Edward I
By the Grace of God, King of England, Lord of Ireland, and Duke of Aquitaine (more...)
Statue of Edward I from York Minster
Reign	17 November 1272 – 7 July 1307
Coronation	19 August 1274
Predecessor	Henry III
Successor	Edward II
Consort	Eleanor of Castile (1254–1290) Marguerite of France (1299–)
among others Issue
Eleanor, Countess of Bar Joan, Countess of Hertford and Gloucester Alphonso, Earl of Chester Margaret, Duchess of Brabant Mary Plantagenet Elizabeth, Countess of Hereford Edward II Thomas, 1st Earl of Norfolk Edmund, 1st Earl of Kent
Detail Titles and styles
The King The Earl of Chester Duke of Aquitaine Edward of Westminster Edward Plantagenet
Royal house	House of Plantagenet
Father	Henry III
Mother	Eleanor of Provence
Born	17 June 1239(1239-06-17) Palace of Westminster, London
Died	7 July 1307 (aged 68) Burgh by Sands, Cumberland
Burial	Westminster Abbey, London

Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), popularly known as Longshanks,^[1] achieved historical fame as the monarch who conquered Wales and almost succeeded in doing the same to Scotland. The precise style of British Sovereigns has varied over the years Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. Henry III (1 October 1207 &ndash 16 November 1272 was the son and successor of John "Lackland" as King of England, reigning for fifty-six years from 1216 For the play see Edward II (play. For the film see Edward II (film. For others known sometimes by same name see Leonora of Castile For other Eleanors of England see Eleanor of England (disambiguation For other people with the same name see Marguerite of France. Eleanor of England ( 18 June 1269 &ndash 29 August, 1298) was the eldest surviving daughter of Edward I of England and his first Joan of Acre (April 1272 &ndash April 7, 1307) was a daughter of King Edward I of England and his first wife Eleanor of Castile (1241-1290 Alphonso ( 24 November 1273 &ndash 19 August 1284) was the ninth child of Edward I of England and Eleanor of Castile. Margaret Plantagenet ( March 15, 1275 Windsor Castle &ndash after 1318 Belgium) was the tenth child and seventh daughter of King Edward Elizabeth of Rhuddlan (also Elizabeth Plantagenet) ( 7 August 1282, Rhuddlan Castle &ndash 5 May 1316, Quendon For the play see Edward II (play. For the film see Edward II (film. Thomas of Brotherton 1st Earl of Norfolk ( June 1, 1300 &ndash August 4, 1338) was the son of Edward I of England and Marguerite Edmund of Woodstock 1st Earl of Kent ( August 5, 1301 &ndash March 19, 1330) was a member of the English Royal Family A royal house or royal dynasty is a familial designation or Family name of sorts used by Royalty. The House of Plantagenet (planˈtadʒɪnɪt also called the House of Anjou, or the First Angevin dynasty, was originally a noble Henry III (1 October 1207 &ndash 16 November 1272 was the son and successor of John "Lackland" as King of England, reigning for fifty-six years from 1216 Eleanor of Provence (c 1223 &ndash 26 June 1291 was Queen Consort of King Henry III of England. Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Burgh by Sands ( IPA /ˈbrʌf/ "bruff" is a village and Civil parish in the City of Carlisle district of Cumbria, England Cumberland is one of the 39 Historic counties of England. It formed an administrative county from 1889 to 1974 (excluding Carlisle from 1915 and now forms part of The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. However, his death led to his son Edward II taking the throne and ultimately failing in his attempt to subjugate Scotland. For the play see Edward II (play. For the film see Edward II (film. Longshanks reigned from 1272 to 1307, ascending the throne of England on 20 November 1272 after the death of his father, King Henry III. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, Henry III (1 October 1207 &ndash 16 November 1272 was the son and successor of John "Lackland" as King of England, reigning for fifty-six years from 1216 His mother was queen consort Eleanor of Provence. A queen consort is the title given to the wife of a reigning king. Eleanor of Provence (c 1223 &ndash 26 June 1291 was Queen Consort of King Henry III of England.

As regnal post-nominal numbers were a Norman (as opposed to Anglo-Saxon) custom, Edward Longshanks is known as Edward I, even though he is the fourth King Edward, following Edward the Elder, Edward the Martyr, and Edward the Confessor. Edward the Elder ( Old English: Ēadweard se Ieldra) (c 870 &ndash 17 July 924) was King of England (899 &ndash Edward the Martyr or Eadweard II (c 962&ndash 18 March 978) was King of England from 975 until he was murdered in 978 King Edward the Confessor (c 1003 &ndash 5 January 1066 son of Ethelred the Unready, was the penultimate Anglo-Saxon King of England and the last

Contents 1 Childhood and marriages 2 Early ambitions 3 Military campaigns 3.1 Crusades 3.2 Accession 3.3 Welsh Wars 3.4 Scottish Wars 4 Later career and death 5 Government and law under Edward I 6 Persecution of the Jews 6.1 Expulsion of the Jews 7 Portrayal in fiction 8 Titles, styles, honours and arms 8.1 Arms 9 Issue 10 Ancestry 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links

Childhood and marriages

Edward was born at the Palace of Westminster on the evening of 17 June 1239. Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat ^[2] He was an older brother of Beatrice of England, Margaret of England and Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster. Edmund Crouchback 1st Earl of Lancaster ( January 16, 1245 &ndash June 5, 1296) was the second surviving son of Eleanor of Provence He was named after Edward the Confessor. King Edward the Confessor (c 1003 &ndash 5 January 1066 son of Ethelred the Unready, was the penultimate Anglo-Saxon King of England and the last ^[3] From 1239 to 1246 Edward was in the care of Hugh Giffard (the son of Godfrey Giffard) and his wife, Sybil, who had been one of the midwives at Edward's birth. Godfrey Giffard, (c 1235 &ndash 1302 was Chancellor of the Exchequer of England Lord Chancellor of England Midwifery is a Health care profession where providers give Prenatal care to expecting Mothers attend the birth of the Infant On Giffard's death in 1246, Bartholomew Pecche took over. Early grants of land to Edward included Gascony, but Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester had been appointed by Henry to seven years as royal lieutenant in Gascony in 1248, a year before the grant to Edward, so in practice Edward derived neither authority nor revenue from the province. Gascony (Gascogne gaskɔɲ Gascon Occitan: Gasconha, pronounced) is an area of southwest France that constituted a province of France Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester (1208 – August 4, 1265) was the principal leader of the Baronial opposition to King Henry III of England

Edward's first marriage (age 15) was arranged in 1254 by his father and Alfonso X of Castile. Alfonso X (November 23 1221 Toledo Spain &ndash April 4 1284 Seville Spain) was a Spanish monarch who ruled as the King of Castile, Alfonso had insisted that Edward receive grants of land worth 15,000 marks a year and also asked to knight him; Henry had already planned a knighthood ceremony for Edward but conceded. The mark was originally a unit of Mass for Gold and Silver common throughout Western Europe, and was equal to 8 Troy ounces (249 Edward crossed the Channel in June, and was knighted by Alfonso and married to Eleanor of Castile (age 13) on 1 November 1254 in the monastery of Las Huelgas. For others known sometimes by same name see Leonora of Castile For other Eleanors of England see Eleanor of England (disambiguation Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi

Eleanor and Edward would go on to have at least fifteen (possibly sixteen) children, and her death in 1290 affected Edward deeply. He displayed his grief by erecting the Eleanor crosses, one at each place where her funeral cortège stopped for the night. The Eleanor crosses were 12 lavishly decorated stone monuments of which three survive intact in a line down part of the east of England. His second marriage, (age 60) at Canterbury on September 10, 1299, to Marguerite of France, (age 17) (known as the "Pearl of France" by her husband's English subjects), the daughter of King Philip III of France (Phillip the Bold) and Maria of Brabant, produced three children. Canterbury ( ˈkæntəbɹ̩i is a City in eastern Kent in the South East region of England. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. For other people with the same name see Marguerite of France. Philip the Bold Philip III ( 30 April 1245 &ndash 5 October 1285) called the Bold ( French: le Hardi) was Maria of Brabant ( 13 May 1254, Leuven &ndash January 10, 1321, Murel) Queen consort of France

Early ambitions

In 1255, Edward and Eleanor both returned to England. The chronicler Matthew Paris tells of a row between Edward and his father over Gascon affairs; Edward and Henry's policies continued to diverge, and on 9 September 1256, without his father's knowledge, Edward signed a treaty with Gaillard de Soler, the ruler of one of the Bordeaux factions. Matthew Paris (c 1200 &ndash 1259 was a Benedictine monk English chronicler, artist in Illuminated manuscripts and Cartographer Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian ( Gascon: Bordèu) is a port city in southwest France, with one million inhabitants in its metropolitan area at a 2008 estimate Edward's freedom to manoeuver was limited, however, since the seneschal of Gascony, Stephen Longespée, held Henry's authority in Gascony. A seneschal was an officer in the houses of important nobles in the Middle Ages. Edward had been granted much other land, including Wales and Ireland, but for various reasons had less involvement in their administration. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world

In 1258, Henry was forced by his barons to accede to the Provisions of Oxford. The Provisions of Oxford were installed in 1258 by a group of barons led by Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester; these documents are often regarded as England's first written This, in turn, led to Edward becoming more aligned with the barons and their promised reforms, and on 15 October 1259 he announced that he supported the barons' goals. Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the Shortly afterwards Henry crossed to France for peace negotiations, and Edward took the opportunity to make appointments favouring his allies. An account in Thomas Wykes's chronicle claims Henry learned that Edward was plotting against the throne; Henry, returning to London in the spring of 1260, was eventually reconciled with Edward by Richard of Cornwall's efforts. Thomas Wykes (1222-c 1293 English Chronicler, was a Canon regular of Oseney Abbey, near Oxford. Richard of Cornwall ( 5 January 1209 – 2 April 1272) was Count of Poitou (from 1225 to 1243 Earl of Cornwall (from Henry then forced Edward's allies to give up the castles they had received and Edward's independence was sharply curtailed.

English Royalty
House of Plantagenet
Armorial of Plantagenet
Edward I
Joan, Countess of Gloucester
Alphonso, Earl of Chester
Edward II
Thomas, Earl of Norfolk
Edmund, Earl of Kent

Edward's character greatly contrasted with that of his father, who reigned over England throughout Edward's childhood and consistently tended to favour compromise with his opponents. TalkCommonewalth realm.--> The monarchy The House of Plantagenet (planˈtadʒɪnɪt also called the House of Anjou, or the First Angevin dynasty, was originally a noble Family chief Heirs cadets House of Lancaster House of York Joan of Acre (April 1272 &ndash April 7, 1307) was a daughter of King Edward I of England and his first wife Eleanor of Castile (1241-1290 Alphonso ( 24 November 1273 &ndash 19 August 1284) was the ninth child of Edward I of England and Eleanor of Castile. For the play see Edward II (play. For the film see Edward II (film. Thomas of Brotherton 1st Earl of Norfolk ( June 1, 1300 &ndash August 4, 1338) was the son of Edward I of England and Marguerite Edmund of Woodstock 1st Earl of Kent ( August 5, 1301 &ndash March 19, 1330) was a member of the English Royal Family Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states Edward had already shown himself as an ambitious and impatient man, displaying considerable military prowess in defeating Simon de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham in 1265, having previously been imprisoned by de Montfort at Wallingford Castle and Kenilworth Castle. Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester (1208 – August 4, 1265) was the principal leader of the Baronial opposition to King Henry III of England Background Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester, had gained a dominant position in the government of the Kingdom of England after his victory at the The remains of Wallingford Castle, once an important royal castle and defensive stronghold are situated in Wallingford in the English county of Oxfordshire Kenilworth Castle is a castle located in Kenilworth, Warwickshire, England (

Military campaigns

Crusades

See also: Ninth Crusade

In 1266, Cardinal Ottobono, the Papal Legate, arrived in England and appealed to Edward and his brother Edmund to participate in the Eighth Crusade alongside Louis IX of France. The Ninth Crusade, which is sometimes grouped with the Eighth Crusade, is commonly considered to be the last major medieval Crusade to the Holy Land Pope Adrian V (c 1205 &ndash August 18, 1276) born Ottobuono de' Fieschi was Pope in 1276 A Papal Legate – from the Latin authentic Roman title Legatus – is a personal representative of the Pope to Foreign nations or to some part of the Catholic The Eighth Crusade was a Crusade launched by Louis IX, King of France, in In order to fund the crusade, Edward had to borrow heavily from the French king, and persuade a reluctant parliament to vote him a subsidy (no such tax had been raised in England since 1237).

The number of knights and retainers that accompanied Edward on the crusade was quite small. He drew up contracts with 225 knights, and one chronicler estimated that his total force numbered 1000 men. ^[4] Many of the members of Edward's expedition were close friends and family including his wife Eleanor of Castile, his brother Edmund, and his first cousin Henry of Almain. For others known sometimes by same name see Leonora of Castile For other Eleanors of England see Eleanor of England (disambiguation Henry of Almain ( 2 November 1235 Haughley Castle &ndash 13 March 1271 Viterbo) so called because of his father's German

The original goal of the crusade was to relieve the beleaguered Christian stronghold of Acre, but Louis had been diverted to Tunis. Tunis ( Arabic: تونس Tūnis) is the Capital of the Tunisian Republic and also the Tunis By the time Edward arrived at Tunis, Louis had died of disease. The majority of the French forces at Tunis thus returned home, but a small number joined Edward who continued to Acre to participate in the Ninth Crusade. The Ninth Crusade, which is sometimes grouped with the Eighth Crusade, is commonly considered to be the last major medieval Crusade to the Holy Land After a short stop in Cyprus, Edward arrived in Acre, reportedly with thirteen ships. Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía In 1271, Hugh III of Cyprus arrived with a contingent of knights. Hugh III of Cyprus (1235 &ndash 24 March 1284 born Hughues de Poitiers, later Hughues de Lusignan (he adopted his mother's surname de Lusignan in 1267

Soon after the arrival of Hugh, Edward raided the town of Qaqun. Qaqun (قاقون known to the Crusaders as Quaquo or Caco) was a Palestinian Arab village located 6 kilometres northwest of the city of Because the Mamluks were also pressed by Mongols raid into Syria,^[5] there followed a ten year truce, despite Edward's objections. Starting in 1246 the Mongols made repeated attempts to invade Syria.

The truce, and an almost fatal wound inflicted by a Muslim assassin, soon forced Edward to return to England. On his return voyage he learned of his father's death. Overall, Edward's crusade was rather insignificant and only gave the city of Acre a reprieve of ten years. However, Edward's reputation was greatly enhanced by his participation and he was hailed by one contemporary English songwriter as a new Richard the Lionheart. Richard I (8 September 1157 &ndash 6 April 1199 was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death

Edward was also largely responsible for the Tower of London in the form we see today, including notably the concentric defences, elaborate entranceways, and the Traitor's Gate. Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London (and historically as The Tower) is a historic monument in central London Concentric objects share the same center, axis or origin with one inside the other Many Tudor prisoners entered the Tower of London through the Traitors' Gate. The engineer who redesigned the Tower's moat, Brother John of the Order of St Thomas of Acre, had clearly been recruited in the East.

Accession

Edward's accession marks a watershed. Previous kings of England were only regarded as such from the moment of their coronation. Edward, by prior arrangement before his departure on crusade, was regarded as king from the moment of his father's death, although his rule was not proclaimed until 20 November 1272, four days after Henry's demise. Edward was not crowned until his return to England in 1274. His coronation took place on Sunday,19 August 1274, in the new abbey church at Westminster, rebuilt by his father. Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul.

When his contemporaries wished to distinguish him from his earlier royal namesakes, they generally called him 'King Edward, son of King Henry'. Not until the reign of Edward III, when they were forced to distinguish between three consecutive King Edwards, did people begin to speak of Edward 'the First' (some of them, recalling the earlier Anglo-Saxon kings of the same name, would add 'since the Conquest').

Welsh Wars

One of King Edward's early moves was the conquest of Wales. Year 1902 ( MCMII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Under the 1267 Treaty of Montgomery, Llywelyn ap Gruffydd had extended Welsh territories southwards into what had been the lands of the English Marcher Lords and obtained English royal recognition of his title of Prince of Wales, although he still owed homage to the English monarch as overlord. By means of the Treaty of Montgomery (29 September 1267, Llywelyn ap Gruffydd was acknowledged as Prince of Wales by the English king Henry III Genealogy and early life Llywelyn was the second of the four sons of Gruffydd, the eldest son of Llywelyn the Great, and Senena ferch Rhodri A Marcher Lord is the English equivalent of a Margrave (in the Holy Roman empire Prince of Wales (Tywysog Cymru is a title traditionally granted to the Heir Apparent to the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom (and formerly the Kingdom After Llywelyn repeatedly refused to pay homage to Edward in 1274–76, Edward raised an army and launched his first campaign against the Welsh prince in 1276–1277. For other related uses see Commendation ceremony and Homage (disambiguation Homage in the Middle Ages was the ceremony After this campaign, Llywelyn was forced to pay homage to Edward and was stripped of all but a rump of territory in Gwynedd. History Gwynedd was an independent kingdom from the end of the Roman period until the 13th Century when it was conquered and subjugated by England But Edward allowed Llywelyn to retain the title of Prince of Wales, and eventually allowed him to marry Eleanor de Montfort, daughter of the late Earl Simon. Prince of Wales (Tywysog Cymru is a title traditionally granted to the Heir Apparent to the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom (and formerly the Kingdom Eleanor de Montfort Princess of Wales and Lady of Snowdon ( 1252 - 19 June 1282) was a daughter of Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester and Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester (1208 – August 4, 1265) was the principal leader of the Baronial opposition to King Henry III of England

Llywelyn's younger brother, Dafydd (who had previously been an ally of the English) started another rebellion in 1282, and was soon joined by his brother and many other Welshmen in a war of national liberation. Dafydd ap Gruffydd (or Dafydd ap Gruffudd) (11 July 1238 &ndash 3 October 1283 was Prince of Wales from 11 December 1282 until his execution on 3 October 1283 Edward was caught off guard by this revolt but responded quickly and decisively, vowing to remove the Welsh problem forever. Llywelyn was killed in an obscure skirmish with English forces in December 1282, and Welsh resistance all but collapsed. Snowdonia was occupied the following spring and at length Dafydd ap Gruffudd was captured and taken to Shrewsbury, where he was tried and executed for treason. Snowdonia (Eryri is a region of North Wales and a National park of in area Shrewsbury ( /ˈʃruːzbri/ or /ˈʃroʊzbri/ is the County town of Shropshire, in the West Midlands region of England In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation. To consolidate his conquest, Edward began construction of a string of massive stone castles encircling the principality, of which the most celebrated are Caernarfon, Conwy and Harlech. A castle is a defensive structure seen as one of the main symbols of the Middle Ages. Caernarfon Castle (Castell Caernarfon was constructed at Caernarfon in Gwynedd, north-west Wales, by King Edward I of England, following his Conwy Castle (traditional Conway Castle Welsh Castell Conwy) is a Castle in Conwy, on the north coast of Wales. Harlech Castle, located in Harlech, Gwynedd, Wales, is a Concentric castle, constructed atop a cliff close to the Irish Sea.

Wales was incorporated into England under the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284 and, in 1301, Edward invested his eldest son, Edward of Caernarfon, as Prince of Wales. The Statute of Rhuddlan was enacted on 3 March 1284 after the military conquest in 1282-83 of the Principality of Wales — which had been established by Llywelyn ap Gruffudd For the play see Edward II (play. For the film see Edward II (film. Prince of Wales (Tywysog Cymru is a title traditionally granted to the Heir Apparent to the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom (and formerly the Kingdom Since that time, with the exception of Edward III, the eldest sons of all English monarchs have borne this title. Edward III (13 November 1312 &ndash 21 June 1377 was one of the most successful English monarchs of the Middle Ages.

Scottish Wars

In 1289, after his return from a lengthy stay in his duchy of Gascony, Edward turned his attentions to Scotland. He had planned to marry his son and heir Edward, to the heiress Margaret, the Maid of Norway, but when Margaret died with no clear successor, the Scottish Guardians invited Edward's arbitration, to prevent the country from descending into civil war. For the play see Edward II (play. For the film see Edward II (film. Margaret ( Gaelic: Mairead or Maighread) (early 1283&ndashSeptember/October 1290 usually known as the Maid of Norway (Jomfruen av Norge literally But before the process got underway, and to the surprise and consternation of many of Scots, Edward insisted that he must be recognized as overlord of Scotland. Eventually, after weeks of English machination and intimidation, this precondition was accepted, with the proviso that Edward's overlordship would only be temporary.

His overlordship acknowledged, Edward proceeded to hear the great case (or Great Cause, a term first recorded in the 18th century) to decide who had the best right to be the new Scottish king. Proceedings took place at Berwick upon Tweed. After lengthy debates and adjournments, Edward ruled in favour of John Balliol in November 1292. Balliol was enthroned at Scone on 30 November 1292.

In the weeks after this decision, however, Edward revealed that he had no intention of dropping his claim to be Scotland's superior lord. Balliol was forced to seal documents freeing Edward from his earlier promises. Soon the new Scottish king found himself being overruled from Westminster, and even summoned there on the appeal of his own Scottish subjects.

When, in 1294, Edward also demanded Scottish military service against France, it was the final straw. In 1295 the Scots concluded a treaty with France and readied themselves for war with England.

The war began in March 1296 when the Scots crossed the border and tried, unsuccessfully, to take Carlisle. Days later Edward's massive army struck into Scotland and demanded the surrender of Berwick. When this was refused the English attacked, killing many of the citizens (though the figure of 11,000 dead has to be a wild exaggeration, for Berwick was not nearly that large).

After Berwick, and the defeat of the Scots by an English army at the Battle of Dunbar (1296), Edward proceeded north, taking Edinburgh and travelling as far north as Elgin - farther, as one contemporary noted, than any earlier English king. The Battle of Dunbar (also known as the Battle of Spottsmuir) was the first major battle in the First War of Scottish Independence. Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. On his return south he confiscated the Stone of Destiny and carted it from Perth to Westminster Abbey. The Stone of Scone (ˈskuːn also commonly known as the Stone of Destiny or the Coronation Stone is an oblong block of red Sandstone, about by by in Balliol, deprived of his crown, the royal regalia ripped from his tabard (hence his nickname, Toom Tabard) was imprisoned in the Tower of London for three years (later he was transferred to papal custody, and at length allowed to return to his ancestral estates in France). Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London (and historically as The Tower) is a historic monument in central London All freeholders in Scotland were required to swear an oath of homage to Edward, and he ruled Scotland like a province through English viceroys. A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the Monarch.

Opposition sprang up (see Wars of Scottish Independence), and Edward executed the focus of discontent, William Wallace, on 23 August 1305, having earlier defeated him at the Battle of Falkirk (1298). The Wars of Scottish Independence were a series of military campaigns fought between the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England in the late 13th Sir William Wallace ( Scottish Gaelic: Uilleam Uallas; c 1272 – 23 August 1305 was a Scottish Knight, Landowner, and Patriot Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire The Battle of Falkirk, ( Blàr na h-Eaglaise Brice in Gaelic which took place on 22 July 1298 was a major engagement in the First War of Scottish Independence.

Edward was known to be fond of falconry and horse riding. Falconry or hawking is an Art or Sport which involves the use of trained raptors (birds of prey to hunt or pursue game for humans Horses in the Middle Ages differed in size build and breed to the modern Horse, and The names of some of his horses are recorded in royal rolls: Lyard, his war horse; Ferrault his hunting horse; and his favourite, Bayard. At the Siege of Berwick, Edward is said to have led the assault personally, using Bayard to leap over the earthen defences of the city.

Later career and death

Edward's later life was fraught with difficulty, as he lost his beloved first wife Eleanor and his heir failed to develop the expected kingly character.

Edward's plan to conquer Scotland ultimately failed. In 1307 he died at Burgh-by-Sands, Cumberland on the Scottish border, while on his way to wage another campaign against the Scots under the leadership of Robert the Bruce. Burgh by Sands ( IPA /ˈbrʌf/ "bruff" is a village and Civil parish in the City of Carlisle district of Cumbria, England Cumberland is one of the 39 Historic counties of England. It formed an administrative county from 1889 to 1974 (excluding Carlisle from 1915 and now forms part of Robert I King of Scots ( 11 July, 1274 &ndash 7 June, 1329) usually known in modern English as Robert the Bruce ( According to a later chronicler tradition, Edward asked to have his bones carried on future military campaigns in Scotland. More credible and contemporary writers reported that the king's last request was to have his heart taken to the Holy Land. All that is certain is that Edward was buried in Westminster Abbey in a plain black marble tomb, which in later years was painted with the words Edwardus Primus Scottorum malleus hic est, pactum serva, (Here is Edward I, Hammer of the Scots. The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church Keep Troth. ^[6]. Although in their present form these words were added in the sixteenth century, they may well date from soon after his death.

On 2 January 1774, the Society of Antiquaries opened the coffin and discovered that his body had been perfectly preserved for 467 years. Events 366 - The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine River in large numbers invading the Roman Empire. Year 1774 ( MDCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Society of Antiquaries of London (SAL is the world’s premier Learned Society for heritage His body was measured to be 6 feet 2 inches (188 cm). ^[7]

Government and law under Edward I

See also List of Parliaments of Edward I

Unlike his father, Henry III, Edward I took great interest in the workings of his government and undertook a number of reforms to regain royal control in government and administration. This article is a List of Parliaments of England Devolved English Parliament is about the debate on a devolved parliament for England Henry III (1 October 1207 &ndash 16 November 1272 was the son and successor of John "Lackland" as King of England, reigning for fifty-six years from 1216 It was during Edward's reign that parliament began to meet regularly. And though still extremely limited to matters of taxation, it enabled Edward I to obtain a number of taxation grants which had been impossible for Henry III.

After returning from the crusade in 1274, a major inquiry into local malpractice and alienation of royal rights took place. The result was the Hundred Rolls of 1275, a detailed document reflecting the waning power of the Crown. The Hundred Rolls are a Census of England and parts of what is now Wales taken in the late Thirteenth century. It was also the allegations that emerged from the inquiry which led to the first of the series of codes of law issued during the reign of Edward I. In 1275, the first Statute of Westminster was issued correcting many specific problems in the Hundred Rolls. Similar codes of law continued to be issued until the death of Edward's close adviser Robert Burnell in 1292.

Edward's personal treasure, valued at over a year's worth of the kingdom's tax revenue, was stolen by Richard of Pudlicott in 1306, leading to one of the largest criminal trials of the period. Richard of Pudlicott (d1305 also known as Richard de Podelicote (or Pudlicote, or Dick Puddlecote) was an English wool merchant who down on his luck

Persecution of the Jews

In 1275, Edward issued the Statute of the Jewry, which imposed various restrictions upon the Jews of England; most notably, outlawing the practice of usury and introducing to England the practice of requiring Jews to wear a yellow badge on their outer garments. The Statute of the Jewry was a Statute issued by Edward I of England in 1275. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The yellow badge (or yellow patch) also referred to as a Jewish badge, was a cloth patch that Jews were ordered to sew on their outer garments in order In 1279, in the context of a crack-down on coin-clippers [criminals who shaved the edges of silver pennies to make new bullion], he arrested all the heads of Jewish households in England, and had around 300 of them executed.

Expulsion of the Jews

By the Edict of Expulsion of 1290, Edward formally expelled all Jews from England. This article describes the Edict of Expulsion, given by Edward I of England in 1290, that expelled all Jews from England for In almost every case, all their money and property was confiscated.

The motive for this expulsion was first and foremost financial. Edward, after his return from a three year stay on the Continent, was around £100,000 in debt. Such a large sum - around four times his normal annual income - could only come from a grant of parliamentary taxation. It seems that parliament was persuaded to vote for this tax, as had been the case on several earlier occasions in Edward's reign.

Portrayal in fiction

Edward's life was dramatized in a Renaissance play by George Peele, The Famous Chronicle of King Edward the First. English Renaissance theatre is English drama written between the Reformation and the closure of the theatres in 1642. George Peele (born in London and baptized 25 July 1556 &ndash buried 9 November 1596) was an English Dramatist "The Famous Chronicle of King Edward the First" is a play by George Peele, published 1593, chronicling the career of Edward I of England

Edward is unflatteringly depicted in several novels with a contemporary setting, including:

• Edith Pargeter - The Brothers of Gwynedd quartet
• Sharon Penman - The Reckoning and Falls the Shadow
• Nigel Tranter
  • The Wallace: The Compelling 13th Century Story of William Wallace. Edith Mary Pargeter, BEM ( September 28, 1913 in Horsehay, Shropshire, England &ndash October 14, 1995 Sharon Kay Penman (b August 13, 1945 in New York) is an American Historical novelist of Anglo-Irish ancestry Nigel Tranter OBE ( November 23, 1909 – January 9, 2000) was a Scottish Historian and Author. Nigel Tranter was a Scottish author who wrote many novels based on actual historical events and characters McArthur & Co. , 1997. ISBN 0-3402-1237-3.
  • The Bruce Trilogy -- Robert the Bruce: The Steps to the Empty Throne. Nigel Tranter was a Scottish author who wrote many novels based on actual historical events and characters Robert the Bruce: The Path of the Hero King. Robert the Bruce: The Price of the King's Peace. London: Hodder & Stoughton. 1969-1971. ISBN 0-3403-7186-2.

The subjection of Wales and its people and their staunch resistance was commemorated in a poem, The Bards of Wales, by the Hungarian poet János Arany in 1857 as a way of encoded resistance to the suppressive politics of the time. The Bards of Wales is a ballad by Hungarian poet János Arany, written in 1857 János Arany ( March 2, 1817 &mdash October 22, 1882) was a Hungarian journalist writer poet and translator

Edward is portrayed by Patrick McGoohan as a hard-hearted tyrant in the 1995 film Braveheart. Patrick Joseph McGoohan (born March 19, 1928) is an American born Actor, raised in Ireland and England who rose to fame in the British Braveheart is a 1995 historical action-drama movie produced and directed by Mel Gibson, who also starred in the title role He was also played by Brian Blessed in the 1996 film The Bruce, by Michael Rennie in The Black Rose (1950, based on the novel by Thomas B. Costain), and by Donald Sumpter in Heist (2008). Brian Blessed (pronounced /ˈblɛsɪd/ born 9 October 1937) is an English Actor, Author and Adventurer, widely recognised Michael Rennie ( 25 August[[ 909]]&ndash 10 June[[ 971]] was an English film television and stage actor best known for his starring role as the benevolent The Black Rose is a 1950 20th Century-Fox film starring Tyrone Power and Orson Welles, loosely based on the Thomas B Thomas Bertram Costain ( May 8, 1885 - October 8, 1965) was a Canadian Journalist who became a best-selling author Donald Sumpter (born 13 February 1943) is a British Actor. He has appeared in Film and Television since the mid 1960s Heist is a one-off 2008 television comedy-drama written by Peter Harness and directed by Justin Hardy

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Arms

Until his accession to the throne is 1272, Edward bore the arms of the kingdom, differenced by a label azure of three points. Accession (from Lat accedere, to go to to approach in Law, a method of acquiring Property adopted from Roman law (see Accessio With the throne, he inherited the arms of the kingdom, being gules, three lions passant guardant in pale Or armed and langued azure^[8]

Shield as heir-apparent

Shield as King

Issue

Children of Edward and Eleanor:

1. A nameless daughter, b. Escutcheon (ɪ'skʌtʃən (also called scutcheon) is the term used in Heraldry for the Shield displayed and d. 1255 and buried in Bordeaux.
2. Katherine, b&d. 1264
3. Joan, b. and d. 1265. She was buried at Westminster Abbey before September 7, 1265. The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece.
4. John, born at either Windsor or Kenilworth Castle June or July 10, 1266, died August 1 or 3 1271 at Wallingford, in the custody of his great uncle, Richard, Earl of Cornwall. Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. Wallingford is a small Market town and Civil parish in the upper Thames Valley in Oxfordshire, England. Richard of Cornwall ( 5 January 1209 – 2 April 1272) was Count of Poitou (from 1225 to 1243 Earl of Cornwall (from Buried at Westminster Abbey. The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church
5. Henry, born on July 13 1268 at Windsor Castle, died October 14, 1274 either at Merton, Surrey, or at Guildford Castle. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces
6. Eleanor, born 1269, died 12 October 1298. Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon. She was long betrothed to Alfonso III of Aragon, who died in 1291 before the marriage could take place, and on 20 September 1293 she married Count Henry III of Bar. Alfonso III (1265 &ndash 18 June 1291) called the Liberal ( el Liberal) or the Free (also "the Frank" from Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. Henry III of Bar ( Henri III de Bar, 1259- Naples, September 1302 was Count of Bar from 1291 to 1302
7. A nameless daughter, born at Acre, Palestine, in 1271, and died there on 28 May or 5 September 1271
8. Joan of Acre. Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Joan of Acre (April 1272 &ndash April 7, 1307) was a daughter of King Edward I of England and his first wife Eleanor of Castile (1241-1290 Born at Acre in Spring 1272 and died at her manor of Clare, Suffolk on April 23, 1307 and was buried in the priory church of the Austin friars, Clare, Suffolk. Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at She married (1) Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Hertford, (2) Ralph de Monthermer, 1st Baron Monthermer. Gilbert de Clare 7th Earl of Hertford and 3rd Earl of Gloucester ( September 2, 1243, at Christchurch, Hampshire – December 7, Ralph de Monthermer 1st Baron Monthermer, Earl of Hertford Earl of Gloucester Earl of Atholl (c
9. Alphonso, born either at Bayonne, at Bordeaux24 November 1273, died 14 or 19 August 1284, at Windsor Castle, buried in Westminster Abbey. Alfonso ( Italian and Spanish) Alfons ( Catalan and German) Afonso ( Portuguese Events 380 - Theodosius I makes his adventus, or formal Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church
10. Margaret, born September 11, 1275 at Windsor Castle and died in 1318, being buried in the Collegiate Church of St. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Gudule, Brussels. She married John II of Brabant. John II van Brabant ( September 27, 1275 &ndash October 27, 1312, Tervuren) also called John the Peaceful, was Duke
11. Berengaria (also known as Berenice), born 1 May 1276 at Kempton Palace, Surrey and died on June 27, 1278, buried in Westminster Abbey. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church
12. Mary, born 11 March or 22 April 1278 at Windsor Castle and died 8 July 1332, a nun in Amesbury, Wiltshire, England. Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000 A Nun is a Woman who has taken special vows committing her to a religious life Amesbury is a Town and Civil parish in the English county of Wiltshire, eight miles north of Salisbury. Etymology The county formerly 'Wiltonshire' or 'Wiltunscir' (9th century is named after the former county town of Wilton (itself named after the River Wylye
13. Elizabeth of Rhuddlan, born August 1282 at Rhuddlan Castle, Flintshire, Wales, died c. Elizabeth of Rhuddlan (also Elizabeth Plantagenet) ( 7 August 1282, Rhuddlan Castle &ndash 5 May 1316, Quendon Rhuddlan (pronounced ˈr̥ɨ̞ðlan approximately "RITH-lan" is a Town in the county of Denbighshire (previously in Clwyd 5 May 1316 at Quendon, Essex, in childbirth, and was buried in Walden Abbey, Essex. Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John She married (1) John I, Count of Holland, (2) Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford & 3rd Earl of Essex. John I ( 1284 - Nov 10 1299, Haarlem) was Count of Holland and son of Count Floris V. Humphrey VIII de Bohun 4th Earl of Hereford (1276 &ndash March 16, 1321 /1322 was a member of a powerful Anglo-Norman family of the Welsh Marches Earl of Essex is a title that has been held by several families and individuals of which the best-known and most closely associated with the title was Robert Devereux 2nd Earl of
14. Edward II of England, also known as Edward of Caernarvon, born 25 April 1284 at Caernarvon Castle, Wales, murdered 21 September 1327 at Berkeley Castle, Gloucestershire, buried in Gloucester Cathedral. For the play see Edward II (play. For the film see Edward II (film. Caernarfon (the original Welsh spelling is now almost always used in preference to the anglicised forms "Caernarvon" or "Carnarvon" is a Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. Caernarfon (the original Welsh spelling is now almost always used in preference to the anglicised forms "Caernarvon" or "Carnarvon" is a Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. He married Isabella of France. Isabella of France (c 1295 &ndash August 22, 1358) known as the She-Wolf of France, was the Queen consort of Edward II of

Children of Edward and Marguerite:

1. Thomas of Brotherton, later earl of Norfolk, born 1 June 1300 at Brotherton, Yorkshire, died between the 4 August and 20 September 1338, was buried in the abbey of Bury St Edmunds, married (1) Alice Hayles, with issue; (2) Mary Brewes, with issue. Thomas of Brotherton 1st Earl of Norfolk ( June 1, 1300 &ndash August 4, 1338) was the son of Edward I of England and Marguerite Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France.
2. Edmund of Woodstock, 5 August 1301 at Woodstock Palace, Oxon, married Margaret Wake, 3rd Baroness Wake of Liddell with issue. Edmund of Woodstock 1st Earl of Kent ( August 5, 1301 &ndash March 19, 1330) was a member of the English Royal Family Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. Margaret Wake (c 1297 &ndash 29 September 1349) was the wife of Edmund of Woodstock 1st Earl of Kent. Executed by Isabella of France and Roger Mortimer on the 19 March 1330 following the overthrow of Edward II. Isabella of France (c 1295 &ndash August 22, 1358) known as the She-Wolf of France, was the Queen consort of Edward II of Roger de Mortimer 1st Earl of March ( 25 April 1287 &ndash 29 November 1330) an English nobleman was for three years de facto ruler Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China.
3. Eleanor, born on 4 May 1306, she was Edward and Margeurite's youngest child. Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV Named after Eleanor of Castile, she died in 1311. For others known sometimes by same name see Leonora of Castile For other Eleanors of England see Eleanor of England (disambiguation

Ancestry

16. Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou

8. Henry II, King of England

17. Matilda, Lady of the English

4. Matilda of England (sometimes Maud or Maude; 7 February 1102 &ndash 10 September 1167 was the daughter and dispossessed Heir of Henry I of England John, King of England

18. John (24 December 1167 &ndash 19 October 1216 reigned as a King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death William X, Duke of Aquitaine

9. Eleanor of Aquitaine

19. For other Eleanors of England see Eleanor of England (disambiguation Eleanor Duchess of Aquitaine (1122&ndash1 April 1204 Aenor de Châtellerault

2. Aenor of Châtellerault duchess of Aquitaine ( Châtellerault, Vienne France, c Henry III, King of England

20. Henry III (1 October 1207 &ndash 16 November 1272 was the son and successor of John "Lackland" as King of England, reigning for fifty-six years from 1216 William VI Taillefer, Count of Angoulême

10. Aymer Taillefer, Count of Angoulême

21. Marguerite de Turenne

5. Isabella of Angoulême

22. Isabella of Angoulême ( Fr Isabelle d'Angoulême; (1188 &ndash May 31, 1246) was Countess of Angoulême and Queen consort Peter of Courtenay

11. Peter of Courtenay was the youngest son of Louis VI of France and his second Queen consort Adélaide de Maurienne Alice de Courtenay

23. Elisabeth de Courtenay

1. Edward I, King of England

24. Alfonso II, King of Aragon

12. Alfonso II (Aragon or Alfons I (Provence and Barcelona ( Huesca, 1157 &ndash Perpignan, 1196 called the Chaste or the Troubadour Alfonso II, Count of Provence

25. Alfonso II ( 1174- 1 Dec, 1209) was the second son of Alfonso II of Aragon and Sancha of Castile. Sancha of Castile

6. Infanta Sancha of Castile ( September 21 1154 or 1155 &ndash November 9 1208, Sijena) was the only child of King Alfonso Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence

26. Ramon Berenguer IV (1195 &ndash 19 August 1245) Count of Provence and Forcalquier, was the son of Alfonso Rainou, Count of Forcalquier

13. Gersenda II of Sabran

27. Gersend of Forcalquier

3. Eleanor of Provence

28. Eleanor of Provence (c 1223 &ndash 26 June 1291 was Queen Consort of King Henry III of England. Humbert III, Count of Savoy

14. Humbert III (1135–1189 surnamed the Blessed, was Count of Savoy from 1148 to 1189 Thomas I, Count of Savoy

29. Thomas I or Tommaso I (c 1176 &ndash March 1, 1233) was Count of Savoy from 1189-1233 Beatrice of Viennois

7. Beatrice of Savoy

30. Beatrice of Savoy (1198 &ndash 1266 was the daughter of Thomas I of Savoy and Marguerite of Geneva. William I, Count of Geneva

15. William I of Geneva was Count of Geneva. In 1195 he was escorting his daughter Marguerite of Geneva, to France for her intended wedding to King Philip Marguerite of Geneva

31. Beatrix of Faucigny

See also

• Quia Emptores

Notes

References

• Marc Morris, A Great and Terrible King: Edward I and the Forging of Britain (London: Hutchinson, 2008) ISBN 978-0-091-79684-6.
• Michael Prestwich, Edward I (London: Methuen, 1988, updated edition Yale University Press, 1997 ISBN 0-300-07209-0)
• Thomas B. Michael Prestwich (b 30 January, 1943) is an English Historian, specialising on the history of medieval England in particular Yale University Press is a book Publisher founded in 1908. It became an official department of Yale University in 1961, but remained Costain, The Three Edwards (Popular Library, 1958, 1962, ISBN 0-445-08513-4)
• The Times Kings & Queens of The British Isles, by Thomas Cussans (page 84, 86, 87) ISBN 0-0071-4195-5
• GWS Barrow, Robert Bruce and the community of the realm of Scotland

External links

• Edward I of England at royal.gov.uk
• Images of the castles of Edward I in Wales

Edward I of England House of Plantagenet Born: 17 June 1239 Died: 7 July 1307
Regnal titles
Preceded by Henry III	King of England 1272 – 1307	Succeeded by Edward II
English royalty
Preceded by Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall	Heir to the English Throne as heir apparent 17 June 1239 - 20 November 1272	Succeeded by Henry of England
Peerage of England
Preceded by Henry III	Lord of Ireland 1272 – 1307	Succeeded by Edward II
Preceded by Matthew de Hastings	Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports 1265	Succeeded by Sir Matthew de Bezille
French nobility
Preceded by Henry III	Duke of Aquitaine 1272 – 1307	Succeeded by Edward II

Family information
John of England House of Plantagenet	Henry III of England	Edward I of England
Isabella of Angoulême House of Taillifer
Ramon Berenguer IV of Provence House of Barcelona	Eleanor of Provence
Beatrice of Savoy House of Savoy

Persondata
NAME	Edward I of England
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Longshanks, Hammer of the Scots
SHORT DESCRIPTION	King of England
DATE OF BIRTH	17 June 1239
PLACE OF BIRTH	Palace of Westminster, London
DATE OF DEATH	7 July 1307
PLACE OF DEATH	Burgh by Sands, Cumberland

The House of Plantagenet (planˈtadʒɪnɪt also called the House of Anjou, or the First Angevin dynasty, was originally a noble Henry III (1 October 1207 &ndash 16 November 1272 was the son and successor of John "Lackland" as King of England, reigning for fifty-six years from 1216 The Kingdom of England was a State (927-1707 located in Western Europe dating from the ninth or tenth century to the early eighteenth century when it was legally For the play see Edward II (play. For the film see Edward II (film. The Kings of Wessex, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825 became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during Richard of Cornwall ( 5 January 1209 – 2 April 1272) was Count of Poitou (from 1225 to 1243 Earl of Cornwall (from This is a list of the individuals who were at any given time considered the next in line to inherit the thrones of England Great Britain or the United Kingdom should the incumbent monarch An heir apparent is an Heir who (short of a fundamental change in the situation cannot be displaced from inheriting the term is used in contrast to Heir presumptive Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, Henry of England ( 13 July, 1267, Windsor Castle - 14 October, 1274, Merton, Surrey) was the fifth child and The Peerage of England comprises all Peerages created in the Kingdom of England before the Act of Union in 1707. Henry III (1 October 1207 &ndash 16 November 1272 was the son and successor of John "Lackland" as King of England, reigning for fifty-six years from 1216 The Lordship of Ireland ( 1171 - 1541) was the nominally all-island Irish state created in the wake of the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169-71 For the play see Edward II (play. For the film see Edward II (film. The Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports is a ceremonial official in the United Kingdom. The Nobility (la noblesse in France, in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period had specific legal and financial rights and Henry III (1 October 1207 &ndash 16 November 1272 was the son and successor of John "Lackland" as King of England, reigning for fifty-six years from 1216 The Duke of Aquitaine ( French: Duc d'Aquitaine) ruled the historical region of Aquitaine under the supremacy of the Frankish and later the For the play see Edward II (play. For the film see Edward II (film. John (24 December 1167 &ndash 19 October 1216 reigned as a King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death The House of Plantagenet (planˈtadʒɪnɪt also called the House of Anjou, or the First Angevin dynasty, was originally a noble Henry III (1 October 1207 &ndash 16 November 1272 was the son and successor of John "Lackland" as King of England, reigning for fifty-six years from 1216 Isabella of Angoulême ( Fr Isabelle d'Angoulême; (1188 &ndash May 31, 1246) was Countess of Angoulême and Queen consort Angoulême ( Angoumois) in western France was part of the Carolingian empire as the kingdom of Aquitaine. Ramon Berenguer IV (1195 &ndash 19 August 1245) Count of Provence and Forcalquier, was the son of Alfonso The House of Barcelona ( Casa d'Aragona in Italian history) was a medieval dynasty that ruled the County of Barcelona continuously from 878 and the Eleanor of Provence (c 1223 &ndash 26 June 1291 was Queen Consort of King Henry III of England. Beatrice of Savoy (1198 &ndash 1266 was the daughter of Thomas I of Savoy and Marguerite of Geneva. The House of Savoy (Casa Savoia was formed in the early eleventh century in the historical Savoy region Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Burgh by Sands ( IPA /ˈbrʌf/ "bruff" is a village and Civil parish in the City of Carlisle district of Cumbria, England Cumberland is one of the 39 Historic counties of England. It formed an administrative county from 1889 to 1974 (excluding Carlisle from 1915 and now forms part of

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