Edom (Hebrew: אֱדוֹם, Standard Edom Tiberian ʾĔḏôm ; "red") is a name given to Esau in the Hebrew Bible, as well as to the nation descending from him. Tiberian Hebrew is an extinct (yet very well documented Oral tradition of pronunciation for ancient Hebrew, especially the Hebrew of the Tanakh, that was Red is any of a number of similar Colors evoked by light consisting predominantly of the longest wavelengths of Light discernible by the human eye in the wavelength Esau (ˈisɔ ( Hebrew, Standard Hebrew Esav, Tiberian Hebrew ʿĒśāw) is the brother of Jacob (whom God renamed The term Hebrew Bible is a generic reference to those books of the Bible originally written in Biblical Hebrew (and the related Biblical Aramaic The nation's name in Assyrian was Udumi; in Syriac, ܐܕܘܡ; in Greek, Ἰδουμαία (Idoumaía); in Latin, Idumæa or Idumea. See Syriac (disambiguation for other uses Syriac (syr ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ leššānā Suryāyā) is an Eastern Aramaic language Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome.

The Edomite people were a Semitic-speaking tribal group inhabiting the Negev Desert and the Arabah valley of what is now southern Dead sea and adjacent Jordan. The Semitic languages are a Language family whose living representatives are spoken by more than 467 million people across much of the Middle East, The Negev (נֶגֶב Tiberian vocalization: Néḡeḇ) is the Desert region of southern Israel. The Arabah (הָעֲרָבָה Tiberian: HāʻĂrāḇā وادي عربة Wādī ʻAraba) is a section of the Great The Dead Sea (יָם הַ‏‏מֶ‏ּ‏לַ‏ח, "Sea of Salt"البَحْر المَيّت, "Dead Sea" is a salt lake between Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern The region has much reddish sandstone, which may have given rise to the name "Edom". The nation of Edom is known to have existed back to the 8th or 9th century BC, and the Bible dates it back several centuries further. The 8th century BC started the first day of 800 BC and ended the last day of 701 BC. The 9th century BC started the first day of 900 BC and ended the last day of 801 BC Recent archaeological evidence may indicate an Edomite nation as long ago as the 11th century BC, but the topic is controversial. The nation ceased to exist with the Jewish-Roman Wars.

The Edomites

The Edomites may have been connected with the Shasu and Shutu, nomadic raiders mentioned in Egyptian sources. Shasu is an Egyptian term for Nomads who appeared in the Levant from the fifteenth century BCE all the way to the Third Intermediate Period. Shutu or Sutu is the name given in ancient Akkadian language sources to certain Nomadic groups of the Trans-Jordanian highlands extending deep Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Indeed, a letter from an Egyptian scribe at a border fortress in the Wadi Tumilat during the reign of Merneptah reports movement of nomadic "shasu-tribes of Edom" to watering holes in Egyptian territory. Merneptah (or Merenptah) was the fourth ruler of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. ^[1]

In the Bible

The Bible identifies Esau as the fraternal twin brother of Jacob, the grandson of Abraham. Twins are Offspring resulting from the same Pregnancy, either of the same or opposite Sex. Abraham ( Ashkenazi   Avrohom or Avruhom; ابراهيم, {{Unicode|Ibrāhīm}}; Ge'ez: Jacob became the father of the Israelites after God (Genesis 35:10) renamed Jacob "Israel. See also History of ancient Israel and Judah According to the Bible, the Israelites were the dominant group living in the Land of Israel. " Thus Esau shared his mother's womb together with the founder of the nation of Israel. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. ^[2] See Genesis 25. Although Esau was Isaac's first-born entitled to inherit Isaac's wealth and blessing, Esau sold his birthright to his younger brother Jacob (Israel) for a pot of stew. The descendants of Esau and Israel led divergent paths with Edom settling east of modern day Israel forming tribal chiefs while Jacob traveled all of Israel, his inheritance.

The Bible explains the name "Edom" with no mention of red rock. It refers to the Edomites as descendants of Esau, and the [[Book of Genesis 25:25 KJV]And the first came out red, all over like an hairy garment; and they called his name Esau. Esau (ˈisɔ ( Hebrew, Standard Hebrew Esav, Tiberian Hebrew ʿĒśāw) is the brother of Jacob (whom God renamed mentions "red" a number of times in describing Esau and explaining his alternate name Edom. Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. They named him Esau. "^[3] Years later, "Jacob was once simmering a stew, when Esau came home exhausted from the field. Jacob ( Hebrew: יַעֲקֹב, Standard   Yaʿaqov Tiberian   Yaʿăqōḇ; Esau said to Jacob: "Feed me, I pray thee, with that same red pottage; for I am faint: therefore was his name called Edom". (Genesis 25:29-30, KJV) ^[4] (see also retroactive nomenclature). Retroactive Nomenclature is the telling of the earlier history of a person place or thing while referring to said person place or thing by a name that came into

The Edomites' original country, according to the Tanakh, stretched from the Sinai peninsula as far as Kadesh Barnea. See also Old testament, Septuagint, Targum, Peshitta The Tanakh (תַּנַ"ךְ (taˈnax or; also Tenakh or Tenak is The Sinai Peninsula or Sinai ( Coptic: sina; Egyptian Arabic: sina سينا Arabic, sina'a سيناء This article is about Kadesh in the South of Israel see also Kadesh or Kedesh. Southward it reached as far as Eilat, which was the seaport of Edom. For the town in the West Bank see Aqabah West Bank. Aqaba (العقبة Al-ʻAqabah) is a coastal town in the far south of ^[5] On the north of Edom was the territory of Moab. Moab (; Greek Μωάβ; Arabic مؤاب, Assyrian Mu'aba, Ma'ba, Ma'ab; Egyptian ^[6] The boundary between Moab and Edom was the Wadi Zered. A Wadi in western Jordan. Also known in Jordan as Wadi-Hassa In ancient times it was the boundary between Moab and Edom. ^[7] The ancient capital of Edom was Bozrah^[8] According to Genesis, Esau's descendants settled in this land after displacing the Horites. For the town in Syria, see Bosra. For the town in Connecticut see Bozrah Connecticut. Horites (Egyptian Khar) were cave-dwellers mentioned in the Torah ( Genesis 146 3620 Deuteronomy 212 inhabiting areas around Petra It was also called the land of Seir; Mount Seir appears to have been strongly identified with them and may have been a cultic site. Seir - שֵׂעִיר "Rough hairy" Standard Hebrew Seʿir, Tiberian Hebrew Śēʿîr. Mount Seir ( Hebrew: הַר-שֵׂעִיר Har Se'ir formed the south-east border of Edom and Judah, it may also echo the older historical border of Egypt In the time of Amaziah (838 BC), Selah (Petra) was its principal stronghold;^[9] Eilat and Ezion-geber its seaports. Amaziah ("strengthened by God" may refer to Amaziah of Judah, the king of Judah A Levite, son of Hilkiah of the descendants of Sela (from Se'lah rock) was the capital of Edom situated in the great valley extending from the Dead Sea to the Red Sea (2 Kings 147 Petra (from "petra" rock in Greek; Arabic: البتراء Al-Batrāʾ) is an archaeological site in the Arabah Ezion-Geber or Asiongaber ( Classical Hebrew: עֶצְיֹן גֶּבֶר pronounced "Etzyón-Gaver" was a city of Idumea, a biblical seaport ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo ^[10]

Genesis 36 chronicles Esau's family and the kings of Edom:

These are the kings who ruled in the land of Edom before a king ruled the children of Israel. And Bela ben Beor ruled in Edom, and the name of his city was Dinhabah. In the chronology of Edomite kings in Genesis 36 Bela ben Beor is the first of the apparently elective kings In Genesis 36, Dinhabah was an Edomite city the capital of King Bela ben Beor. And Bela died, and Jobab ben Zerah from Bozrah ruled in his place. Jobab ben Zerah was a king of ancient Edom, according to Genesis 36. And Jobab died, and Husham of the land of Temani ruled in his place. Husham was a king of Edom mentioned in the Bible, in Genesis 3631-43. And Husham died, and Hadad ben Bedad, who struck Midian in the field of Moab, ruled in his place, and the name of his city was Avith. Hadad ben Bedad was a king of Edom mentioned in the Bible, in Genesis 3631-43. Moab (; Greek Μωάβ; Arabic مؤاب, Assyrian Mu'aba, Ma'ba, Ma'ab; Egyptian Avith ("ruins" was an Edomite city It was the capital of the Edomite king Hadad ben Bedad, one of the kings of Edom before there were kings in Israel And Hadad died, and Samlah of Masrekah ruled in his place. Samlah was a king of Edom mentioned in the Bible, in Genesis 3631-43. And Samlah died, and Saul of Rehoboth on the river ruled in his place. For other uses see Saul. Saul was a king of Edom mentioned in the Bible, in Genesis 3631-43. And Saul died, and Baal-hanan ben Achbor ruled in his place. Baal-hanan ben Achbor was a king of Edom mentioned in the Bible, in Genesis 3631-43. And Baal-hanan ben Achbor died, and Hadar ruled in his place, and the name of his city was Pau, and his wife's name was Mehetabel bat Matred bat Mezahab. Multiple Biblical characters with the names Hadad or Hadar existed In Genesis 3639 Pau (or Pai 1 Chronicles 150 or is the name of an Edomite city And these are the names of the clans of Esau by their families, by their places, by their names: clan Timnah, clan Alvah, clan Jetheth, clan Aholibamah, clan Elah, clan Pinon, clan Kenaz, clan Teman, clan Mibzar, clan Magdiel, clan Iram. A clan is a group of People united by Kinship and descent, which is defined by perceived descent from a common ancestor Biblical Timnah is identified with the modern archeological site of Tel Batash, in the Sorek Valley of Israel, near Kibbutz Tal Shahar. This list contains persons named in The Bible of minor notability about whom either nothing or very little is known aside from any family connections Jetheth was the name of an Edomite clan (possibly the name of an eponymous chieftain mentioned in Genesis 3631-43 In the Book of Genesis Aholibamah ( אָהֳלִיבָמָה "My tabernacle of/is height/exaltation" Standard Hebrew Oholivama, Elah was the name of an Edomite clan (possibly the name of an eponymous chieftain mentioned in Genesis 3631-43 Pinon was the name of an Edomite clan (possibly the name of an eponymous chieftain mentioned in Genesis 3631-43 For other uses see Teman. Teman was the name of an Edomite clan (possibly the name of an eponymous chieftain mentioned in Genesis Mizbar was the name of an Edomite clan (possibly the name of an eponymous chieftain mentioned in Genesis 3631-43 Magdiel, founded in 1924 in the Yishuv of Mandate Palestine, is one of the four original communities of Jewish agriculturalists that combined in 1964 to iRam is a new application of an old technology from Gigabyte Technology. ^[11]

The Hebrew word translated as "clan" is aluf, also translated as "chief", "general", or "duke", and used in this sense only in connection with Edom and Hori. ^[12] (Since 1948 it has been used for senior ranks in the Israeli Defense Force). The Israel Defense Forces ( IDF) (צְבָא הַהֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, lit

If the account may be taken at face value, the kingship of Edom was, at least in early times, not hereditary,^[13] perhaps elective. A hereditary monarchy is the most common style of Monarchy and is the form that is used by almost all of the world's existing monarchies An elective monarchy is a Monarchy ruled by someone generally from a Royal house, who is elected by a group ^[14] First Chronicles mentions both a king and chieftains. A traditional tribal chief is the leader of a Tribe, or the head of a tribal form of self-government ^[15] When the King of Edom refused to allow the children of Israel^[16] to pass through his land on their way to Canaan, they detoured around the country because of his show of force^[17] or because God ordered them to do so rather than wage war. Canaanites redirects here For the 1940s social and political movement in Israel, see Canaanites (movement. ^[18] The King of Edom did not attack the Israelites, though he prepared to resist aggression.

Map of the southern Levant, c. See also Names of the Levant The Levant (lə'vænt is a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia, roughly bounded on the north by the 830s BC. Events and trends 836 BC — Shalmaneser III of Assyria leads an expedition against the Tabareni.      Kingdom of Judah      Kingdom of Israel      Philistine city-states      Phoenician states      Kingdom of Ammon      Kingdom of Edom      Kingdom of Aram-Damascus      Aramean tribes      Arubu tribes      Nabatu tribes      Assyrian Empire      Kingdom of Moab

Nothing further is recorded of the Edomites in the Tanakh until their defeat by King Saul of Israel in the late 1000s BC. Saul (שאול המלך (or Sha'ul) ( Arabic: طالوت,Tālūt ( (reigned 1047 - 1007 BCE is identified in the Books of Samuel, 1 Chronicles Forty years later King David and his general Joab defeated the Edomites in the "valley of salt," (probably near the Dead Sea). David, Arabic: داوود or داود dawud, "beloved" was the second king of the united Kingdom of Israel according to the Hebrew Bible Yoav redirects here For the musician see Yoav (musician. Joab ( יוֹאָב " The LORD is father" Standard The Dead Sea (יָם הַ‏‏מֶ‏ּ‏לַ‏ח, "Sea of Salt"البَحْر المَيّت, "Dead Sea" is a salt lake between ^[19] An Edomite prince named Hadad escaped and fled to Egypt, and after David's death returned and tried to start a rebellion, but failed and went to Syria. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. ^[20] From that time Edom remained a vassal of Israel. A vassal (also called feodary or fedary) in the terminology that both preceded and accompanied the feudalism of Medieval Europe, David placed over the Edomites Israelite governors or prefects,^[21] and this form of government seems to have continued under Solomon. King Solomon ( Ge'ez: ስለሞን Arabic: ar سليمان, Sulayman, all from the Triliteral root S-L-M, "peace" When Israel divided into two kingdoms Edom became a dependency of the Kingdom of Judah. Judea is a term used for the mountainous southern part of the historic Land of Israel. In the time of Jehoshaphat (c. See Josaphat for other meanings of the name Jehoshaphat or Jehosaphat or Josaphat or Yehoshafat ( was the successor of 914 BC) the Tanakh mentions a king of Edom,^[22] who was probably an Israelite appointed by the King of Judah. Judea is a term used for the mountainous southern part of the historic Land of Israel. It also states^[23] that the inhabitants of Mount Seir invaded Judea in conjunction with Ammon and Moab, and that the invaders turned against one another and were all destroyed. Edom revolted against Jehoram and elected a king of its own. ^[24] Amaziah attacked and defeated the Edomites, seizing Selah, but the Israelites never subdued Edom completely. Amaziah ("strengthened by God" may refer to Amaziah of Judah, the king of Judah A Levite, son of Hilkiah of the descendants of ^[25]

In the time of Nebuchadnezzar II the Edomites helped plunder Jerusalem and slaughter the Jews. Nebuchadrezzar II, more often called Nebuchadnezzar (c 630-562 BC was a ruler of Babylon in the Chaldean Dynasty, who reigned c ^[26] For this reason the Prophets denounced Edom violently. ^[27]

Although the Idumaeans controlled the lands to the east and south of the Dead Sea, their peoples were held in contempt by the Israelites. Hence the Book of Psalms says "Moab is my washpot: over Edom will I cast out my shoe". Psalms ( Hebrew: Tehilim, תהילים, or "praises" is a book of the Hebrew Bible (the Christian Old Testament) included ^[28] According to the Torah,^[29] the congregation could not receive descendants of a marriage between an Israelite and an Edomite until the fourth generation. term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to This law was a subject of controversy between Shimon ben Yohai, who said it applied only to male descendants, and other Talmudists, who said female descendants were also excluded. The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history ^[30]

Economy

The Kingdom of Edom drew much of its livelihood from the caravan trade between Egypt, the Levant, Mesopotamia, and southern Arabia, along the Incense Route. See also Names of the Levant The Levant (lə'vænt is a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia, roughly bounded on the north by the Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) Incense is composed of Aromatic biotic materials It releases fragrant Smoke when burned ^[31] Astride the King's Highway, the Edomites were one of several states in the region for whom trade was vital due to the scarcity of arable land. The King’s Highway was a Trade route of vital importance to the ancient Middle East. It is also said that sea routes traded as far away as India, with ships leaving from the port of Ezion-Geber. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Ezion-Geber or Asiongaber ( Classical Hebrew: עֶצְיֹן גֶּבֶר pronounced "Etzyón-Gaver" was a city of Idumea, a biblical seaport Edom's location on the southern highlands left it with only a small strip of land that received sufficient rain for farming.

Edom probably exported salt and balsam (used for perfume and temple incense in the ancient world) from the Dead Sea region. Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants A temple (from the Latin word Templum) is a structure reserved for religious or spiritual activities such as prayer and sacrifice or analogous rites The Dead Sea (יָם הַ‏‏מֶ‏ּ‏לַ‏ח, "Sea of Salt"البَحْر المَيّت, "Dead Sea" is a salt lake between

Post-Biblical times

Map showing kingdom of Edom (in red) at its largest extent, c. 600 BC. Areas in dark red show the approximate boundary of classical-age Idumaea.

Edom is mentioned in Assyrian cuneiform inscriptions in the form "Udumi" or "Udumu"; three of its kings are known from the same source: Ḳaus-malaka at the time of Tiglath-pileser III (c. Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture Ḳaus-malaka was the king of Udumi ( Edom) during the reign of the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III. Tiglath-Pileser III (from the Hebraic form of Akkadian: Tukultī-apil-Ešarra, "my trust is in the son of Esharra" was a prominent king 745 BC), Malik-rammu at the time of Sennacherib (c. Malik-rammi (possibly meaning "Great King" or "King of Multitudes" was king of Udumi ( Edom) around the year 705 BCE during the reign of the Assyrian Sennacherib ( Akkadian Sîn-ahhe-eriba "(moon god Sîn has replaced (lost brothers for me" was the son of Sargon II, whom he 705 BC), and Ḳaus-gabri at the time of Esarhaddon (c. Ḳaus-gabri was king of Udumi or Edom in the 680's BCE during the reign of the Assyrian king Esarhaddon. Esarhaddon (Greek and Biblical form Akkadian Aššur-ahhe-iddina " Ashur has given a brother to me" was a king of Assyria who reigned 680 BC). According to the Egyptian inscriptions, the "Aduma" at times extended their possessions to the borders of Egypt. ^[32] After the conquest of Judah by the Babylonians, the Edomites were allowed to settle in the region south of Hebron. Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital Hebron ( al-Ḫalīl or al-Khalīl, Standard Hebrew: Ḥevron Tiberian Hebrew: Ḥeḇrôn is the largest city in the West Bank, located in the south They prospered in this new country, called by the Greeks and Romans "Idumaea" or "Idumea", for more than four centuries. ^[33]. Strabo, writing around the time of Christ, held that the Idumaeans, whom he identified as of Nabataean origin, constituted the majority of the population of Western Judea, where they commingled with the Judaeans and adopted their customs ^[34]. The Nabataeans ( Arabic: الأنباط, Al-Anbāṭ) were an ancient Semitic people Arabs of southern Jordan, Canaan

During the revolt of the Maccabees against the Seleucid kingdom, II Maccabees refers to a Seleucid general named Gorgias as "Governor of Idumaea"; whether he was a Greek or a Hellenized Edomite is unknown. The Maccabees ( Hebrew: מכבים or מקבים, Makabim or Maqabim; Greek Μακκαβαῖοι, /makav'εï/ were The Seleucid Empire /sə'lusɪd/ ( 312 - 63 BC) was a Hellenistic empire i 2 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book of the Bible which focuses on the Jews revolt against Antiochus and concludes with the defeat of the Gorgias (pronounced gor'-ji-as was a Syrian - Seleucid General of the Second century BC, in the service of Antiochus Epiphanes ( This article focuses on the cultural aspects of the Hellenistic age for the historical aspects see Hellenistic period. ^[35] Some scholars maintain that the reference to Idumaea in that passage is an error altogether. Judas Maccabeus conquered their territory for a time in around 163 BC. Judas Maccabeus (or Judah Maccabee, also spelled Machabeus or Maccabaeus Hebrew: יהודה המכבי, Yehudah HaMakabi, Judah the Hammer ^[36] They were again subdued by John Hyrcanus (c. John Hyrcanus ( Yohanan Girhan) (reigned 134 BCE - 104 BCE died 104 BCE was a Hasmonean ( Maccabeean Leader of the 2nd century BC 125 BC), who forced them to observe Jewish rites and laws. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law ^[37] They were then incorporated with the Jewish nation. ^[14]

The Hasmonean official Antipater the Idumaean was of Edomite origin. Antipater the Idumaean (d 43 BC was the founder of the Herodian Dynasty and father of Herod the Great. He was the progenitor of the Herodian Dynasty that ruled Judea after the Roman conquest. The Herodian Dynasty was a Jewish Dynasty of Idumean descent who ruled Iudaea Province between 37 BC - AD 92 Judea or Judæa ( Hebrew: יהודה Standard Yəhuda Tiberian Yəhûḏāh, "praised Under Herod the Great Idumaea was ruled for him by a series of governors, among whom were his brother Joseph ben Antipater and his brother-in-law Costobarus. Herod (הוֹרְדוֹס Horodos, Greek: Herōdes) also known as Herod I or Herod the Great (73 BC – 4 BC in Jericho

Immediately before the siege of Jerusalem by Titus, 20,000 Idumaeans, under the leadership of John, Simeon, Phinehas, and Jacob, appeared before Jerusalem to fight in behalf of the Zealots who were besieged in the Temple. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Titus Flavius Vespasianus, commonly known as Titus ( December 30 39 &ndash September 13 81) was a Roman Emperor who Etymology The Hebrew name given in Scripture for the building is Beit HaMikdash or "The Holy House" and only the Temple in Jerusalem is referred to by this name ^[38]

After the Jewish Wars the Idumaean people are no longer mentioned in history, though the geographical region of "Idumea" is still referred to at the time of St. Jerome. Jerome (c 347 – September 30, 420) ( Latin: Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus; Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος ^[14]

Edomite religion

The nature of Edomite religion is largely unknown. As close relatives of other Levantine Semites, they may have worshipped such gods as El, Baal, and Asherah. Canaanites redirects here For the 1940s social and political movement in Israel, see Canaanites (movement. Eli (Hebrew אל is the Northwest Semitic word and name either translated into English as "god" or "God" or left untranslated as Eli, depending Ba'al (pronounced; Hebrew בעל (ordinarily spelled Baal in English is a Northwest Semitic title and honorific meaning "master" or "lord" Asherah (from Hebrew אשרה generally taken as identical with the Ugaritic goddess Athirat (more accurately transcribed as ʼAṯirat) was

Identification with Rome

Later in Jewish history, the Roman Empire came to be ubiquitously identified with Assuv and "Edom", and specifically the remnants of Amalek. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial According to the Book of Genesis and 1 Chronicles, Amalek ( Arabic, عماليق, was the son of Eliphaz and the grandson of In all second-temple and medieval rabbinic and (uncensored) "Pharassaic" writings, e. g. , the Mishnah, Talmud and Medrish; the Spanish Rabbinic leaders RaMBaN and Ibn-Ezra; the French Rabbinic scholars RaSHI (1040-1105) and Tosphoth; Babylonian Jewish scholars like Sa-adia Gaon and other Iraqi Jewish exilarchs mention this; the Lithuanian leader Rabbi Vilnius Gaon; the Belarussian (Pale of Settlement) Jewish Leader Baal-Shem-Tov all use "Edomite" to refer to Rome (ex roman slaves, immigrants, and victual kings that slowly took over, sic), the Byzantine Empire and hold they then coalesced around Catholicism and political Christendom in general. The Mishnah or Mishna (he משנה "repetition" from the verb shanah he שנה or "to study and review" is a major work of Rabbinic Judaism The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the The Pale of Settlement (Черта́ осе́длости cherta osedlosti) was the term given to a region of Imperial Russia, along its western border in which Rabbi Yisroel (Israel ben Eliezer (רבי ישראל בן אליעזר August 27, 1698 (18 Elul &ndash May 22, 1760) often called Christendom usually refers to Christianity as a territorial phenomenon (cf. the use of "Ishmael" to refer to the Islamic world). Ishmael ( Hebrew: יִשְׁמָעֵאל, Standard Yišmaʿel Tiberian Yišmāʿêl Arabic: إسماعيل

Controversy

For over a century, archeologists specializing in the Middle East maintained that there was no evidence of an organized state society in Edom earlier than the 800s or 700s BC, and first believed no Edom existed at all. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Biblical minimalists touted this fact as one piece of evidence of the Bible's ultimate unreliability as a historical source. The historicity of the Bible addresses in what ways the Bible is historically accurate the extent to which it can be used as a historic source and what qualifications should ^[39]

Graves and Patai (1964) propose that the Davidic dynasty might have been of Edomite origin by pointing to similarities in the Edomite names of the alufim and the leaders of the tribe of Judah (e. g. , Qenaz). They suggest that a small Edomite tribe may have resided in the Hebron area even before the Israelite conquest, and during the period described in the Book of Joshua, joined the Israelites in reconquering the Judean hills. Graves and Patai suggest that the Book of Genesis (Bereshit) may contain Edomite creation myths (Adam = Edom). If so, this would explain certain puzzling issues in the biblical text (e. g. , Esau, "admoni," being first born and then losing his birthright in a belated "correction").

Recently, however, excavations such as the 2004-2004 UCSD dig at Khirbat an-Nahas, part of the Jabal Hamrat Fidan (JHF) Archaeological Project, in Jordan have shed new light on the history of Edom, unearthing artifacts and evidence of settled state society as early as the tenth century BC,^[40] although whether and to what extent these sites reflect Edomite statehood is debated. The University of California San Diego (popularly known as UC San Diego or UCSD) is a public Research university in San Diego, California Thomas E. Levy, among other scholars, concluded from a survey of the an-Nahas site that Edom was a sophisticated, urbanized society as early as the eleventh century BC, (the date of the first Israelite monarchy, according to the Bible) which even had its own copper works. ^[41] Radiocarbon tests from the site have confirmed that the industrial areas of the site date to the eleventh and tenth centuries BC. ^[42]

See also

• List of rulers of Edom
• Children of Eber
• Edomite language
• Habiru
• Hebrews
• Nabataea

Notes

References

• Gottheil, Richard and M. Seligsohn. "Edom, Idumea." Jewish Encyclopedia. The Jewish Encyclopedia was an Encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906; which cites:

• Buhl, Die Edomiter, 1893;
• Graves, R. & Patai, R. Hebrew Myths, Doubleday, 1964.
• Nöldeke, in Cheyne and Black, Encyc. Bibl. ii. 1181;
• Trumbull, Kadesh Barnea;
• Baethgen, Beiträge zur Semit. Religionsgesch. p. 10;
• Hommel, Ancient Hebr. Trad. , Index;
• Rapoport, Erech Millin, p. 14.

External links

• Edom on Bruce Gordon's Regnal Chronologies
• UCSD article on age of Edom
• Article on age of Edom from the Jerusalem Post
• Mail & Guardian Article on Edom's age, includes Dever's reaction
• Edom on Ancientroute.com

This article incorporates text from the 1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, a publication now in the public domain. The Jerusalem Post is an Israeli daily English-language Broadsheet Newspaper, founded on December 1, 1932 The Jewish Encyclopedia was an Encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls. The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone