism is that the areas of the Middle East on which Said had concentrated, including Palestine and Egypt, were poor examples for his theory, as they came under European control only for a relatively short period in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These critics suggested that Said devoted much less attention to more apt examples, including the British Raj in India, and Russia’s dominions in Asia, because Said was more interested in making political points about the Middle East. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British ^[18]

Strong criticism of Said's critique of Orientalism has come from academic Orientalists, including some of Eastern backgrounds. Albert Hourani, Robert Graham Irwin, Nikki Keddie, Bernard Lewis, and Kanan Makiya address what Keddie retrospectively calls "some unfortunate consequences" of Said's Orientalism on the perception and status of their scholarship. Albert Habib Hourani (ألبرت حبيب حوراني March 31, 1915 &ndash January 17, 1993) was one of the most prominent scholars of Robert Graham Irwin (born 1946 is a British historian novelist and writer on Arabic literature. Nikki R Keddie is an American professor of Eastern Iranian and women's history Bernard Lewis (born May 31, 1916 in London, England) is a British - American Kanan Makiya is an Iraqi American academic He is the Sylvia K ^[19] Bernard Lewis is among scholars whose work Said questioned in Orientalism and subsequent works. Bernard Lewis (born May 31, 1916 in London, England) is a British - American The two authors came frequently to exchange disagreement, starting in the pages of the New York Review of Books following the publication of Orientalism. The New York Review of Books (or NYREV or NYRB) is a semimonthly Magazine on Literature, Culture, and current Lewis's article "The Question of Orientalism" was followed in the next issue by "Orientalism: An Exchange. " Other scholars, such as Maxime Rodinson, Jacques Berque, Malcolm Kerr, Aijaz Ahmad, and William Montgomery Watt, also regarded Orientalism as a deeply flawed account of Western scholarship. Maxime Rodinson ( 26 January 1915 &ndash 23 May 2004) was a French Marxist Historian, Sociologist and Jacques Augustin Berque ( June 4, 1910 - June 27, 1995 was a French Islamic scholar and sociologist. This article refers to the late president of the American University of Beirut born in Lebanon to American missionary parents Aijaz Ahmad is a well-known Marxist Literary theorist and Political commentator based in India. William Montgomery Watt ( 14 March 1909 – 24 October 2006) was an Emeritus Professor in Arabic and Islamic ^[20] Irwin says that Said ignored the domination of 19th century Oriental studies by Germans and Hungarians, from countries that did not possess an Eastern empire. The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. ^[21] Such critics accuse Said of creating a monolithic ‘Occidentalism’ to oppose to the ‘Orientalism’ of Western discourse, arguing that he failed to distinguish between the paradigms of Romanticism and the Enlightenment, that he ignored the widespread and fundamental differences of opinion among western scholars of the Orient; that he failed to acknowledge that many Orientalists (such as Sir William Jones) were more concerned with establishing kinship between East and West than with creating "difference", and had frequently made discoveries that would provide the foundations for anti-colonial nationalism. The term Occidentalism usually refers to Stereotyped and sometimes dehumanizing views on the so-called Western world, including Europe and the Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Sir William Jones ( September 28, 1746 &ndash April 27, 1794) was an English philologist and student of ancient India ^[22] More generally, critics argue that Said and his followers fail to distinguish between Orientalism in the media and popular culture (for instance the portrayal of the Orient in such films as Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom) and academic studies of Oriental languages, literature, history and culture by Western scholars (whom, it is argued, they tar with the same brush). Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom is a 1984 period Adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg. ^[23]

Said's critics argue that by making ethnicity and cultural background the test of authority and objectivity in studying the Orient, Said drew attention to the question of his own identity as a Palestinian and as a "Subaltern. Subaltern is a term that commonly refers to the perspective of persons from regions and groups outside of the hegemonic Power structure. " Ironically, given Said's largely Anglophone upbringing and education at an elite school in Cairo, the fact that he spent most of his adult life in the United States, and his prominent position in American academia, his own arguments that "any and all representations … are embedded first in the language and then in the culture, institutions and political ambience of the representer … [and are] interwoven with a great many other things besides the 'truth', which is itself a representation" (Orientalism 272) could be said to disenfranchise him from writing about the Orient himself. Hence these critics claim that the excessive relativism of Said and his followers trap them in a "web of solipsism",^[24] unable to talk of anything but "representations", and denying the existence of any objective truth. Solipsism ( Latin: solus, alone + ipse, self is the philosophical idea that "My mind is the only thing that I know exists

Finally, Said by the end of his life found himself "increasingly impatient" with the turn postcolonial theory had taken. Postcolonialism ( postcolonial theory, post-colonial theory) is an intellectual discourse that holds together a set of theories found among the texts and ^[25]

Supporters of Said and his influence

Said’s supporters argue that such criticisms, even if correct, do not invalidate his basic thesis, which they say still holds true for the 19th and 20th centuries and in particular for general representations of the Orient in Western media, literature and film. ^[26] His supporters point out that Said himself acknowledges limitations of his study's failing to address German scholarship (Orientalism 18-19) and that, in the "Afterword" to the 1995 edition of Orientalism, he, in their view, convincingly refutes his critics, such as Lewis (329-54).

Said's continuing importance in the fields of literary criticism and cultural studies is represented by his influence on scholars studying India, such as Gyan Prakash,^[27] Nicholas Dirks,^[28] and Ronald Inden,^[29] and literary theorists such as Hamid Dabashi, Homi Bhabha^[30] and Gayatri Spivak. Gyan Prakash (born 1952 is a historian of modern India and a Princeton University professor Nicholas Dirks is the Franz Boas Professor of Anthropology and Professor of History at Columbia University, where he is also Vice President of Ronald Inden is a professor emeritus in the Departments of History and of South Asian Languages and Civilizations at the University of Chicago and is a major scholar in South Biography Born and raised in southern city of Ahvaz in Iran, Dabashi was educated in Iran and then in the United States where he received a dual Ph This page is about the critical theorist Homi K Bhabha For the physicist see Homi J Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (born February 24 1942) is an Indian Literary critic and theorist. ^[31]

Both supporters of Edward Said and his critics acknowledge the profound, transformative influence that his book Orientalism has had across the spectrum of the humanities; but whereas his critics regret his influence as limiting, his supporters praise his influence as liberating. ^[32]

Criticism of US Foreign Policy

In a 1997 revised edition of his book Covering Islam, Said criticized what he viewed as the biased reporting of the Western press and, in particular, media “speculations about the latest conspiracy to blow up buildings, sabotage commercial airliners, and poison water supplies. ”^[33]

Said opposed many US foreign policy endeavors in the Middle East. During an April 2003 interview with Al-Ahram Weekly, Said argued that the Iraq war was ill-conceived:

“

My strong opinion, though I don't have any proof in the classical sense of the word, is that they want to change the entire Middle East and the Arab world, perhaps terminate some countries, destroy the so-called terrorist groups they dislike and install regimes friendly to the United States. Al-Ahram Weekly is the leading English-language newspaper in Egypt. I think this is a dream that has very little basis in reality. The knowledge they have of the Middle East, to judge from the people who advise them, is to say the least out of date and widely speculative. . . . I don't think the planning for the post-Saddam, post-war period in Iraq is very sophisticated, and there's very little of it. [US Undersecretary of State Marc] Grossman and [US Undersecretary of Defense Douglas] Feith testified in Congress about a month ago and seemed to have no figures and no ideas what structures they were going to deploy; they had no idea about the use of institutions that exist, although they want to de-Ba'thise the higher echelons and keep the rest. In 2005 Ambassador Marc Grossman completed 29 years of public service when he retired from the State Department as the Under Secretary of State for Political Douglas J Feith (born July 16 1953 is a Neoconservative who served as the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy for United States President The same is true about their views of the army. They certainly have no use for the Iraqi opposition that they've been spending many millions of dollars on. And to the best of my ability to judge, they are going to improvise. Of course the model is Afghanistan. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, I think they hope that the UN will come in and do something, but given the recent French and Russian positions I doubt that that will happen with such simplicity. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security [34]

”

Pro-Palestinian activism

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Hany Abu-Assad · Ibrahim Abu-Lughod Yasser Arafat · Hanan Ashrawi Mohammad Bakri · Rim Banna Tawfiq Canaan · Mahmoud Darwish Emile Habibi · Nathalie Handal Mohammed Amin al-Husseini Faisal Husseini Abd al-Qader al-Husseini Ghassan Kanafani · Ghada Karmi Leila Khaled · Rashid Khalidi Walid Khalidi · Samih al-Qasim Edward Said · Khalil al-Sakakini Elia Suleiman · Khalil al-Wazir Ahmed Yassin · May Ziade
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As a pro-Palestinian activist, Said campaigned for a creation of an independent Palestinian state. Palestinian people or Palestinians ( الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni; الفلسطينيون, al-filasTīnīyyūn The term Palestine and the related term Palestinian have several overlapping (and occasionally contradictory definitions Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. Palestinian people or Palestinians ( الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni; الفلسطينيون, al-filasTīnīyyūn Palestinian diaspora ( الشتات, al-shatat) is a term used to describe Palestinians living outside of historic Palestine - an area Name There are differences of opinion as to what the Palestinian territories should be called Palestinian Refugee camps were established after the 1948 Arab-Israeli War to accommodate Palestinian refugees who fled from the war The Gaza Strip is located in the Middle East (at 31 25 N 34 20 E and consists of around 360sq km The Gaza Strip (قطاع غزة, רצועת עזה Retzu'at 'Azza) is a coastal strip of land along the Mediterranean Sea, bordering Egypt on the south-west Geography of the Best Wank Location Middle East west of Jordan Geographic coordinates: Map references Middle East The West Bank (الضفة الغربية, הגדה המערבית Hagadah Hamaaravit) also referred to in Israel as " Judea and Samaria The 16 Governorates of the West Bank and Gaza Strip are divided into 16 electoral Districts ( Aqdya, singular - Qadaa) After the signing of the Oslo Accords, the Palestinian territories were divided into three areas (Area A Area B and Area C and 16 Governorates under the jurisdiction The following is a list of cities in Palestinian National Authority administrated areas, although depending on which particular area each locality is located The list of Arab localities in Israel includes all population centers with a 50% or higher Arab population in the State of Israel. East Jerusalem refers to the part of Jerusalem captured by Jordan in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and subsequently by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War. Ḥamas (ar حركة حماس acronym ar حركة المقاومة The Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO) (منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية or Munazzamat al-Tahrir al-Filastiniyyah) is a political and paramilitary The Palestinian National Council (PNC is the legislative body of the Palestine Liberation Organization and elects its Executive Committee which assumes leadership of the The Palestinian Legislative Council (sometimes referred to as the Palestinan Parliament) the Legislature of the Palestinian Authority, is a Unicameral The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine ( PFLP) ( Arabic: الجبهة الشعبية لتحرير فلسطين al-Jabhah al-Sha`biyyah li-Tahrīr A political party is a political organization subscribing to a certain Ideology or formed around very special issues with the aim to participate in power usually The Palestinian flag ( علم فلسطين) was originally designed by Sharif Hussein for the Arab revolt against the Ottoman Empire in 1916 The Palestinian Christians are Palestinians who follow Christianity. Islam in Israel and Palestinian territories includes the Muslims of Israel, where they constitute 16% of the population those who comprise 75% of the population of Church_of_the_nativity_bethjpg|thumb|200px|View of The Church of the Nativity from Manger Square]]The Church of the Nativity ( كنيسة المهد) in Bethlehem The Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Sanctum Sepulchrum also called the Church of the Resurrection, ( Greek: Ναός της Αναστάσεως Naos tis Anastaseos This article refers to the basilica in Nazareth For information on the church associated with the Blagoveschenskaya Tower in Russia see Kremlin towers or Cathedral Rachel's Tomb ( Hebrew: קבר רחל Arabic: translit Qubbat Rakhil, trans Al-Aqsa Mosque ( Arabic:المسجد الاقصى /æl'mæsdʒɪd æl'ɑqsˁɑ/ {{Audio|ArAqsaMosque The Dome of the Rock ( Arabic: مسجد قبة الصخرة translit The Mosque of Omar (مسجد عمر is the oldest and only Mosque in the city of Bethlehem, located in Manger Square, near the Church of the The Cave of the Patriarchs ( Hebrew: מערת המכפלה Me'arat HaMachpela, Trans Palestinian people or Palestinians ( الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni; الفلسطينيون, al-filasTīnīyyūn Palestinian art is a term used to refer to Paintings Posters Installation art and other visual media produced by Palestinian artists Palestinian costumes are the traditional Clothing worn by Palestinians. Palestinian cinema is relatively young in comparison to Arab cinema as a whole many Palestinian movies are made with European and Israeli funding and support Palestinian cuisine consists of foods from or commonly eaten by the Arabs of historical Palestine — which includes those living in the Palestinian territories Dabke ( Arabic: ar دبكة also transliterated as debke, dabka, and dabkeh) is the traditional Folk Palestinian pottery refers to Pottery produced in Palestine throughout the ages and pottery produced by modern-day Palestinians. Palestinian handicrafts are Handicrafts produced by Palestinian people. Palestinian Arabic is a Levantine Arabic dialect subgroup spoken by Palestinians and Arab Israelis. Palestinian literature refers to the Arabic language novels short stories and poems produced by Palestinians. Palestinian music ( موسيقى فلسطينية) is one of many regional sub-genres of Arabic music. The following is a list of prominent Palestinians. Academic figures Rami Abuhabsah, Biologist Nadia Hany Abu-Assad (born 11 October 1961 (هاني أبو أسعد is a Dutch - Palestinian film director Ibrahim Abu-Lughod (إبراهيم أبو لغد February 15, 1929 — May 23, 2001) was a Palestinian (later American Mohammed Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa al-Husseini ( Arabic: محمد عبد الرؤوف عرفات القدوة الحسيني (August 24 1929 – November 11 Hanan Daoud Khalil Ashrawi (b October 8 1946 is a Palestinian legislator human rights activist and scholar Mohammad Bakri ( 1953 -) (محمد بكري מוחמד בכרי also spelled Mohammed or Muhammad) is an Arab actor and director with Israeli Rim Banna is a Palestinian singer Composer and Arranger that is well-known for her modern interpretations of traditional folk songs Tawfiq Canaan (24 September 1882 – 15 January 1964 was a Physician and pioneer in the field of Medicine in Palestine, also well-known for being one of Mahmoud Darwish ( 13 March 1941 &ndash 9 August 2008) was a respected Palestinian poet and author who won numerous awards for Imil (Emile Shukri Habibi (إميل حبيبي אמיל חביבי 21 January 1922 – 2 May 1996) was a Palestinian - Nathalie Handal (نتالي حنظل born July 29, 1969) is a Poet, Writer, Playwright and literary researcher of Middle Mohammad Amin al-Husayni (محمد أمين الحسيني properly transliterated al-Husseini, 1895 / 1897 - July 4, 1974) a member Faisal Abdel Qader Al-Husseini (فيصل عبدالقادر الحسيني ( July 17, 1940 – May 31, 2001) was a Palestinian politician Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni (عبد القادر الحسيني also spelled Abd al-Qader al-Husseini) (1907-1948 was a Palestinian nationalist and fighter who Ghassan Kanafani (غسان كنفاني April 9, 1936 in Akka, Palestine – July 8, 1972 in Beirut, Lebanon Ghada Karmi (غادة كرمي) (1939- is a Palestinian doctor of medicine author and academic Leila Khaled (ليلى خالد laylà ẖālid; born April 9, 1944) is a member of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP Rashid Khalidi (born 1950 an American historian of the Middle East, is the Edward Said Professor of Arab Studies at Columbia University, and director Walid Khalidi (وليد خالدي born in 1925 in Jerusalem) is an Oxford University educated Palestinian historian who has written extensively on the Samih al-Qasim ( سميح القاسم; b 1939 is a Palestinian Druze poet and citizen of Israel whose Arabic poetry is well-known Khalil al-Sakakini ( خليل السكاكيني; January 23, 1878 - August 13, 1953) was a Palestinian Christian, Elia Suleiman (إيليا سليمان born July 28, 1960 in Nazareth) is a Palestinian-Israeli film director and Actor Khalil Ibrahim al-Wazir ( خليل الوزير) also known by his kunya " Abu Jihad " (Arabic أبو جهاد — Sheikh Ahmed Ismail Yassin (1937 – March 22 2004 ( Arabic: ar الشيخ أحمد ياسين was the co-founder with Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi, of Hamas May Ziade (née Marie, with Ziade also written Ziadé or Ziadeh) ( مي زيادة) ( February 11 1886. From 1977 until 1991, Said was an independent member of the Palestinian National Council who tended to stay out of factional struggles. The Palestinian National Council (PNC is the legislative body of the Palestine Liberation Organization and elects its Executive Committee which assumes leadership of the ^[35] He supported the two-state solution and voted for it in Algiers in 1988. The "two-state solution" to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, is the consensus solution that is currently under discussion by the key parties to the conflict Proposals for a Palestinian state (دولة فلسطين refer to the proposed establishment of an independent state for the Palestinian people in the Gaza Strip, which is currently Algiers (الجزائر Algerian Arabic: Dzayer ( (From kabyle pronunciation Kabyle: Ledzayer, Alger) is the Capital and largest In 1991, he quit the PNC in protest over the process leading up to the signing of the Oslo Accords, feeling that the Oslo terms were unacceptable and had been rejected by the Madrid round negotiators. Israeli-Palestinian conflict The Oslo Accords, officially called the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements or Declaration of Principles The Madrid Conference was hosted by the government of Spain and co-sponsored by the USA and the USSR He felt that Oslo would not lead to a truly independent state and was inferior to a plan Arafat had rejected when Said himself presented it to Arafat on behalf of the US government in the late 1970s. In particular, he wrote that Arafat had sold short the right of Palestinian refugees to return to their homes in pre-1967 Israel and ignored the growing presence of Israeli settlements. Israeli settlements are communities inhabited by Israelis in territory that was captured as a result of Jordanian attacks during the 1967 Six-Day War. Said's relationship with the Palestinian Authority was once so bad that PA leaders banned the sale of his books in August 1995, but improved when he hailed Arafat for rejecting Barak's offers at the Camp David 2000 Summit. Ehud Barak (אֵהוּד בָּרָק born Ehud Brog on 12 February 1942) is an Israeli politician former Prime Minister, and The Middle East Peace Summit at Camp David of July 2000 took place between United States President Bill Clinton, Israeli Prime Minister Ultimately, Said came to prefer and to support a state that would afford Palestinians a home with equal human rights in place of the 'Jewish' state of modern-day Israel.

On July 3, 2000, Said was photographed lobbing a rock across the Lebanon-Israel border. The Blue Line is a border demarcation between Lebanon and Israel published by the United Nations on 7 June 2000 for the

Although Said denied aiming the rock at Israeli soldiers, an eyewitness account in the Lebanese newspaper As-Safir asserted that Said had positioned himself less than 30 feet (9. As-Safir ( السفير) The Ambassador, is a leading Arabic-language daily Newspaper in Lebanon. 1 m) from Israeli soldiers manning a two-story watchtower before throwing the rock over the border fence, though it instead hit barbed-wire. "One stone tossed into an empty space scarcely warrants a second thought", he later said, labeling the stone-throwing as "a symbolic gesture of joy". The stone throw was witnessed by Israel-based television journalist Dennis Zinn, who suggested "the Lebanese line up and wait to throw their rocks until soldiers and civilians are exposed. "^[36]

While the photo provoked criticism from some Columbia faculty and students as well as from the Anti-Defamation League, the provost issued a statement defending Said's act on the grounds of freedom of expression, a position echoed by his supporters on campus. The Anti-Defamation League ( ADL) is an Interest group founded in 1913 by B'nai B'rith in the United States whose stated aim is "to stop Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak freely without Censorship or Limitation. ^[37]. Said also wrote many books and articles in which he clearly denied any violence.

In June 2002, Said, along with Haidar Abdel-Shafi, Ibrahim Dakak, and Mustafa Barghouti, helped establish the Palestinian National Initiative, or Al-Mubadara, an attempt to build a third force in Palestinian politics, a democratic, reformist alternative to both the established Fatah and Islamist militant groups, such as Hamas. Haidar Abdel-Shafi (حيدر عبد الشافي June 10 1919 &ndash September 25 2007) was a Palestinian physician Community leader Mustafa Barghouti (مصطفى البرغوثي strict transliteration, also transcribed Mustafa Barghouthi, Mustafa Al Barghuthi, Dr Barghuthi Palestinian National Initiative (Arabic المبادرة الوطنية الفلسطنية al-Mubadara al-Wataniyya al-Filistiniyya) is a Palestinian political movement Fatah (فتح literally opening, is a reverse Acronym from the Arabic name Harakat al-Tahrir al-Watani al-Filastini (حركة التحرير Ḥamas (ar حركة حماس acronym ar حركة المقاومة

In Al-Ahram Weekly, in April 2002, Said observes:

Above all we must, as Mandela never tired of saying about his struggle, be aware that Palestine is one of the great moral causes of our time. Al-Ahram ( Arabic: الأهرام, literally "The Pyramids" founded in 1875 is one of the most widely circulating Egyptian daily newspapers Therefore, we need to treat it as such. It's not a matter of trade, or bartering negotiations, or making a career. It is a just cause which should allow Palestinians to capture the high moral ground and keep it. ^[38]

In August 2003, in an article published online in Counterpunch, Said summarizes his position on the contemporary rights of Palestinians vis-à-vis the historical experience of the Jewish people:

“

I have spent a great deal of my life during the past 35 years advocating the rights of the Palestinian people to national self-determination, but I have always tried to do that with full attention paid to the reality of the Jewish people and what they suffered by way of persecution and genocide. CounterPunch is a biweekly Newsletter published in the United States that covers politics in a manner its editors describe as "muckraking with a radical The paramount thing is that the struggle for equality in Palestine/Israel should be directed toward a humane goal, that is, co-existence, and not further suppression and denial. [39]

”

It is important to note that while Said was seen - and indeed, often appropriated by various Islamic groups - as a global intellectual defender of Islam, Said himself denied this claim several times, most notably in republications of Orientalism. Said's primary objectives were humanistic and not Islamic; his vision for Palestine and Israel's peaceful co-existence necessarily took Islam into consideration, but emphasized the needs of Palestinians and Israelis as two ethnic groups whose basic needs, such as food, water, shelter and protection, were to be valued above all else.

Said notes that "in all my works I remained fundamentally critical of a gloating and uncritical nationalism. . . . My view of Palestine . . . remains the same today: I expressed all sorts of reservations about the insouciant nativism and militant militarism of the nationalist consensus; I suggested instead a critical look at the Arab environment, Palestinian history, and the Israeli realities, with the explicit conclusion that only a negotiated settlement between the two communities of suffering, Arab and Jewish, would provide respite from the unending war. " He notes that every Arabic publisher who was interested in his book on Palestine "wanted me to change or delete those sections that were openly critical of one or another Arab regime (including the PLO), a request that I have always refused to comply with. "^[40]

Furthermore, he was one of few Palestinian activists who at the same time acknowledged Israel and Israel's founding intellectual theory, Zionism. Said was one of the first proponents of a two-state solution, and in an important academic article entitled "Zionism from the Standpoint of its Victims," Said argued that both the Zionist claim to a land - and, more importantly, the Zionist claim that the Jewish people needed a land - and Palestinian rights of self-determination held legitimacy and authenticity.

Said's books on the issue of Israel and Palestine include The Question of Palestine (1979), The Politics of Dispossession (1994) and The End of the Peace Process (2000).

Claims made regarding Said's early life

In 1999, Justus Reid Weiner, a researcher at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, published an article in Commentary, arguing that Said's family did not permanently reside in Talbiya or live there during the final months of the British mandate, and therefore that they could not be considered refugees. The Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs (JCPA was founded in 1976 by Professor Daniel J According to Weiner, it was only Said's aunt who owned a house in Talbiya, while Said's family visited Jerusalem only occasionally. "On [Said's] birth certificate, prepared by the ministry of health of the British Mandate," Weiner states, "his parents specified their permanent address as Cairo," leaving blank the space for a local address. Weiner suggests Said grew up in Cairo, and probably never attended St. George's Academy in Jerusalem except during brief stays in that city. Weiner argues that Said's name is not on the school registry and that David Eben-Ezra, whom Said mentioned as a classmate, has no recollections of him. ^[41]

Following Weiner's widely publicized article, several respondents came to Said's defense. In The Nation, Christopher Hitchens writes that schoolmates and teachers confirmed Said's stay at St. Christopher Eric Hitchens (born April 13, 1949) is a British Author, Journalist, Literary critic and American George's, and quotes Said stating as early as 1992 that he had spent much of his youth in Cairo. ^[42] In another commentary by Alexander Cockburn and Jeffrey St. Clair in Counterpunch, Haig Boyadjian confirmed that he had been Said's classmate at St. Alexander Claud Cockburn (ˈkoʊbɚn koh-burn born 6 June 1941 is an Irish-American political Journalist. Jeffrey St Clair (born 1959 in Indianapolis Indiana) is an Investigative journalist, writer and editor CounterPunch is a biweekly Newsletter published in the United States that covers politics in a manner its editors describe as "muckraking with a radical George's in 1947, and chastised Weiner. ^[43]In an article entitled "Defamation, Zionist-style," Said explained himself, responding that "the family house was in fact a family house in the Arab sense, which meant that our families were one in ownership," and that his name could not be on the school's registry, which was terminated a year before his attendance. ^[44] Said charged that the "Zionist movement has resorted to shabbier and shabbier techniques," criticizing the Jerusalem Center for having "hired an obscure Israeli-American lawyer to 'research' the first ten years of my life and 'prove' that even though I was born in Jerusalem I was never really there". ^[45] Said later stated: "I was born in Jerusalem, my family is a Jerusalem family. We left Palestine in 1947. We left before most others. It was a fortuitous thing. . . . I never said I was a refugee, but the rest of my family was. My entire extended family was driven out. . . . "^[46]

Publications

• Joseph Conrad and the Fiction of Autobiography (1966)
• Beginnings: Intention and Method (1975)
• Orientalism (1978)
• The Question of Palestine (1979)
• Orientalism (1980)
• Literature and Society (editor) (1980)
• The Middle East: What Chances For Peace? (1980) [co-contributor with Joseph J. Joseph Conrad (born Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski, 3 December 1857 – 3 August 1924 was a Polish-born English novelist An autobiography, from the Greek αὐτός autos "self" βίος bios "life" and γράφειν graphein "to write" Orientalism is the 1978 book by Edward Said that has been highly influential in postcolonial studies. Sisco, Shlomo Avineri, Saburo Okita, Udo Steinbach, William Scranton, Abdel Hamid Abdel-Ghani and H. Shlomo Avineri (born in Bielsko, Poland 1933 is an Israeli Political scientist. R. H. Prince Saud]
• Covering Islam: How the Media and the Experts Determine How We See the Rest of the World (1981)
• The World, the Text and the Critic (1983)
• After the Last Sky: Palestinian Lives (1986) [with photographs by Jean Mohr]
• Blaming the Victims: Spurious Scholarship and the Palestinian Question (1988) [contributor and co-editor with Christopher Hitchens]
• Yeats and Decolonization (1988)
• Musical Elaborations (1991)
• Culture and Imperialism (1993)
• The Politics of Dispossession (1994)
• Representations of the Intellectual: The Reith Lectures (1994)
• The Pen and the Sword: Conversations with Edward W. Blaming the Victims Spurious Scholarship and the Palestinian Question, is a collection of Essays co-edited by Edward Said and Christopher Hitchens Culture and Imperialism is a book by Edward W Said published in 1993 examining the connections between European culture and colonial endeavors Said (1994) [Conversations with David Barsamian]
• Peace and Its Discontents: Essays on Palestine in the Middle East Peace Process (1996)
• Entre guerre at paix (1997)
• Acts of Aggression: Policing "Rogue States" (with Noam Chomsky and Ramsey Clark) (1999)
• Out of Place (1999) (a memoir)
• Henry James: Complete Stories, 1884-1891 (Editor) (1999)
• The End of the Peace Process: Oslo and After (2000)
• Reflections on Exile (2000)
• The Edward Said Reader (2000)
• Power, Politics and Culture: Interviews with Edward W. Said (2001)
• CIA et Jihad, 1950-2001: Contre l'URSS, une désastreuse alliance (2002), with John K. Cooley
• Culture and Resistance: Conversations with Edward W. John Kent Cooley ( November 25, 1927 - August 6, 2008) was an American journalist and author who specialized in Terrorism and the Said (2003) [Interviews by David Barsamian]
• Freud and the Non-European (2003)
• From Oslo to Iraq and the Road Map (Collection of Essays) (2003)
• Parallels and Paradoxes: Explorations in Music and Society (with Daniel Barenboim) (2003)^[47]
• Humanism and Democratic Criticism (2005)
• On Late Style: Music and Literature Against the Grain (2006)
• Criticism in Society (year of publication unknown)
• Edward Said: A Critical Reader (year of publication unknown)
• Jewish Religion, Jewish History (Introduction) (year of publication unknown)
• Nationalism, Colonialism, and Literature (year of publication unknown)

See also

• The Edward Said National Conservatory of Music, named in his honor

Notes

External links

• Edward W. Said: A Bibliography, compiled by Eddie Yeghiayan.
• Edward M. Said Selected Bibliography (includes reviews of publications by Said)
• Edward Said dossier (Le Monde diplomatique)
• "The Legacy of Edward Said" by Andrew N. Rubin, talk at Georgetown University's Center for Contemporary Arab Studies.
• "Writing to the moment" Review of Edward Said's work on the occasion of the anniversary of his death in The Guardian. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group.
• Columbia News mourns passing of Said
• A Devil Theory of Islam Edward Said's commentary on writings by The New York Times journalist Judith Miller
• The Edward Said Archive Unofficial fansite. Judith Miller may refer to Judith Miller (journalist, an American journalist Judith Miller (philosopher, a French philosopher A fansite or fan site (also named fanpage is a Website created and maintained by a fan (s or devotee(s interested in a Celebrity, thing or
• Edward Said index on The Electronic Intifada.
• Obrad Savic "Edvard Said: Razbastinjeni intelektualac", a tribute by Professor Obrad Savic (Belgrade Circle).
• South End Press, Said's publications by South End Press and a brief biographical account.
• Islam Through Western Eyes, article by Said explaining the main thesis of Orientalism.
• Zmag.org/Middle East Watch Tributes posted in ZMagazine.
• A Mighty and Passionate Heart, obituary by Alexander Cockburn posted in Counterpunch. Alexander Claud Cockburn (ˈkoʊbɚn koh-burn born 6 June 1941 is an Irish-American political Journalist.
• Edward, a tribute by Dr. Hanan Ashrawi. Hanan Daoud Khalil Ashrawi (b October 8 1946 is a Palestinian legislator human rights activist and scholar
• Tribute and archive of Said's Democracy Now! appearances
• "Edward W. Said, 1935 - 2003" Memorial tribute to Said on the first anniversary of his death. Democracy Now! is a syndicated program of news analysis and opinion aired by more than 700 Radio and Television, satellite
• Talk at Berkeley on "Palestine and the Universality of Human Rights". Hosted on tucradio. org: Part 1, Part 2. Single downloadable file with Lecture by Edward Said (mp3 file in compressed rar format).
• "The Rootless Cosmopolitan", obituary by Tony Judt published in The Nation. Tony Judt (born 1948 London, England) is a British Historian, Author and University professor. This article is about the US Publication. For other newspapers magazines and alternate uses by the same name see The Nation (disambiguation.
• Edward Said and The Production of Knowledge, by Sethi, Arjun (University of Maryland) April 2007
• "Remembering Edward Said (1935-2003)," obituary and tribute by Tariq Ali published in The New Left Review. Arjun Charan Sethi (born 18 September, 1941) is a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. The New Left Review is a political Journal, founded in 1960 in the UK after the editors of the New Reasoner and the
• Mural Debate: Moratorium Resembles 1994 Malcolm X Incident Controversy over Edward Said's Mural proposed for the student center at San Francisco State Universtity.
• 1980 review by Malcolm Kerr, in International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, of Said's book Orientalism. This article refers to the late president of the American University of Beirut born in Lebanon to American missionary parents
• Review of Reflections on Exile and Other Essays and Edward Said: The Last Interview, in Other Voices, vol. Other Voices is a peer-reviewed Open access, electronic journal of Cultural criticism and Cultural studies founded in 1996 at 3, no. 1.

Critical

• Edward Said article by David Frum published in National Review, September 29, 2003, re-posted on Campus Watch
• Debunking Edward Said criticism of Orientalism by Ibn Warraq
• Edward Said's Splash Said's impact on Middle Eastern studies, by Martin Kramer. David J Frum (born 1960 is a Canadian-born Conservative and journalist active in the both US and Canadian political arenas National Review ( NR) is a biweekly Magazine and Web site, founded by the late author William F Events 522 BC - Darius I of Persia kills the Magian usurper Gaumâta securing his hold as king of the Persian Empire. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Campus Watch is an organisation which according its own website "reviews and critiques Middle East studies in North America with an aim to improving them Ibn Warraq (born 1946 is the Pen name of a Secularist author of Pakistani origin and founder of the Institute for the Secularisation of Islamic Society Martin Seth Kramer (b 1954 Washington DC) is an American scholar of the Middle East at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, the
• "Edward Said's Documented Deceptions" by pro-Israel group CAMERA
• Edward W. Said, intellectual by Bruce Bawer, The Hudson Review, Winter 2002
• Where the Twain Should Have Met by Christopher Hitchens, The Atlantic Monthly, September 2003 (theatlantic. Bruce Bawer, (born October 31, 1956 in New York City) is an American Literary critic, Writer, and Poet. The Hudson Review is a quarterly journal of literature and the arts Christopher Eric Hitchens (born April 13, 1949) is a British Author, Journalist, Literary critic and American The Atlantic (formerly known as The Atlantic Monthly) is an American Magazine founded in Boston in 1857 com subscriber excerpt)

Persondata
NAME	Saïd, Edward Wadie
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION	American literary theorist, political activist
DATE OF BIRTH	November 1, 1935
PLACE OF BIRTH	Jerusalem, British Mandate of Palestine
DATE OF DEATH	September 25, 2003
PLACE OF DEATH	New York City, New York, United States

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