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Canadian School Train, pupils attend classes at Nemigos near Chapleau, Ontario.
Canadian School Train, pupils attend classes at Nemigos near Chapleau, Ontario. Chapleau is a township in Sudbury District Ontario, Canada. It is home to the world's largest wildlife preserve

Education in Canada is provided, funded and overseen by federal, provincial, and local governments. The Canadian Government, formally Her Majesty's Government in Canada, is the Federal government of Canada. The provinces and territories of Canada combine to make up the world's second largest country in total area. Local governments are administrative offices that are smaller than a State. Education is within provincial jurisdiction and the curriculum is overseen by the province. [1] Education in Canada is generally divided into Elementary (Primary School, Public School), followed by Secondary (High School) and Post Secondary (University, College). Primary education is the first stage of Compulsory education. See also Primary education A primary school (from French école primaire) is an institution where children receive the first stage of Compulsory Australia See also Education High school is the name used in some parts of the world (in particular Scotland, North America and Australia) to describe an institution Within the provinces under the ministry of education, there are district school boards administering the educational programs. [2] Education is compulsory up to the age of 16 in every province in Canada, except for Ontario and New Brunswick, where the compulsory age is 18. In some provinces early leaving exemptions can be granted under certain circumstances at 14. Canada generally has 190 school days in the year, officially starting from September (after Labour Day) to the end of June (usually the last Friday of the month, Wednesday in some Ontario schools). Labour Day is an annual Holiday celebrated all over the world that resulted from efforts of

Contents

Canada-wide

Elementary, secondary, and post-secondary education in Canada is a provincial responsibility and there are many variations between the provinces. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Some educational fields are supported at various levels by Federal Departments. The Department of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada is responsible for the education of first nations. The Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development ( FIP: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, French: Affaires indiennes et du Nord Canada First Nations is a term of Ethnicity that refers to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis people [3][4] North West Territorial education is the mandate of the Department of Resources and Development which later came under the jurisdiction of the Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources. Vocational training can be subsidized via the Department of Labour. [5][6] Junior Kindergarten (or equivalent) as an official program exists only in Ontario currently. Kindergarten (or its equivalent) is available in every province, but provincial funding, and the number of hours provided varies widely. Starting at grade one, at age six or seven, there is universal publicly funded access up to grade twelve (or equivalent). Dependent on the province the age of mandatory entry is at 4-7 years. Children are required to attend school until the age of sixteen (Age 18 in Ontario and New Brunswick). About one out of ten Canadians does not have a high school diploma — one in seven has a university degree — the adult population that is without a high school diploma is a combination of both immigrant and Canadian-born. In many places, publicly-funded high school courses are offered to the adult population. The ratio of high school graduates versus non diploma-holders is changing rapidly, partly due to changes in the labour market that require people to have a high school diploma and, in many cases, a university degree.

Canada spends about 7% of its GDP on education. Since the adoption of section 23 of the Constitution Act, 1982, education in both English and French has been available in most places across Canada (if the population of children speaking the minority language justifies it). Section Twenty-three of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the section of the ''Charter'' that constitutionally guarantees Minority language The Constitution Act 1982 (Schedule B of the Canada Act 1982 (UK is a part of the Constitution of Canada. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people

Divisions by religion and language

Originally all the provinces had educational systems divided by religion, but most provinces have abolished these. Ontario, Alberta, and certain cities in Saskatchewan are exceptions to this, as they still maintain publicly funded Separate district school boards (usually Catholic but occasionally Protestant). Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276 A separate school is a publicly funded School which includes religious Education in its curriculum as opposed to a Private school or Public In Quebec, the Catholic/Protestant divide was replaced with a French/English one in 1998. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Québécois must attend a French School up until the end of high school unless one of their parents previously attended an English-language school somewhere in Canada (immigrants from other countries cannot use this exception).

Length of study

Most Canadian education systems continue up to grade twelve (age seventeen to eighteen). In Quebec, the typical high school term ends after Secondary V, the same as to grade eleven (age sixteen to seventeen); following this, students who wish to pursue their studies to the university level have to attend CEGEP. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects A CEGEP (ˈseɪʒɛp or /ˈsiːʤɛp/ French: Cégep) is a post-secondary education institution exclusive to the province of Quebec in

Authorities

Normally, for each type of publicly funded school (such as Public English or Public French), the province is divided into districts (or divisions). For each district, board members (trustees) are elected only by its supporters within the district (voters receive a ballot for just one of the boards in their area). Normally, all publicly funded schools are under the authority of their local district school board. These school boards would follow a common curriculum set up by the province the board resides in. Only Alberta allows public charter schools, which are independent of any district board. Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 Alberta charter schools are a special type of public schools, which have a greater degree of autonomy than a normal public school to allow them to offer programs that are significantly Instead, they each have their own board, which reports directly to the province.

Pre-university

Primary education and secondary education combined are sometimes referred to as K-12 (Kindergarten through Grade 12). Primary education is the first stage of Compulsory education. Australia See also Education It should be noted that this structure can vary from school to school, and from province to province. For instance, Prince Edward Island school systems is the only province that does not provide Kindergarten. In contrast, Ontario is the only province which provides two levels of Kindergarten (Junior and Senior).

In Canada, secondary schooling, known as high school, "école secondaire" or secondary school, differs depending on the province in which one resides. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Australia See also Education Additionally, grade structure may vary within a province and even within a school division. Education is compulsory up to the age of 16 in every province in Canada, except for Ontario and New Brunswick (where the compulsory ages are 18). Students may continue to attend high school until the ages of 19 to 21 (the cut-off age for high school varies between province). Those 19 and over may attend adult school. Also if high schoolers are expelled or suspended for a period of time over 2 months or so they could attend night school at the high school.

Ontario had a "Grade 13" known as Ontario Academic Credit (OAC) year, but this was abolished by the provincial government to cut costs. The Ontario Academic Credit or OAC ( French: Cour préuniversitaire de l'Ontario or CPO) was part of the curriculum(s codified by the Ontario OAC was last offered for the 2002-2003 school year. As a result, the curriculum has been compacted, and the more difficult subjects, such as mathematics, are comparatively harder than before. However, the system is now approximately equivalent to what has been the case outside of Quebec and Ontario for many years. Secondary education in Quebec continues to Grade 11 (Secondary V), and is typically followed by CEGEP, a two or three year college program taken after high school. A CEGEP (ˈseɪʒɛp or /ˈsiːʤɛp/ French: Cégep) is a post-secondary education institution exclusive to the province of Quebec in Pre-university CEGEP programs are two years in Quebec (university for Quebecers is three years), and vocational or professional programs are three years in duration (see Education in Quebec). The Québec education system is governed by the Ministère de l'Éducation du Loisir et du Sport ( Ministry of Education Recreation and Sports

Post-secondary education

Canadian university enrollment in various subjects - 2005/2006
Canadian university enrollment in various subjects - 2005/2006 [7]

Post-secondary education in Canada is also the responsibility of the individual provinces and territories. Those governments provide the majority of funding to their public post-secondary institutions, with the remainder of funding coming from tuition fees, the federal government, and research grants. Compared to other countries in the past, Canada has had the highest tertiary school enrollment as a percentage of their graduating population.

Nearly all post-secondary institutions in Canada have the authority to grant academic credentials (i. e. , diplomas or degrees). Generally speaking, universities grant degrees (e. g. , bachelor's, master's or doctorate degrees) while colleges, which typically offer vocationally-oriented programs, grant diplomas and certificates. However, some colleges offer applied arts degrees that lead to or are equivalent to degrees from a university.

Post-secondary education in Quebec begins with CEGEP (collèges d'enseignement général et professionnel), following graduation from Grade 11 (or Secondary V). A CEGEP (ˈseɪʒɛp or /ˈsiːʤɛp/ French: Cégep) is a post-secondary education institution exclusive to the province of Quebec in Students complete a two- or three-year general program leading to admission to a university, or a professional program leading directly into the labour force. In most cases, bachelor's degree programs in Quebec are three years instead of the usual four; however, in many cases, students attending a university in Quebec that did not graduate from CEGEP must complete an additional year of coursework. When Ontario had five years of high school, a three-year bachelor's degree was common, but these degrees are being phased out in favour of the four-year degree. A bachelor's degree is usually an Undergraduate Academic degree awarded for a course or major that generally lasts for three four or in some cases and

The main variation between the provinces, with respect to universities, is the amount of funding they receive. Universities in Quebec receive the most funding and have the lowest tuitions. Universities in Atlantic Canada generally receive the least funding and some, like Acadia University, are almost wholly reliant on private funding. Atlantic Canada, also known as the Atlantic provinces, is the region of Canada comprising four provinces located on the Atlantic coast: Acadia University is a non-denominational predominantly undergraduate University located in Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada with some graduate

The Royal Military College of Canada (RMC), is the military academy of the Canadian Forces and is a full degree-granting university. The Royal Military College of Canada (RMC is the Military academy of the Canadian Forces, and is a degree-granting University. A military academy or service academy (American English is an educational institution which prepares candidates for service in the officer corps of the Army the Navy Air Force The Canadian Forces (CF ( French: Forces canadiennes) are the unified Armed forces of Canada, governed by the National Defence RMC is the only federal institution with degree granting powers.

See also: List of universities in Canada, Group of Thirteen (Canadian universities)

Private schools

In Canada there is no obligation for parents to place their children in the public school system, and about 8% of students are in the private system. In Canada, the constitutional responsibility for Higher education, including Universities, rests with the Provinces and territories of Canada. The Group of Thirteen, more commonly referred to as the G13 (or G-13) is a group of leading research-intensive universities in Canada. A minority of these are elite private schools. These schools are attended by only a small fraction of students, but do have a great deal of prestige and prominence. It is not unusual for the wealthy and prominent in Canada to send their children to public schools, especially in the lower grades. A far larger portion of private schools are religious based institutions. Private Schools are also used to study outside the country. For example CCI has an Ontario curriculum, but the students study in Italy. CCI is a Three letter acronym that stands for California Correctional Institution, a state prison in the United States Canadian Conservation

Private Universities

At present, all private universities in Canada maintain a religious history or foundation. British Columbia’s Quest University will become the first privately funded liberal arts university without a denominational affiliation (although it is not the first private liberal arts university). British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Quest University Canada (formerly Sea to Sky University) is a new private Non-profit liberal arts and sciences University in The term liberal arts refers to a particular type of educational Curriculum broadly defined as a Classical education. Many provinces, including Ontario and Alberta, have passed legislation allowing private degree-granting institutions (not necessarily universities) to operate there.

Many Canadians remain polarized on the issue of permitting private universities into the Canadian market. On the one hand, Canada’s top universities find it difficult to compete with the private American powerhouses because of funding, but on the other hand, the fact that the price of private universities tends to exclude those who cannot pay that much for their education could prevent a significant portion of Canada’s population from being able to attend these schools.

Religious schools

Each province deals differently with private religious schools. In Ontario the Catholic system continues to be fully publicly funded, but other faiths receive no such funding. Ontario has several private Jewish, Muslim, and Christian schools, but all are funded through tuition fees. Since the Catholic schools system is entrenched in the constitution, the Supreme Court has ruled that this system is not unconstitutional. However, the United Nations has ruled that Ontario's system is unfair[8]. In 2002 the government of Mike Harris introduced a controversial program to partially fund all private schools, but this was criticized for undermining the public education system and the program was eliminated after the Liberals won the 2003 provincial election. Michael Deane Harris (born January 23, 1945, in Toronto Ontario) was the twenty-second Premier of Ontario from June 26,

In other provinces privately operated religious schools are funded. In British Columbia the government pays 50% of the cost of religious schools that meet rigorous provincial standards. The province has a number of Sikh, Hindu, Christian, and Muslim schools. Alberta also has a network of charter schools, which are fully funded schools offering distinct approaches to education within the public school system. Alberta charter schools are a special type of public schools, which have a greater degree of autonomy than a normal public school to allow them to offer programs that are significantly Alberta charter schools are not private and the province does not grant charters to religious schools. These schools have to follow the provincial curriculum and meet all standards, but are given considerable freedom in other areas. In all other provinces private religious schools receive some funding, but not as much as the public system.

An example of how schools can be divided by religions in the Durham Region, the Durham Catholic District School Board, and Durham District School Board. The Durham Catholic District School Board is a publicly-funded Catholic school board located in Durham Region, east of Toronto, Ontario. Secondary Schools Ajax High School Anderson Collegiate Vocational Institute Brock High School

History of religious schools

The role of religion in Canadian education has been controversial for centuries. The first schools in New France were operated by the church. The Viceroyalty of New France (Nouvelle-France was the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the In the early nineteenth century the colonial governments moved to set up publicly funded education systems. However, soon religious divisions became problematic. At the time religious study was considered an integral part of education, but Protestants and Catholics were deeply divided over how this education should be delivered. In Upper Canada the Catholic minority rejected the Protestant practice of Biblical study in schools, while in Lower Canada the Protestant minority objected to the education system instilling Roman Catholic dogma. Thus in both these areas two schools systems were established, a Catholic and a Protestant. Upon Confederation these schools systems were enshrined in the British North America Act, 1867. Canadian Confederation was the process by which the federal Dominion of Canada was formed beginning 1 July 1867 from the The Constitution Act 1867 (formerly called the British North America Act 1867, and still known informally as the BNA Act) constitutes a major part of

In the three Maritime provinces, schools were mainly Protestant, and a single Protestant oriented school system was established in each of them. In Newfoundland there was not only the Catholic/Protestant split, but also deep divisions between Protestant sects, and nine separate schools systems were set up, one catering to each major denomination. Newfoundland and Labrador (ˈnuːfɨn(dlənd ən(d ˈlæbrəˌdɔr (Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador is a province of Canada, the tenth and latest to join the Confederation Eventually the major Protestant boards merged into an integrated school system. The three Prairie provinces adopted a system based on Ontario's with a dominant Protestant system, and smaller Catholic ones. In 1891, however Manitoba moved to eliminate the Catholic board, sparking the Manitoba Schools Question. Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116  sq mi of North America The Manitoba Schools Question was a political crisis in Manitoba and more generally in Canada in the late 19th century involving publicly funded Separate schools Eventually the Catholic school system in that province was merged with the Protestant one. British Columbia established a non-sectarian school system in 1872.

Overtime the originally Protestant school boards of English Canada, known as the public schools, became increasingly secularized as Canadians came to believe in the separation of Church and state, and the main boards became secular ones. Separation of church and state is a Political and Legal Doctrine that Government and religious institutions are to be kept separate In Ontario all overt religiosity was removed from the public school system in 1990. In two provinces the sectarian education systems have recently been eliminated through constitutional change. Newfoundland, after a close and controversial referendum, eliminated its multiple school boards, merging them into a single public board. In Quebec the Catholic/Protestant divide was replaced with a French language/English language one.

Residential School System

The Canadian residential school system consisted of a number of schools for Aboriginal children, operated during the 20th century by churches of various denominations (about sixty per cent by Roman Catholics, and thirty per cent by the Protestants) and funded under the Indian Act by Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, a branch of the federal government. The Canadian residential school system consisted of a number of schools for Aboriginal children operated during the 19th and 20th century by churches of various denominations Aboriginal people in Canada, also known as Canadian aboriginal citizens, are people who belong to recognized indigenous groups in the Canadian Constitution Act A church building is a Building or Structure whose primary purpose is to facilitate the meeting of a church. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. The Indian Act ("An Act respecting Indians" RS 1985 c The Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development ( FIP: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, French: Affaires indiennes et du Nord Canada The schools' purpose was, according to the Indian Act, to "civilize" aboriginals, teach them English or French, convert them to Christianity, and end their traditional ways of life.

Levels in education

Canada outside Quebec

Special Notes

Quebec

Secondaries I-V are equivalent to grades 7-11. ( German, literally means "children's garden" is a form of education for young children which serves as a transition from home to the commencement of more formal schooling In most English High Schools, the different terms are used interchangebly.

both leading to a Diplôme d'études collégiales (DEC) some professional programs can lead to an Attestation d'études collégiales (Associate's degree) for one additional year.

English schools in Quebec have the same grade system as French schools, but with English names. For example, "elementary school" is not called "école primaire" in an English school, but has the same grade system.

Grade structure by province

The following table shows how grades are organized in various provinces. Often, there will be exceptions within each province, both with terminology for groups, and which grades apply to each group.

Alberta
(source)		   Elementary Junior High Senior High  
  Kindergarten 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12  
British Columbia
(source)		   Elementary E/M/S Schools Secondary School  
  Kindergarten 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12  
Manitoba
(source)		   Elementary Secondary  
  Kindergarten 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 S1 S2 S3 S4  
New Brunswick
(source)		   Elementary Middle School High School  
  Kindergarten 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12  
Newfoundland and Labrador
(source)		   Primary Elementary Junior High Senior High  
  Kindergarten 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Level I Level II Level III  
Nova Scotia
(source)		   Elementary Junior High Senior High  
  Primary 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12  
Ontario
(source)		 Kindergarten Elementary Secondary  
Junior Senior 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12  
PEI
(source)		   Elementary Intermediate Senior High  
  Kindergarten 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12  
Quebec   école primaire école secondaire CEGEP
garderie maternelle 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sec I Sec II Sec III Sec IV Sec V first second third
Saskatchewan
(source)		   Elementary Level Middle Level Secondary Level  
  Kindergarten 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12  

Notes:

Provincial and Territorial Departments and Ministries

Provincial and Territorial Departments and Ministries
Provincial Education(Wikipedia) Provincial Department(External Link)
Education in British Columbia Ministry of Education
Education in Alberta Ministry of Learning
Education in Saskatchewan Ministry of Learning
Education in Manitoba Ministry of Education
Education in Ontario Ministry of Education
Education in Quebec Ministère de l'Éducation, du Loisir et du Sport
Education in New Brunswick Ministry of Education
Education in Nova Scotia Department of Education
Education in Prince Edward Island Ministry of Education
Education in Newfoundland and Labrador Ministry of Education
Education in Northwest Territories Department of Education, Culture and Employment
Education in Nunavut Department of Education
Education in Northwest Territories Ministry of Education
Education in Yukon Department of Education, Culture and Employment

[9][10]

See also

Sources

References

  1. ^ Canada 1956 the Official Handbook of Present Conditions and Recent Progress, vol. As with any Canadian province, the Alberta Legislature has (almost exclusive authority to make laws respecting education Education in Saskatchewan teaches a Curriculum of Learning set out by the Government of Saskatchewan department, the Ministry of Learning Education in Ontario falls under provincial jurisdiction Publicly funded elementary and secondary schools are administered by the Ontario's Ontario Ministry of Education The Québec education system is governed by the Ministère de l'Éducation du Loisir et du Sport ( Ministry of Education Recreation and Sports The Québec education system is governed by the Ministère de l'Éducation du Loisir et du Sport ( Ministry of Education Recreation and Sports As with any Canadian province, the Alberta Legislature has (almost exclusive authority to make laws respecting education University admission or college admissions is the process through which students enter Tertiary education at universities and Colleges Systems In Canada, the constitutional responsibility for Higher education, including Universities, rests with the Provinces and territories of Canada. This is a list of Colleges in Canada. Alberta See also List of universities and colleges in Alberta Grande Prairie Regional Alberta charter schools are a special type of public schools, which have a greater degree of autonomy than a normal public school to allow them to offer programs that are significantly The Alberta Diploma Exams are the provincial tests given to all grade 12 students in Alberta, Canada. The Ontario rubric is a rubric system used to mark students in the Ontario province s school system Higher education in Canada describes the constellation of provincial higher education systems in Canada and their relationships with the federal government. Higher education in Quebec is an Education system that is unique from other provinces in Canada. Higher education in Nova Scotia (also referred to as post-secondary education refers to education provided by Higher education institutions in the Canadian Province Canada Year Book Section Information Services Division Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Queen's Printer, 1956 
  2. ^ Minister of Trade and Commerce, The Right Honourable C. D. Howe (1956), Canada 1956 the Official Handbook of Present Conditions and Recent Progress, vol. Canada Year Book Section Information Services Division Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Queen's Printer 
  3. ^ INAC Canada website. Retrieved 2008-05-24.
  4. ^ INAC Press relase on education. Retrieved 2008-05-24.
  5. ^ Minister of Trade and Commerce, The Right Honourable C. D. Howe (1956), Canada 1956 the Official Handbook of Present Conditions and Recent Progress, vol. Canada Year Book Section Information Services Division Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Queen's Printer 
  6. ^ Minister of Trade and Commerce, the Right Honourable C. D. Howe & Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Department of Trade and Commerce, Canada (1951), The Canada Year Book 1951, vol. The Official Statistical annual of the resouces, history, institutions and social and economic conditions of Canada. , Queen's Printer 
  7. ^ Statistics Canada education data
  8. ^ [UN says funding of Catholic schools discriminatory, 1999-11-09, <http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1999/11/05/schools991105.html>. Retrieved on 31 March 2008 
  9. ^ [CMEC Provincial and Territorial Departments of Education in Canada, 2003-08-18, <http://www.cmec.ca/educmin.en.stm>. Retrieved on 12 April 2007 
  10. ^ [About Canada - Society - Learning Resources - Provincial-Territorial Ministries, 2002-08-05, <http://canada.gc.ca/acanada/ViewCategory.htm?lang=eng&font=0&categoryId=88>. Retrieved on 12 April 2007 
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