A kindergarten classroom in Afghanistan. ( German, literally means "children's garden" is a form of education for young children which serves as a transition from home to the commencement of more formal schooling Rm46jpg|thumb|Classroom in St Eunan's College, Letterkenny, Ireland]] A classroom is a Room in which Teaching or Learning activities Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت,

Education encompasses both the teaching and learning of knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency. This is a list of education topics. See also Education, Education lists category, and the List of basic education topics. In Education, a teacher is one who helps Students or pupils often in a School, as well as in a Family, religious or In the fields of Neuropsychology, Personal development and Education, Learning is one of the most important Mental function of humans Knowledge is defined ( Oxford English Dictionary) variously as (i expertise and skills acquired by a person through experience or education the theoretical or practical understanding Morality (from the Latin la moralitas "manner character proper behavior" has three principal meanings It thus focuses on the cultivation of skills, trades or professions, as well as mental, moral & aesthetic development. A skill is the learned capacity or talent to carry out pre-determined results often with the minimum outlay of time energy or both. Trades is a Village and commune of the Rhône department of central-eastern France. The term profession is applied to those persons who have specialized and technical skill or knowledge which they apply for a fee to certain tasks that ordinary and unqualified people cannot The study of neural development draws on both Neuroscience and Developmental biology to describe the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which complex Nervous Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called ^[1]

Formal education consists of systematic instruction, teaching and training by professional teachers. System (from Latin systēma, in turn from Greek systēma is a set of interacting or interdependent Entities, real or abstract In Education, a teacher is one who helps Students or pupils often in a School, as well as in a Family, religious or This consists of the application of pedagogy and the development of curricula. Pedagogy (ˈpɛdəgɒdʒi or paedagogy is the Art or Science of being a Teacher. In formal education a curriculum (plural curricula) is the set of courses and their content offered at a School or University. In a liberal eduction tradition, teachers draw on many different disciplines for their lessons, including psychology, philosophy, information technology, linguistics, biology, and sociology. Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Information technology ( IT) as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA is "the study design development implementation support Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" Teachers in specialized professions such as astrophysics, law or zoology may teach only in a narrow area, usually as professors at institutions of higher learning. Astrophysics is the branch of Astronomy that deals with the Physics of the Universe, including the physical properties ( Luminosity, Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society Zoology (from Greek ζῷον, zoon, "animal" + λόγος, " Logos " "knowledge" is the branch of The meaning of the word professor ( Latin: professor, person who professes to be an expert in some art or science teacher of highest rank) varies There is much specialist instruction in fields of trade for those want specific skills, such as required to be a pilot, for example. Finally, there is an array of educational opportunity in the informal sphere- for this reason, society subsidizes institutions such as museums and libraries. A museum is a "permanent institution in the service of society and of its development open to the public which acquires conserves researches communicates and exhibits the A library is a collection of information sources resources and services and the structure in which it is housed it is organized for use and maintained by a public body an institution Informal education also includes knowledge and skills learned and refined during the course of life, including education that comes from experience in practicing a profession. The term profession is applied to those persons who have specialized and technical skill or knowledge which they apply for a fee to certain tasks that ordinary and unqualified people cannot

Systems of Formal Education

World map indicating Education Index (2007/2008 Human Development Report)

Education systems are established to provide education and training, in most cases for children and the young. The Human Development Report (HDR is an annual milestone publication by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP A curriculum defines what students should know, understand and be able to do as the result of education. A teaching profession delivers teaching which enables learning, and a system of polices, regulations, examinations, structures and funding enables teachers to teach to the best of their abilities. Sometimes education systems can be used to promote doctrines or ideals as well as knowledge, which is known as social engineering. This can lead to political abuse of the system, particularly in totalitarian states and government. Education is a broad concept,it refers to all the experiences in which children can learn something. Instruction refers to the intentional facilitating of learning toward identified goals, delivered either by an instructor or other forms. Teaching refers to learning facilitated by a real live instructor. Training refers to learning toward preparing learners with specific knowledge, skills, or abilities that can be applied immediately.

Primary education

Main article: Primary education

Primary school in open air. Primary education is the first stage of Compulsory education. Teacher (priest) with class from the outskirts of Bucharest, around 1842. Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania.

Primary (or elementary) education consists of the first years of formal, structured education. In general, primary education consists of six or seven years of schooling starting at the age of 5 or 6, although this varies between and sometimes within countries. Globally, around 70% of primary-age children are enrolled in primary education, and this proportion is rising. ^[2]. Under the Education for All program driven by UNESCO, most countries have committed to achieving universal enrollment in primary education by 2015, and in many countries it is compulsory for children to receive primary education. The division between primary and secondary education is somewhat arbitrary, but it generally occurs at about eleven or twelve years of age. Australia See also Education Some education systems have separate middle schools with the transition to the final stage of secondary education taking place at around the age of fourteen. Middle school or Junior High School serves as a "bridge" between the Elementary School and the High School Mostly schools which provide primary education are referred to as primary schools. Primary schools in these countries are often subdivided into infant schools and junior schools. An Infant school is a type of School which caters for young children usually between the ages of 4 and 7 years A junior school is a type of School which caters for children often between the ages of 4 and 11

Secondary education

Main article: Secondary education

In most contemporary educational systems of the world, secondary education consists of the second years of formal education that occur during adolescence. Australia See also Education This is a list of articles on Education organized by country A Education in Afghanistan Education in Albania It is characterised by transition from the typically compulsory, comprehensive primary education for minors to the optional, selective tertiary, "post-secondary", or "higher" education (e. Primary education is the first stage of Compulsory education. In law the term minor (also infant or infancy) is used to refer to a person who is under the age in which one legally assumes Adulthood and is legally Tertiary education, also referred to as third stage third level and' post-secondary education', is the educational level following the completion of a school providing Higher education is Education that is provided by universities, vocational universities, Community colleges Liberal arts colleges g. , university, vocational school) for adults. A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects ATTENTION *** This article is not "Vocational education in the United States" For the 2008 British film by Noel Clarke see Adulthood (film. Depending on the system, schools for this period or a part of it may be called secondary or high schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, middle schools, colleges, or vocational schools. High school is the name used in some parts of the world (in particular Scotland, North America and Australia) to describe an institution A gymnasium (pronounced with ɡ- in several languages is a type of school providing Secondary education in some parts of Europe, comparable to English grammar This article is about Lyceum as school or as public hall Lyceum can also be short for Lyceum Theatre. Middle school or Junior High School serves as a "bridge" between the Elementary School and the High School College ( Latin collegium) is a term most often used today to denote an Educational Institution. The exact meaning of any of these varies between the systems. The exact boundary between primary and secondary education varies from country to country and even within them, but is generally around the seventh to the tenth year of schooling. Secondary education occurs mainly during the teenage years. In the United States and Canada primary and secondary education together are sometimes referred to as K-12 education, and in New Zealand Year 1-13 is used. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page K–12 (pronounced "kay through twelve" "kay to twelve" or just "kay twelve" a designation for the sum of primary and Secondary education The purpose of secondary education can be to give common knowledge, to prepare for higher education or to train directly in a profession. Common knowledge is what "everybody knows" usually with reference to the Community in which the term is used Higher education is Education that is provided by universities, vocational universities, Community colleges Liberal arts colleges The term profession is applied to those persons who have specialized and technical skill or knowledge which they apply for a fee to certain tasks that ordinary and unqualified people cannot

Higher education

Main article: Higher education

The University of Cambridge is an institute of higher learning. Higher education is Education that is provided by universities, vocational universities, Community colleges Liberal arts colleges

Higher education, also called tertiary, third stage or post secondary education, is the non-compulsory educational level following the completion of a school providing a secondary education, such as a high school, secondary school, or gymnasium. Australia See also Education High school is the name used in some parts of the world (in particular Scotland, North America and Australia) to describe an institution Secondary school is a term used to describe an educational Institution where the final stage of compulsory schooling known as Secondary education, takes A gymnasium (pronounced with ɡ- in several languages is a type of school providing Secondary education in some parts of Europe, comparable to English grammar Tertiary education is normally taken to include undergraduate and postgraduate education, as well as vocational education and training. In some Educational systems undergraduate education is Post-secondary education up to the level of a Bachelor's degree. See also Postgraduate Training in Education Postgraduate education (synonymous in North America with graduate education, and sometimes described Vocational education or Vocational Education and Training (VET also called Career and Technical Education (CTE prepares learners for jobs that are based Colleges and universities are the main institutions that provide tertiary education. College ( Latin collegium) is a term most often used today to denote an Educational Institution. A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects Collectively, these are sometimes known as tertiary institutions. Tertiary education generally results in the receipt of certificates, diplomas, or academic degrees. A certificate is an official Document affirming some fact For example a Birth certificate or Death certificate testifies to basic facts regarding A diploma (from Greek δίπλωµα diploma, meaning "folded paper" is a Certificate or Deed issued by an educational institution A degree is any of a wide range of status levels conferred by institutions of Higher education, such as universities, normally as the result of successfully completing

Higher education includes teaching, research and social services activities of universities, and within the realm of teaching, it includes both the undergraduate level (sometimes referred to as tertiary education) and the graduate (or postgraduate) level (sometimes referred to as graduate school). In some Educational systems undergraduate education is Post-secondary education up to the level of a Bachelor's degree. Tertiary education, also referred to as third stage third level and' post-secondary education', is the educational level following the completion of a school providing See also Postgraduate Training in Education Postgraduate education (synonymous in North America with graduate education, and sometimes described A graduate school or ("grad school" is a school that awards advanced degrees such as doctoral degrees with the general requirement that students must have earned Higher education in that country generally involves work towards a degree-level or foundation degree qualification. The Foundation Degree is a Vocational Qualification introduced by the Government of the United Kingdom in September 2001, which is available In most developed countries a high proportion of the population (up to 50%) now enter higher education at some time in their lives. Higher education is therefore very important to national economies, both as a significant industry in its own right, and as a source of trained and educated personnel for the rest of the economy. An economy is the realized social system of production exchange distribution and consumption of goods and services of a country or other area

Adult education

Lifelong, or adult, education has become widespread in many countries. Adult education takes on many forms, from formal class-based learning to self-directed learning.

Alternative education

Main article: Alternative education

Alternative education, also known as non-traditional education or educational alternative, is a broad term which may be used to refer to all forms of education outside of traditional education (for all age groups and levels of education). Alternative education, also known as non-traditional education or educational alternative, includes a number of approaches to teaching and learning other Alternative education, also known as non-traditional education or educational alternative, includes a number of approaches to teaching and learning other Traditional education refers to long-established customs found in schools that society has traditionally deemed appropriate This may include both forms of education designed for students with special needs (ranging from teenage pregnancy to intellectual disability) and forms of education designed for a general audience which employ alternative educational philosophies and/or methods.

Alternatives of the latter type are often the result of education reform and are rooted in various philosophies that are commonly fundamentally different from those of traditional compulsory education. Education reform is a plan or movement which attempts to bring about a systematic change in Educational theory or practice across a Community or Society The philosophy of education is the study of the purpose process nature and ideals of Education. Compulsory education is Education which children are required by law to receive and governments to provide While some have strong political, scholarly, or philosophical orientations, others are more informal associations of teachers and students dissatisfied with certain aspects of traditional education. Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Scholarly method &mdash or as it is more commonly called scholarship &mdash is the body of principles and practices used by scholars to make their claims about the world as Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language The word student is etymologically derived through Middle English from the Latin second-type conjugation Verb "studēre" Traditional education refers to long-established customs found in schools that society has traditionally deemed appropriate These alternatives, which include charter schools, alternative schools, independent schools, and home-based learning vary widely, but often emphasize the value of small class size, close relationships between students and teachers, and a sense of community. Sense of community (or psychological sense of community) is a concept in social psychology (or more narrowly in Community psychology) which focuses on

Emotional/Human education

As academic education is more and more the norm and standard, companies and individuals are looking less at normal education as to what is deemed a good solid educated person/worker. Most well educated and successful entrepreneurs have high communication skills with humanistic and warm "emotional intelligence".

In certain places, especially in the United States, the term alternative may largely refer to forms of education catering to "at risk" students, as it is, for example, in this definition drafted by the Massachusetts Department of Education. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. ^[3]

Process

Curriculum

Main articles: Curriculum and List of academic disciplines

An academic discipline is a branch of knowledge which is formally taught, either at the university, or via some other such method. In formal education a curriculum (plural curricula) is the set of courses and their content offered at a School or University. An academic discipline or field of study is a branch of Knowledge which is taught or Researched at the college or university level An academic discipline or field of study is a branch of Knowledge which is taught or Researched at the college or university level Knowledge is defined ( Oxford English Dictionary) variously as (i expertise and skills acquired by a person through experience or education the theoretical or practical understanding In Education, a teacher is one who helps Students or pupils often in a School, as well as in a Family, religious or A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects Functionally, disciplines are usually defined and recognized by the academic journals in which research is published, and by the learned societies to which their practitioners belong. An academic journal is a peer-reviewed Periodical in which scholarship relating to a particular Academic discipline is published Research is defined as Human activity based on Intellectual application in the investigation of Matter. A learned society is an Organization that exists to promote an Academic discipline or group of disciplines Professors say schooling is 80% psychological, 20% physical effort.

Each discipline usually has several sub-disciplines or branches, and distinguishing lines are often both arbitrary and ambiguous. Examples of broad areas of academic disciplines include the natural sciences, mathematics, computer science, social sciences, humanities and applied sciences. In Science, the term natural science refers to a naturalistic approach to the study of the Universe, which is understood as obeying rules or law of Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Computer science (or computing science) is the study and the Science of the theoretical foundations of Information and Computation and their The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies The humanities are academic disciplines which study the Human condition, using methods that are primarily Analytic, Critical, or Speculative For the song by 311, see Grassroots. Applied science is the application of knowledge from one or more natural scientific ^[4]

Learning modalities

There has been a great deal of work on learning styles over the last two decades. A learning style is an Educating method particular to an individual that is presumed to allow that individual to learn best Dunn and Dunn^[5] focused on identifying relevant stimuli that may influence learning and manipulating the school environment, at about the same time as Joseph Renzulli^[6] recommended varying teaching strategies. Howard Gardner^[7] identified individual talents or aptitudes in his Multiple Intelligences theories. Howard Gardner (born July 11, 1943 in Scranton Pennsylvania) is an American Psychologist who is based at New York University The Multiple intelligences is an educational theory first developed by Howard Gardner that describes an Array of different kinds of " intelligences quot exhibited Based on the works of Jung, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and Keirsey Temperament Sorter^[8] focused on understanding how people's personality affects the way they interact personally, and how this affects the way individuals respond to each other within the learning environment. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI assessment is a psychometric questionnaire designed to measure psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions The Keirsey Temperament Sorter (KTS is a self-assessed personality questionnaire designed to help people better understand themselves first introduced in the book Please Understand The work of David Kolb and Anthony Gregorc's Type Delineator^[9] follows a similar but more simplified approach. David Kolb (born 1941 is a well-known philosopher and the Charles A Anthony F Gregorc is most well known for his theory of a Mind Styles Model and its associated Style Delineator.

It is currently fashionable to divide education into different learning "modes". The learning modalities^[10] are probably the most common:^[11]

• Kinesthetic: learning based on hands-on work and engaging in activities. Proprioception (ˌproʊpriːəˈsɛpʃən PRO -pree-o-SEP-shun from Latin proprius, meaning "one's own" and perception is the Sense
• Visual: learning based on observation and seeing what is being learned. The visual system is the part of the Nervous system which allows organisms to see.
• Auditory: learning based on listening to instructions/information.

It is claimed that, depending on their preferred learning modality, different teaching techniques have different levels of effectiveness. ^[12] A consequence of this theory is that effective teaching should present a variety of teaching methods which cover all three learning modalities so that different students have equal opportunities to learn in a way that is effective for them. ^[13]

Teaching

Teachers need the ability to understand a subject well enough to convey its essence to a new generation of students. The goal is to establish a sound knowledge base on which students will be able to build as they are exposed to different life experiences. The passing of knowledge from generation to generation allows students to grow into useful members of society. Good teachers can translate information, good judgment, experience and wisdom into relevant knowledge that a student can understand, retain and pass to others. As a profession, teaching has very high levels of Work-Related Stress (WRS)^[14] which are listed as amongst the highest of any profession in some countries, such as the United Kingdom. The degree of this problem is becoming increasingly recognized and support systems are put into place. ^[15]

Technology

Main article: Educational technology

Technology is an increasingly influential factor in education. Educational technology (also called learning technology) is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating using and managing Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt Computers and mobile phones are being widely used in developed countries both to complement established education practices and develop new ways of learning such as online education (a type of distance education). A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. Electronic learning (or e-Learning or eLearning) is a type of education where the medium of instruction is computer technology This gives students the opportunity to choose what they are interested in learning. The proliferation of computers also means the increase of programming and blogging. Technology offers powerful learning tools that demand new skills and understandings of students, including Multimedia, and provides new ways to engage students, such as Virtual learning environments. Multimedia learning is the common name used to describe a the “Cognitive theory of Multimedia learning” (Mayer and Moreno 1998 Moreno and Mayer 1999 Mayer 2001 A virtual learning environment (VLE is a Software system designed to support teaching and learning in an educational setting Technology is being used more not only in administrative duties in education but also in the instruction of students. The use of technologies such as PowerPoint and interactive whiteboard is capturing the attention of students in the classroom. Microsoft PowerPoint is a proprietary Presentation program developed by Microsoft. An interactive whiteboard is a large interactive display that connects to a Computer and Projector. Technology is also being used in the assessment of students. One example is the Audience Response System (ARS), which allows immediate feedback tests and classroom discussions. Audience response is a type of interaction associated with the use of audience response systems to create interactivity between a presenter and his/her Audience.

Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are a “diverse set of tools and resources used to communicate, create, disseminate, store, and manage information. ”^[16] These technologies include computers, the Internet, broadcasting technologies (radio and television), and telephony. There is increasing interest in how computers and the Internet can improve education at all levels, in both formal and non-formal settings. ^[17] Older ICT technologies, such as radio and television, have for over forty years been used for open and distance learning, although print remains the cheapest, most accessible and therefore most dominant delivery mechanism in both developed and developing countries. ^[18]

The use of computers and the Internet is still in its infancy in developing countries, if these are used at all, due to limited infrastructure and the attendant high costs of access. Usually, various technologies are used in combination rather than as the sole delivery mechanism. For example, the Kothmale Community Radio Internet uses both radio broadcasts and computer and Internet technologies to facilitate the sharing of information and provide educational opportunities in a rural community in Sri Lanka. ^[19] The Open University of the United Kingdom (UKOU), established in 1969 as the first educational institution in the world wholly dedicated to open and distance learning, still relies heavily on print-based materials supplemented by radio, television and, in recent years, online programming. ^[20] Similarly, the Indira Gandhi National Open University in India combines the use of print, recorded audio and video, broadcast radio and television, and audio conferencing technologies. ^[21]

The term "computer-assisted learning" (CAL) has been increasingly used to describe the use of technology in teaching.

History

Main article: History of education

A depiction of the University of Bologna, Italy

The history of education according to Dieter Lenzen, president of the Freie Universität Berlin 1994 "began either millions of years ago or at the end of 1770". In its widest sense the history of Education is the history of Teaching and of Learning, and the history of what might be described as the Curricula The University of Bologna (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna UNIBO) is one of the oldest continually operating degree-granting universities in the world The Free University of Berlin ( FU Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin is the second largest of the four Universities in Berlin. Education as a science cannot be separated from the educational traditions that existed before. Education was the natural response of early civilizations to the struggle of surviving and thriving as a culture. Adults trained the young of their society in the knowledge and skills they would need to master and eventually pass on. The evolution of culture, and human beings as a species depended on this practice of transmitting knowledge. In pre-literate societies this was achieved orally and through imitation. Story-telling continued from one generation to the next. Oral language developed into written symbols and letters. The depth and breadth of knowledge that could be preserved and passed soon increased exponentially. When cultures began to extend their knowledge beyond the basic skills of communicating, trading, gathering food, religious practices, etc, formal education, and schooling, eventually followed. Schooling in this sense was already in place in Egypt between 3000 and 500BC.

Philosophy

Main articles: Philosophy of education and Epistemology

John Locke's work Some Thoughts Concerning Education was written in 1693 and still reflects traditional education priorities in the Western world

The philosophy of education is the study of the purpose, nature and ideal content of education. The philosophy of education is the study of the purpose process nature and ideals of Education. Epistemology (from Greek επιστήμη - episteme, "knowledge" + λόγος, " Logos " or theory of knowledge John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704 was an English Philosopher. Some Thoughts Concerning Education is a 1693 treatise The philosophy of education is the study of the purpose process nature and ideals of Education. An academic discipline or field of study is a branch of Knowledge which is taught or Researched at the college or university level Related topics include knowledge itself, the nature of the knowing mind and the human subject, problems of authority, and the relationship between education and society. Epistemology (from Greek επιστήμη - episteme, "knowledge" + λόγος, " Logos " or theory of knowledge Philosophy of mind is the branch of Philosophy that studies the nature of the Mind, Mental events Mental functions mental properties At least since Locke's time, the philosophy of education has been linked to theories of developmental psychology and human development. John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704 was an English Philosopher.

Fundamental purposes that have been proposed for education include:

• The enterprise of civil society depends on educating people to become responsible, thoughtful and enterprising citizens. Civil society is composed of the totality of voluntary civic and social organizations and institutions that form the basis of a functioning Society as opposed to the force-backed Social responsibility is an ethical or ideological theory that an Entity whether it is a Government, Corporation, Organization Thought and thinking are mental forms and Processes respectively ("thought" is both This is an intricate, challenging task requiring deep understanding of ethical principles, moral values, political theory, aesthetics, and economics, not to mention an understanding of who children are, in themselves and in society. Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life A moral is a message conveyed or a lesson to be learned from a story or event A personal and cultural value is a Relative ethic value, an assumption upon which implementation can be extrapolated Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. CHILD syndrome (or congenital hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform erythroderma and limb defects) is a genetic disorder A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions
• Progress in every practical field depends on having capacities that schooling can develop. A school (from Greek σχολεῖον - scholeion) is an Institution designed to allow and encourage Students (or "pupils" Education is thus a means to foster the individual's, society's, and even humanity's future development and prosperity. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus Wealth derives from the old English word "weal" which means "well-being Emphasis is often put on economic success in this regard. In Sociology or Anthropology, social status is the honor or prestige attached to one's position in Society (one's Social position)
• One's individual development and the capacity to fulfill one's own purposes can depend on an adequate preparation in childhood. Education can thus attempt to give a firm foundation for the achievement of personal fulfillment. A goal or objective consists of a projected state of affairs which a Person or a System plans or intends to achieve or bring about — a personal or Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in Psychology, proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper A Theory of Human Motivation, which The better the foundation that is built, the more successful the child will be. Simple basics in education can carry a child far.

A central tenet of education typically includes “the imparting of knowledge. Knowledge is defined ( Oxford English Dictionary) variously as (i expertise and skills acquired by a person through experience or education the theoretical or practical understanding ” At a very basic level, this purpose ultimately deals with the nature, origin and scope of knowledge. The branch of philosophy that addresses these and related issues is known as epistemology. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Epistemology (from Greek επιστήμη - episteme, "knowledge" + λόγος, " Logos " or theory of knowledge This area of study often focuses on analyzing the nature and variety of knowledge and how it relates to similar notions such as truth and belief. The meaning of the word truth extends from Honesty, Good faith, and Sincerity in general to agreement with Fact or Reality Belief is the psychological state in which an individual holds a Proposition or Premise to be true

While the term, knowledge, is often used to convey this general purpose of education, it can also be viewed as part of a continuum of knowing that ranges from very specific data to the highest levels. Debt AIDS Trade in Africa (or DATA) is a Multinational non-government organization founded in January 2002 in London by U2 's Seen in this light, the continuum may be thought to consist of a general hierarchy of overlapping levels of knowing. Students must be able to connect new information to a piece of old information to be better able to learn, understand, and retain information. This continuum may include notions such as data, information, knowledge, wisdom, and realization. Debt AIDS Trade in Africa (or DATA) is a Multinational non-government organization founded in January 2002 in London by U2 's Information as a concept has a diversity of meanings from everyday usage to technical settings Knowledge is defined ( Oxford English Dictionary) variously as (i expertise and skills acquired by a person through experience or education the theoretical or practical understanding Wisdom is a concept of personal gaining of Knowledge, Understanding, Experience, discretion and intuitive understanding, along with a capacity

The ideal or holistic education [Cf: Conceptual Stress-Understanding and Management: Dr. Shriniwas Kashalikar] is conscious evolutionary transformation that aims at holistic health i. e. simultaneous welfare of one and all. This requires conscious development of fitness of one's body, refinements of instincts, broadening and profoundness of emotions, blossoming of intelligence and liberating perspective of universal oneness. Besides, cognitive, affective and psychomotor the productive domain also must be nurtured for this.

Psychology

Main article: Educational psychology

A class size experiment in the United States found that attending small classes for 3 or more years in the early grades increased high school graduation of students from low income families. Educational psychology is the study of how Humans learn in Educational settings the effectiveness of educational interventions the psychology of teaching and the ^[22]

Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations. Educational psychology is the study of how Humans learn in Educational settings the effectiveness of educational interventions the psychology of teaching and the Social psychology is the study of how people and groups interact A school (from Greek σχολεῖον - scholeion) is an Institution designed to allow and encourage Students (or "pupils" An organization (or organisation &mdash see spelling differences) is a social arrangement which pursues collective goals which controls its own performance and Although the terms "educational psychology" and "school psychology" are often used interchangeably, researchers and theorists are likely to be identified as educational psychologists, whereas practitioners in schools or school-related settings are identified as school psychologists. School Psychology is a field that applies principles of Clinical psychology and Educational psychology to the diagnosis and treatment of children's and adolescents' Educational psychology is concerned with the processes of educational attainment in the general population and in sub-populations such as gifted children and those with specific disabilities.

Educational psychology can in part be understood through its relationship with other disciplines. It is informed primarily by psychology, bearing a relationship to that discipline analogous to the relationship between medicine and biology. Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Educational psychology in turn informs a wide range of specialities within educational studies, including instructional design, educational technology, curriculum development, organizational learning, special education and classroom management. Instructional Design is the practice of creating instructional tools and content to help facilitate learning most effectively Educational technology (also called learning technology) is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating using and managing Organizational learning is an area of knowledge within Organizational theory that studies models and theories about the way an organization learns and adapts Special Education is the individually planned and systematically monitored arrangement of teaching procedures adapted equipment and materials accessible settings and other interventions Classroom management is a term used by Teachers to describe the process of ensuring that classroom Lessons run smoothly despite disruptive behavior by Educational psychology both draws from and contributes to cognitive science and the learning sciences. Cognitive science may be broadly defined as the multidisciplinary study of mind and behavior The learning sciences is a field of interdisciplinary study that works to further scientific understanding of Learning as well as engage in the design and implementation of learning In universities, departments of educational psychology are usually housed within faculties of education, possibly accounting for the lack of representation of educational psychology content in introductory psychology textbooks (Lucas, Blazek, & Raley, 2006).

Economic implications of Education

It has been argued that high rates of education are essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth. ^[23] In theory poor countries should grow faster than rich countries because they can adopt cutting edge technologies already tried and tested by rich countries. But economists argue that if the gap in education between a rich and a poor nation is too large, as is the case between the poorest and the richest nations in the world, the transfer of these technologies that drive economic growth becomes difficult, thus the economies of the world's poorest nations stagnate.

Sociology of education

Main article: Sociology of education

Russia has more academic graduates than any other country in Europe. The sociology of education is the study of how public Institutions and individual experiences affects education and its outcome

The sociology of education is the study of how social institutions and forces affect educational processes and outcomes, and vice versa. The sociology of education is the study of how public Institutions and individual experiences affects education and its outcome By many, education is understood to be a means of overcoming handicaps, achieving greater equality and acquiring wealth and status for all (Sargent 1994). Learners may be motivated by aspirations for progress and betterment. Education is perceived as a place where children can develop according to their unique needs and potentialities. ^[24] The purpose of education can be to develop every individual to their full potential. The understanding of the goals and means of educational socialization processes differs according to the sociological paradigm used. The term socialization is used by sociologists, social psychologists and Educationalists to refer to the process of learning one’s Culture Sociological paradigms (or frameworks are specific 'points of view' used by Social scientists in Social research.

Education in developing countries

In developing countries, the number and seriousness of the problems faced are naturally greater. People are sometimes unaware of the importance of education, and there is economic pressure from those parents who prioritize their children's making money in the short term over any long-term benefits of education. Recent studies on child labor and poverty have suggested that when poor families reach a certain economic threshold where families are able to provide for their basic needs, parents return their children to school. This has been found to be true, once the threshold has been breached, even if the potential economic value of the children's work has increased since their return to school. Teachers are often paid less than other similar professions. The term profession is applied to those persons who have specialized and technical skill or knowledge which they apply for a fee to certain tasks that ordinary and unqualified people cannot

A lack of good universities, and a low acceptance rate for good universities, is evident in countries with a relatively high population density. In some countries, there are uniform, over structured, inflexible centralized programs from a central agency that regulates all aspects of education.

• Due to globalization, increased pressure on students in curricular activities
• Removal of a certain percentage of students for improvisation of academics (usually practised in schools, after 10th grade)

India is now developing technologies that will skip land based phone and internet lines. Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Instead, India launched EDUSAT, an education satellite that can reach more of the country at a greatly reduced cost. There is also an initiative started by a group out of MIT and supported by several major corporations to develop a $100 laptop. The laptops should be available by late 2006 or 2007. The laptops, sold at cost, will enable developing countries to give their children a digital education, and to close the digital divide across the world.

In Africa, NEPAD has launched an "e-school programme" to provide all 600,000 primary and high schools with computer equipment, learning materials and internet access within 10 years. The New Partnership for Africa's Development ( NEPAD) is an Economic development program of the African Union. The New Partnership for Africa's Development E-School Program run by NEPAD aims to provide computers and internet access to all schools in Africa within 10 years Private groups, like The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, are working to give more individuals opportunities to receive education in developing countries through such programs as the Perpetual Education Fund. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the fourth largest Christian denomination in the United States and the largest and most well-known The Perpetual Education Fund (PEF is a program of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, first announced by President Gordon B An International Development Agency project called nabuur.com, started with the support of American President Bill Clinton, uses the Internet to allow co-operation by individuals on issues of social development. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks

Internationalisation

Education is becoming increasingly international. Not only are the materials becoming more influenced by the rich international environment, but exchanges among students at all levels are also playing an increasingly important role. In Europe, for example, the Socrates-Erasmus Programme stimulates exchanges across European universities. Also, the Soros Foundation provides many opportunities for students from central Asia and eastern Europe. Some scholars argue that, regardless of whether one system is considered better or worse than another, experiencing a different way of education can often be considered to be the most important, enriching element of an international learning experience. ^[25]

See also

Main articles: Glossary of education-related terms, List of basic education topics, List of education articles by country, and List of education topics

References

External links

• Education at the Open Directory Project
• International Review of Curriculum and Assessment Frameworks
• UNESCO Institute for Statistics: International comparable statistics on education systems
• The Encyclopedia of Informal Education
• European Schoolnet network of 28 Ministries of Education