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Edward IV
King of England; Lord of Ireland (more...)
Reign 3 March 1461 – 31 October 1470
11 April 1471 – 9 April 1483
Coronation 28 June 1461
Predecessor Henry VI (twice)
Successor Henry VI
Edward V
Consort Elizabeth Woodville
Issue
Elizabeth of York
Mary of York
Cecily of York
Edward V
Richard, 1st Duke of York
Anne of York
Catherine of York
Bridget of York
Titles and styles
The King
Edward Plantagenet
The King
The Duke of York
Earl of March
Lord Edward Plantagenet
Royal house House of York
Father Richard, 3rd Duke of York
Mother Cecily Neville
Born 28 April 1442(1442-04-28)
Rouen, Normandy
Died 9 April 1483 (aged 40)
Westminster
Burial St George's Chapel, Windsor

Edward IV (28 April 1442 – 9 April 1483) was King of England from 4 March 1461 until 2 October 1470, and again from 11 April 1471 until his death. The precise style of British Sovereigns has varied over the years Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Henry VI (6 December 1421 &ndash 21 May 1471 was King of England 1422–1461 (though with a Regent until 1437 and then 1470–1471 and a claimant to the kingdom Henry VI (6 December 1421 &ndash 21 May 1471 was King of England 1422–1461 (though with a Regent until 1437 and then 1470–1471 and a claimant to the kingdom Edward V ( 4 November 1470 &ndash 1483? was the King of England from 9 April 1483 until his deposition two months later Elizabeth Woodville or Wydeville ( 3 February 1437 &ndash 7 June / 8 June 1492) was the Queen consort of Elizabeth of York (11 February 1466 &ndash 11 February 1503 was the Queen Consort of King Henry VII of England, whom she married in 1486 Mary of York ( August 11, 1467 - May 23, 1482) was the second daughter of Edward IV of England and his Queen consort Cecily of York ( March 20, 1469 - August 24, 1507) was the third but eventual second surviving daughter of King Edward IV of England Edward V ( 4 November 1470 &ndash 1483? was the King of England from 9 April 1483 until his deposition two months later Richard of Shrewsbury 1st Duke of York and 1st Duke of Norfolk ( 17 August 1473 &ndash 1483? was the sixth child and second son of King Edward IV of Anne of York may refer to Anne of York Duchess of Exeter Anne of York Countess of Surrey Catherine of York ( August 14, 1479 - November 15, 1527) was the ninth child and sixth daughter of Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Bridget of York ( November 10, 1480 - 1517 was the tenth child and seventh daughter of Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville. A royal house or royal dynasty is a familial designation or Family name of sorts used by Royalty. The House of York was a branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet, three of whom became English kings in the late 15th century Richard Plantagenet 3rd Duke of York ( 21 September 1411 &ndash 30 December 1460) was a member of the English royal family who served in senior Cecily Neville Duchess of York (3 May 1415 &ndash 31 May 1495 was the mother of two Kings Edward IV of England and Richard III of England. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Rouen (ʁwɑ̃ in French) is the historical capital city of Normandy, in northwestern France on the River Seine, and currently the capital Normandy (Normandie Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Westminster is an area of Central London, within the City of Westminster. Windsor Castle, in Windsor in the English county of Berkshire, is the largest inhabited Castle in the world and dating back to the time of Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) The Kingdom of England was a State (927-1707 located in Western Europe dating from the ninth or tenth century to the early eighteenth century when it was legally Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.

Contents

Reign

Accession to the Throne

Edward of York was born on April 28, 1442, at Rouen in France, the second son of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York (who had a strong genealogical claim to the throne of England[1]) and Cecily Neville. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Rouen (ʁwɑ̃ in French) is the historical capital city of Normandy, in northwestern France on the River Seine, and currently the capital This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Richard Plantagenet 3rd Duke of York ( 21 September 1411 &ndash 30 December 1460) was a member of the English royal family who served in senior Cecily Neville Duchess of York (3 May 1415 &ndash 31 May 1495 was the mother of two Kings Edward IV of England and Richard III of England. He was the eldest of the four sons who survived to adulthood. The Duke of York's assertion of his claim to the crown in 1460 was the key escalation of the conflict known as the Wars of the Roses. The Wars of the Roses (1455–1485 were a series of dynastic Civil wars fought in England between supporters of the Houses of Lancaster and York When his father was killed at the Battle of Wakefield, Edward inherited his claim. The Battle of Wakefield took place at Wakefield, in West Yorkshire, on 30 December 1460 and was one of the major actions of the Wars of the Roses.

With the support of his cousin, Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick ("The Kingmaker"), Edward defeated the Lancastrians in a succession of battles. Richard Neville Jure uxoris 16th Earl of Warwick and Suo jure 6th Earl of Salisbury ( 22 November The House of Lancaster was a branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet. And whilst Henry VI and his militaristic queen, Margaret of Anjou, were campaigning in the north of England, Warwick gained control of the capital and had Edward declared king in London in 1461. Henry VI (6 December 1421 &ndash 21 May 1471 was King of England 1422–1461 (though with a Regent until 1437 and then 1470–1471 and a claimant to the kingdom Margaret of Anjou ( Marguerite d'Anjou, 23 March 1430 &ndash 25 August 1482) was the Queen consort of Henry VI of England London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Edward strengthened his claim with a decisive victory at the Battle of Towton in the same year, in the course of which the Lancastrian army was virtually wiped out. The Battle of Towton in the Wars of the Roses was the largest and bloodiest ever fought on British soil with casualties believed to have been about 28000 (perhaps

His accession to the throne healed the breach of Bolingbroke's usurpation of the crown from the rightful king Richard II, and the heirs presumptive in Edmund Mortimer and Richard of York. Richard II may refer to Richard II of England (1367&ndash1400 King of England ''Richard II'' (play, a play by William Shakespeare The name Edmund Mortimer was held by several members of the powerful Marcher family of Mortimer, including Edmund Mortimer 2nd Baron Wigmore Richard Plantagenet 3rd Duke of York ( 21 September 1411 &ndash 30 December 1460) was a member of the English royal family who served in senior As such, it was necessary for the Lancastrians to defeat him if they ever wished to gain the throne of England.

Overthrow

Warwick, believing that he could continue to rule through Edward, pressed him to enter into a marital alliance with a major European power. Edward then alienated Warwick by secretly marrying Elizabeth Woodville, who had a large group of relatively poor but very ambitious Lancastrian relations. Elizabeth Woodville or Wydeville ( 3 February 1437 &ndash 7 June / 8 June 1492) was the Queen consort of Although no threat to Warwick's own power, Warwick resented the influence this group had over the King and, with the aid of Edward's disaffected younger brother George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, the Earl led an army against Edward. George Plantagenet Duke of Clarence ( 21 October 1449 &ndash 18 February 1478) was the third son of Richard Plantagenet 3rd Duke of York

The main part of the king's army (without Edward) was defeated at the Battle of Edgecote Moor in 1469, and Edward was subsequently captured at Olney. The Battle of Edgecote Moor took place 6 miles northeast of Banbury ( Oxfordshire) England on 26 July 1469 during the Wars Warwick then attempted to rule in Edward's name, but the nobility, many of whom owed their preferments to the king, were restive and with the emergence of a counter rebellion, Warwick was forced to release Edward. At this point Edward did not seek to destroy either Warwick or Clarence, instead he sought reconciliation with them.

In 1470, Warwick and Clarence rebelled again. This time they were defeated and forced to flee to France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. There, they made an alliance with Margaret of Anjou, and Warwick agreed to restore Henry VI in return for French support in an invasion which took place in late 1470. This time, Edward was forced to flee when he learned Warwick's brother, John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu, had also switched to the Lancastrian side, making his military position untenable. John Neville 1st Marquess of Montagu, alias John Mortimer, called the Captain of Kent (c

Restoration

Henry VI was briefly restored to the throne in 1470, in an act known as the Readeption of Henry VI, and Edward took refuge in Burgundy, accompanied by his younger brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester. The Readeption is the technical term given to the restoration of Henry VI of England to the throne of England Burgundy (Bourgogne Burgund is a region historically situated in modern-day France and Switzerland, inhabited in turn by Celts ( Gauls) The rulers of Burgundy were his brother-in-law Charles, Duke of Burgundy and his sister Margaret of York. Charles the Bold or Charles the Rash (Charles le Téméraire ( 21 November 1433 &ndash 5 January 1477) baptised Charles Martin Margaret of York ( May 3, 1446 &ndash November 23, 1503) &ndash also by marriage known as Margaret of Burgundy &ndash was a Despite the fact that Charles was initially unwilling to help Edward, the French declared war on Burgundy and so Charles decided to give his aid to Edward, and from there he raised an army to win back his kingdom.

When he returned to England with a relatively small force he avoided capture by potentially hostile forces by stating his claim, just as Henry Bolingbroke had done seventy years earlier, that he merely desired to reclaim his dukedom. Henry IV (3 April 1367 &ndash 20 March 1413 was King of England and Lord of Ireland (1399&ndash1413 The city of York however closed its gates to him, but as he marched southwards he began to gather support, and Clarence (who had realised that his fortunes would be better off as brother to a king than under Henry VI) reunited with him. York ( is an historic Walled city sited at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. Edward and his brothers then defeated Warwick at the Battle of Barnet and with Warwick dead, he eliminated the remaining Lancastrian resistance at the Battle of Tewkesbury in 1471. The Battle of Barnet, which took place 14 April 1471, was a decisive battle of the Wars of the Roses, near the town of Barnet, at the time ten Background At the time of Tewkesbury the mentally-unstable Lancastrian king Henry VI of England, had just been deposed for a second time by his rival the Yorkist The Lancastrian heir, Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, was killed either on the battlefield or shortly afterwards, and a few days later, on the night that Edward re-entered London, Henry VI, who was being held prisoner, was murdered in order to completely remove the Lancastrian opposition. Edward of Westminster, also known as Edward of Lancaster ( 13 October 1453 &ndash 4 May 1471) was the only Prince of Wales Prince of Wales (Tywysog Cymru is a title traditionally granted to the Heir Apparent to the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom (and formerly the Kingdom

Edward's two younger brothers, George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, and Richard, Duke of Gloucester were married to Isabella Neville and Anne Neville. George Plantagenet Duke of Clarence ( 21 October 1449 &ndash 18 February 1478) was the third son of Richard Plantagenet 3rd Duke of York Richard III ( 2 October 1452 &ndash 22 August 1485) was King of England from 1483 until his death Anne Neville (11 June 1456 &ndash 16 March 1485 was Queen consort of King Richard III of England 1483-1485 They were both daughters of Warwick by Anne Beauchamp and rival heirs to the considerable inheritance of their still-living mother. Anne de Beauchamp may refer to Anne de Beauchamp 15th Countess of Warwick, daughter of Henry de Beauchamp 1st Duke of Warwick suo jure Countess Clarence and Gloucester were at loggerheads for much of the rest of his reign. Clarence was eventually found guilty of plotting against Edward and was imprisoned in the Tower of London. Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London (and historically as The Tower) is a historic monument in central London He was "privately executed" (Shakespearean tradition states he was drowned in a butt of Malmsey wine) on February 18, 1478. The butt (from the Medieval French and Italian botte) or pipe is an old English unit of Wine casks holding two Hogsheads Malvasia (also known as Malvazia) is a group of wine Grape varieties grown historically in the Mediterranean region and the island of Madeira Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy

Later reign and death

English Royalty
House of York

Armorial of Plantagenet
Edward IV
   Elizabeth of York
   Edward V
   Richard, Duke of York

Edward did not face any further rebellions after his restoration, as the Lancastrian line had virtually been extinguished, and the only rival left was Henry Tudor, who was living in exile. TalkCommonewalth realm.--> The monarchy The House of York was a branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet, three of whom became English kings in the late 15th century Family chief Heirs cadets House of Lancaster House of York Elizabeth of York (11 February 1466 &ndash 11 February 1503 was the Queen Consort of King Henry VII of England, whom she married in 1486 Edward V ( 4 November 1470 &ndash 1483? was the King of England from 9 April 1483 until his deposition two months later Richard of Shrewsbury 1st Duke of York and 1st Duke of Norfolk ( 17 August 1473 &ndash 1483? was the sixth child and second son of King Edward IV of

In 1475, Edward declared war on France and came to terms with the Treaty of Picquigny which provided him with an immediate payment of 75,000 crowns and a yearly pension thereafter of 50,000 crowns. The Treaty of Picquigny was a peace treaty negotiated on 29 August 1475 between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France. He also backed an attempt by Alexander Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany, brother of the Scottish king James III to take the Scottish throne in 1482, and despite the fact that when Gloucester invaded he was able to capture Edinburgh and James III, Albany reneged on his agreement with Edward, and Gloucester decided to withdraw from his position of strength in Edinburgh. Alexander Stewart Duke of Albany (c 1454 &ndash 7 August 1485) was the second son of King James II of Scotland, and his Queen consort James III (c 1451/1452 &ndash 11 June 1488) was King of Scots from 1460 to 1488 Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. However, Gloucester did recover Berwick-upon-Tweed. Berwick-upon-Tweed ( ˈbɛrɪk- ( Scots: Berwick or historically South Berwick) situated in the county of Northumberland, is the northernmost

Edward's health began to fail and he became subject to an increasing number of ailments. Edward fell fatally ill at Easter 1483, but lingered on long enough to add some codicils to his will, the most important being his naming of his brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester as Protector after his death. He died on 9 April 1483 and is buried in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Windsor Castle, in Windsor in the English county of Berkshire, is the largest inhabited Castle in the world and dating back to the time of He was succeeded by his twelve-year-old son, Edward V of England. Edward V ( 4 November 1470 &ndash 1483? was the King of England from 9 April 1483 until his deposition two months later

Just which of Edward's ailments actually caused his death has never been satisfactorily resolved. He probably died of pneumonia, though it has been conjectured that he had contracted typhoid or may even have been poisoned. Some even attributed his death to a surfeit of food. What is known is that Edward had fallen victim to his own love of food, eventually becoming stout and inactive. This most probably contributed, in large part, to the ailments which plagued him, and eventually to his death at such a young age.

Coat of arms of Edward, 4th Duke of York
Coat of arms of Edward, 4th Duke of York

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Arms

Upon his father's death, and with the dukedom of York, Edward inherited the associated arms of his ancestor, Edmund of Langley. Edmund of Langley 1st Duke of York ( June 5 1341 &ndash August 1 1402) was a younger son of King Edward III of England and Philippa Said arms were those of the kingdom, differentiated by a label argent of three points, each bearing three torteaux gules. [2]. With the throne, Edward inherited use of the kingdom's arms undifferenced.

Overview

An extremely capable and daring military commander, Edward destroyed the House of Lancaster in a series of spectacular military victories; he was never defeated on the field of battle. Despite his occasional (if serious) political setbacks - usually at the hands of his great Machiavellian rival, Louis XI - Edward was a popular and very able king. Louis XI ( July 3, 1423 – August 30, 1483) called the Prudent (le Prudent and the Universal Spider ( Middle Whilst he lacked foresight and was at times cursed by bad judgement, he possessed an uncanny understanding of his most useful subjects, and the vast majority of those who served him remained unwaveringly loyal until his death.

Domestically, Edward's reign saw the restoration of law and order in England (indeed, his royal motto was modus et ordo, or method and order). The latter days of Henry VI's government had been marked by a general breakdown in law and order, as well as a sizable increase in both piracy and banditry. Henry VI (6 December 1421 &ndash 21 May 1471 was King of England 1422–1461 (though with a Regent until 1437 and then 1470–1471 and a claimant to the kingdom Interestingly, Edward was also a shrewd and successful businessman and merchant, heavily investing in several corporations within the City of London.

Ultimately, despite his military and administrative genius, Edward's dynasty survived him by little more than two years. Edward also holds the tragic accolade of being one of the few male members of his dynasty to die of natural causes. Both Edward's father and brother were killed at the Battle of Wakefield, whilst his grandfather and another brother were executed for treason. Richard Plantagenet 3rd Duke of York ( 21 September 1411 &ndash 30 December 1460) was a member of the English royal family who served in senior Edmund Earl of Rutland ( May 17, 1443 &ndash December 31, 1460) was the fifth child and second surviving son of Richard Plantagenet 3rd The Battle of Wakefield took place at Wakefield, in West Yorkshire, on 30 December 1460 and was one of the major actions of the Wars of the Roses. Richard of Conisburgh 3rd Earl of Cambridge (c 1375 &ndash 5 August 1415) was the younger son of Edmund of Langley 1st Duke of York and Isabella George Plantagenet Duke of Clarence ( 21 October 1449 &ndash 18 February 1478) was the third son of Richard Plantagenet 3rd Duke of York Edward's two sons were imprisoned and disappeared (presumed killed) within a year of Edward's death. The Princes in the Tower, Edward V of England ( November 4 1470 &ndash 1483? and his brother Richard of Shrewsbury 1st Duke of York ( The king's youngest brother, Richard, was famously killed in battle against Henry Tudor at Bosworth Field. Richard III ( 2 October 1452 &ndash 22 August 1485) was King of England from 1483 until his death The Battle of Bosworth or Bosworth Field ( 22 August, 1485) was Lancastrian Henry Tudor's defeat of Yorkist Richard

Ancestors

Children

Edward IV had ten legitimate children by Elizabeth Woodville, though only seven survived him:

Edward had numerous mistresses, the best known of whom is Jane Shore (whose name in actuality was Elizabeth). Bridget of York ( November 10, 1480 - 1517 was the tenth child and seventh daughter of Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville. Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw Elizabeth "Jane" Shore (c 1445 - c 1527 was one of the many mistresses of King Edward IV of England, the first of the three whom he described respectively as the

He reportedly had several illegitimate children:

Perkin Warbeck, an impostor claimant to the English throne, who claimed to be Edward's son Richard of Shrewsbury, reportedly resembled Edward. Perkin Warbeck (1474 &ndash 23 November 1499) was a Pretender to the English throne during the reign of King Henry VII of England An impostor or imposter is a person who pretends to be somebody else often to try to gain financial or social advantages through Social engineering, but just as often There is unconfirmed speculation that Warbeck could have been another of Edward's illegitimate sons.

Successors

Edward IV's eldest son was invested with the title of Prince of Wales at the age of seven months. Prince of Wales (Tywysog Cymru is a title traditionally granted to the Heir Apparent to the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom (and formerly the Kingdom At the age of three, he was sent by his father to Ludlow Castle as nominal head of the Council of Wales and the Marches, a body that had originally been set up to help the future Edward II of England in his duties as Prince of Wales. Ludlow Castle is a large now partly ruined non-inhabited Castle which dominates the town of Ludlow in Shropshire, England. See also the Council of Wales for the advisory council established in 1948 For the play see Edward II (play. For the film see Edward II (film. The prince was accompanied to Ludlow by his mother and by his uncle, Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers, who carried out many of the administrative duties associated with the presidency of the Council. Anthony Rivers 2nd Earl Rivers (1442? &ndash 25 June 1483) was an English nobleman courtier and writer The king visited his son occasionally at Ludlow, though, as far as is known, he never ventured into Wales itself. It is clear that he intended this experience of government to prepare his son for the throne.

Although his son was quickly barred from the throne and replaced by Richard of Gloucester, Edward IV's daughter, Elizabeth of York, later became the Queen consort of Henry VII of England. Titulus Regius ( the royal title in Latin) is a statute of the Parliament of England, issued in 1483, by which the title of King Richard III ( 2 October 1452 &ndash 22 August 1485) was King of England from 1483 until his death Elizabeth of York (11 February 1466 &ndash 11 February 1503 was the Queen Consort of King Henry VII of England, whom she married in 1486 A queen consort is the title given to the wife of a reigning king. (Elizabeth's son was Henry VIII of England. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of ) The grounds for Titulus Regius, passed to justify the accession of Richard III, were that Edward had been contracted to marry another woman prior to his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville. Lady Eleanor Butler (a young widow, daughter of John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury) and Edward were alleged to have been precontracted; both parties were dead by this time, but a clergyman (named only by Philippe de Commines as Robert Stillington, Bishop of Bath and Wells), claimed to have carried out the ceremony. Lady Eleanor Talbot (died 30 June, 1468) was a daughter of John Talbot 1st Earl of Shrewsbury. John Talbot 1st Earl of Shrewsbury (1384/1390 &ndash 17 July 1453) was an important English military commander during the Hundred Years' War Philippe de Commines (or de Commynes or "Philippe de Comines" Latin Philippus Cominaeus; 1447 - c Robert Stillington (1420-1491 was Bishop of Bath and Wells and Lord Chancellor of England The Bishop of Bath and Wells heads the Church of England Diocese of Bath and Wells in the Province of Canterbury in England. The declaration was repealed shortly after Henry VII assumed the throne, because it illegimitized Elizabeth of York, who was to be his queen.

The final fate of Edward IV's legitimate sons, Edward V and Richard, Duke of York, is unknown. Speculation on the subject has given rise to the "Princes in the Tower" mystery. The Princes in the Tower, Edward V of England ( November 4 1470 &ndash 1483? and his brother Richard of Shrewsbury 1st Duke of York (

Was Edward illegitimate?

Evidence of Edward's illegitimacy remains subjective and disputed amongst modern historians. Despite some concerns raised by some scholars, it was, and still essentially is, generally accepted that the issue was raised as propaganda to support Richard III.

In his time, it was noted that Edward IV resembled his father little, especially in terms of his (then) exceptional height of 6 feet 4 inches when compared to the other members of the House of York, who were not well known for their height. Questions about his paternity were raised during Edward's own reign, for example by Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick in 1469, and repeated by Edward's brother, George, shortly before his execution in 1478, but with no evidence; it must be noted that in propaganda wars, such as these, many statements were used that perhaps had no basis in truth (for example, Henry VI's heir, Edward of Westminster, was purported to have been a bastard of Margaret of Anjou and the Duke of Somerset). Richard Neville Jure uxoris 16th Earl of Warwick and Suo jure 6th Earl of Salisbury ( 22 November George Plantagenet Duke of Clarence ( 21 October 1449 &ndash 18 February 1478) was the third son of Richard Plantagenet 3rd Duke of York Edward of Westminster, also known as Edward of Lancaster ( 13 October 1453 &ndash 4 May 1471) was the only Prince of Wales It was suggested that the real father may have been an archer called Blaybourne. Archery is the practice of using a bow or Crossbow to shoot Arrows Archery has historically been used in Hunting and Combat and has

Prior to his succession, on June 22, 1483, Richard III declared that Edward was illegitimate, and three days later the matter was addressed by parliament. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Richard III ( 2 October 1452 &ndash 22 August 1485) was King of England from 1483 until his death In Titulus Regius (the text of which is believed to come word-for-word from the petition presented by Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham to the assembly which met on June 25, 1483, to decide on the future of the monarchy), Richard III is described as "the undoubted son and heir" of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York and "born in this land" — an oblique reference to his brother's birth at Rouen and baptism in circumstances which could have been considered questionable. Titulus Regius ( the royal title in Latin) is a statute of the Parliament of England, issued in 1483, by which the title of King Henry Stafford 2nd Duke of Buckingham ( 4 September 1455 &ndash 2 November 1483) played a major role in Richard III of England 's Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Richard Plantagenet 3rd Duke of York ( 21 September 1411 &ndash 30 December 1460) was a member of the English royal family who served in senior Rouen (ʁwɑ̃ in French) is the historical capital city of Normandy, in northwestern France on the River Seine, and currently the capital Dominic Mancini says that Cecily Neville, mother of both Edward IV and Richard III, was herself the basis for the story: when she found out about Edward's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville, in 1464, "Proud Cis" flew into a rage. Dominic Mancini was an Italian who visited England in 1482 left in 1483 and left behind an account of the events he witnessed Cecily Neville Duchess of York (3 May 1415 &ndash 31 May 1495 was the mother of two Kings Edward IV of England and Richard III of England. Elizabeth Woodville or Wydeville ( 3 February 1437 &ndash 7 June / 8 June 1492) was the Queen consort of Mancini reported that the Duchess, in her anger, offered to declare him a bastard. However, this is not supported in contemporary sources, but is most likely reflective of contemporary opinion. According to Polydore Vergil, Duchess Cecily, "being falsely accused of adultery, complained afterwards in sundry places to right many noble men, whereof some yet live, of that great injury which her son Richard had done her. " If she had indeed complained — as would befit a high-ranking lady of renowned piety, as she had been regarded — these petitions may have had some effect: the allegations were dropped and never again pursued. Richard III's claim to the throne is generally believed to be based upon his claim that Edward IV's children were illegitimate.

The matter is also raised in William Shakespeare's Richard III, in the following lines from Act 3 Scene 5:

Tell them, when that my mother went with child
Of that unsatiate Edward, noble York
My princely father then had wars in France
And, by just computation of the time,
Found that the issue was not his begot

It should be remembered that Shakespeare's drama is a work of fiction. William Shakespeare ( baptised Richard III is a history play by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written in approximately 1591 The Hundred Years' War (Guerre de Cent Ans was a prolonged conflict lasting from 1337 to 1453 between two royal houses for the French throne vacant with the extinction of the senior

In a 2004 television documentary, it was noted that, from 14 July to 21 August 1441 (the approximate time of conception for Edward, who was born in April 1442), Edward's father was on campaign at Pontoise, several days march from Rouen (where Cecily of York was based). This was taken to suggest that the Duke of York could not have been available to conceive Edward. Furthermore, the christening celebration of Edmund, Earl of Rutland, the second son of Richard and Cecily, was a lavish and expensive affair, while the christening of the couple's firstborn son Edward was a low key and private affair in a small chapel in Rouen. Edmund Earl of Rutland ( May 17, 1443 &ndash December 31, 1460) was the fifth child and second surviving son of Richard Plantagenet 3rd This could be interpreted as indicating that the couple had more to celebrate together at the birth of Edmund. For more details about this theory, see the TV programme Britain's Real Monarch. Britain's Real Monarch was an historical documentary presented by Tony Robinson shown on Channel 4 on 3 January 2004 and again on 20 November 2004

A counter-arguments to this theory is that the Duke could have returned to Rouen from Pontoise, or Edward could have been premature. It has also been pointed out that:

  1. Edward IV could claim the Crown from Henry VI by right of conquest, whether he was a legitimate child or not. There are five ways in which a person lays claim to a crown, ordered here by their strengths
  2. Edward IV could claim senior line, as Richard, Duke of York never contested his paternity. Under English common law a child born to a married woman is presumed to be her husband's unless the husband denies paternity.

See also

External links

References

  1. ^ York was a direct descendant of Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, the fourth surviving son of Edward III; the House of Lancaster was descended from John of Gaunt, the third surviving son of Edward III, and as such had a superior claim over the House of York. Edmund of Langley 1st Duke of York ( June 5 1341 &ndash August 1 1402) was a younger son of King Edward III of England and Philippa Edward III (13 November 1312 &ndash 21 June 1377 was one of the most successful English monarchs of the Middle Ages. John of Gaunt 1st Duke of Lancaster (second creation 1st Duke of Aquitaine (6 March 1340 &ndash 3 February 1399 was a member of the House of Plantagenet, the third However, Richard Plantagenet's mother was Anne de Mortimer, the most senior descendant of Edward III's second surviving son, Lionel of Antwerp. Anne de Mortimer ( 27 December, 1390 &ndash September 1411 was an English noblewoman in line of succession for the throne of England. Lionel of Antwerp Duke of Clarence ( November 29 1338 &ndash October 7 1368) was the third son but the second son to survive infancy of Lionel had been the eldest son of Edward III to leave a surviving line of descent; as such, by modern standards, his line had an indisputably superior claim over that of his younger brother, John of Gaunt. By contemporary standards, this was by no means so certain; nonetheless, it allowed Richard and then Edward a good title to the throne.
  2. ^ Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family
Edward IV of England
Cadet branch of the House of Plantagenet
Born: 1442 28 April Died: 1483 9 April
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Henry VI		 King of England
Lord of Ireland
1461–1470		 Succeeded by
Henry VI
King of England
Lord of Ireland
1471–1483		 Succeeded by
Edward V
Peerage of England
Preceded by
Richard Plantagenet		 Duke of York
1460 – 1461		 Merged
in Crown
Earl of Cambridge
1460 – 1461
Earl of March
1460 – 1461
Earl of Ulster
1460 – 1461
Family information
Richard of Cambridge
House of York
 Richard
Duke of York		 Edward IV of England
Anne de Mortimer
House of Mortimer
Ralph of Westmoreland
House of Neville
 Cecily of Westmoreland
Joan Beaufort
House of Lancaster
Notes and references
The House of York was a branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet, three of whom became English kings in the late 15th century The House of Plantagenet (planˈtadʒɪnɪt also called the House of Anjou, or the First Angevin dynasty, was originally a noble Henry VI (6 December 1421 &ndash 21 May 1471 was King of England 1422–1461 (though with a Regent until 1437 and then 1470–1471 and a claimant to the kingdom The Kings of Wessex, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825 became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during The Lordship of Ireland ( 1171 - 1541) was the nominally all-island Irish state created in the wake of the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169-71 Henry VI (6 December 1421 &ndash 21 May 1471 was King of England 1422–1461 (though with a Regent until 1437 and then 1470–1471 and a claimant to the kingdom The Kings of Wessex, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825 became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during The Lordship of Ireland ( 1171 - 1541) was the nominally all-island Irish state created in the wake of the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169-71 Edward V ( 4 November 1470 &ndash 1483? was the King of England from 9 April 1483 until his deposition two months later The Peerage of England comprises all Peerages created in the Kingdom of England before the Act of Union in 1707. Richard Plantagenet 3rd Duke of York ( 21 September 1411 &ndash 30 December 1460) was a member of the English royal family who served in senior For the nursery rhyme see The Grand Old Duke of York. The title Duke of York is a title of Nobility in the British Peerage The title of Earl of Cambridge was created several times in the Peerage of England, and since 1362 the title has been closely associated with the Royal Family The title Earl of March has been created several times in the Peerage of Scotland and the Peerage of England. The title of Earl of Ulster has been created several times in the Peerages of Ireland and the United Kingdom. Richard of Conisburgh 3rd Earl of Cambridge (c 1375 &ndash 5 August 1415) was the younger son of Edmund of Langley 1st Duke of York and Isabella The House of York was a branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet, three of whom became English kings in the late 15th century Richard Plantagenet 3rd Duke of York ( 21 September 1411 &ndash 30 December 1460) was a member of the English royal family who served in senior Anne de Mortimer ( 27 December, 1390 &ndash September 1411 was an English noblewoman in line of succession for the throne of England. The title Earl of March has been created several times in the Peerage of Scotland and the Peerage of England. Ralph de Neville 1st Earl of Westmorland (c 1364 &ndash 21 October 1425) was born in Raby Castle, County Durham, England Cecily Neville Duchess of York (3 May 1415 &ndash 31 May 1495 was the mother of two Kings Edward IV of England and Richard III of England. Joan Beaufort Countess of Westmorland (c 1379 &ndash 13 November 1440) was the fourth child (and only daughter of John of Gaunt Duke of Lancaster The House of Lancaster was a branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet.
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