Edmond Halley
Portraiture by Thomas Murray, ca. 1687
Born	November 8, 1656(1656-11-08) Haggerston, Shoreditch, London, England
Died	January 14, 1742 (aged 85) Greenwich, London, England
Nationality	United Kingdom
Fields	Astronomy, geophysics, mathematics, meteorology, physics
Institutions	Oxford University
Alma mater	Oxford University
Doctoral advisor	John Flamsteed
Known for	Halley's comet

Edmond Halley FRS (IPA: /ˈɛdmənd ˈhɔːlɪ/) (November 8, 1656 – January 14, 1742) was an English astronomer, geophysicist, mathematician, meteorologist, and physicist. Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration Haggerston is a place in the London Borough of Hackney. It is bounded by Hackney Road on the south Kingsland Road on the west Middleton Road on the north with London Fields Shoreditch is an area of London within the London Borough of Hackney. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. Year 1742 ( MDCCXLII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Greenwich ( ˈɡrɛnɪtʃ GREN-itch /ˈɡrɛnɪdʒ/ GREN-idge or /ˈɡrɪnɪdʒ/ GRIN-idge is a district in south-east London, London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study Geophysics, a major discipline of Earth sciences, is the study of the Earth by quantitative physical methods especially by seismic, electromagnetic Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Meteorology (from Greek grc μετέωρος metéōros, "high in the sky" and grc -λογία -logia) is the Interdisciplinary Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement John Flamsteed FRS ( 19 August, 1646 - 31 December, 1719) was an English Astronomer and the first Halley's Comet, officially designated 1P/Halley and also referred to as Comet Halley after Edmond Halley, is a Comet that can be seen every The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660 Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. Year 1742 ( MDCCXLII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Historically Astronomy was more concerned with the classification and description of phenomena in the sky while Astrophysics attempted to explain these phenomena Geophysics, a major discipline of Earth sciences, is the study of the Earth by quantitative physical methods especially by seismic, electromagnetic A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and research is the field of Mathematics. Meteorology (from Greek grc μετέωρος metéōros, "high in the sky" and grc -λογία -logia) is the Interdisciplinary A physicist is a Scientist who studies or practices Physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning

Contents 1 Biography and career 2 Hollow Earth 3 Named after Halley 4 Notes and References 5 Bibliography 6 External links

Biography and career

Halley was born in Haggerston, Shoreditch, England, the son of a wealthy soapboiler. Haggerston is a place in the London Borough of Hackney. It is bounded by Hackney Road on the south Kingsland Road on the west Middleton Road on the north with London Fields Shoreditch is an area of London within the London Borough of Hackney. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland As a child, Halley was very interested in mathematics. He studied at St Paul's School, and then, from 1673, at The Queen's College, Oxford. St Paul's School is a boys' Independent school, founded in 1509 by John Colet. The Queen's College, founded 1341 is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. While an undergraduate, Halley published papers on the solar system and sunspots. In some Educational systems undergraduate education is Post-secondary education up to the level of a Bachelor's degree. The Solar System consists of the Sun and those celestial objects bound to it by Gravity. A sunspot is a region on the Sun 's surface ( Photosphere) that is marked by intense magnetic activity which inhibits Convection, forming

On leaving Oxford, in 1676, Halley visited the south Atlantic island of St. Helena with the intention of studying stars from the Southern Hemisphere. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the Saint Helena (pronounced saint he-LEE-na) named after St Helena of Constantinople, is an island of volcanic origin and a British overseas territory A star is a massive luminous ball of plasma. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun, which is the source of most of the Energy on Earth He returned to England in November 1678. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland In the following year he went to Danzig (Gdańsk) on behalf of the Royal Society to help resolve a dispute. Gdańsk ( Polish pronunciation; 'Danzig', Gduńsk Gedania Dantiscum is the City at the centre of the fourth-largest Metropolitan area in Poland Because astronomer Johannes Hevelius did not use a telescope, his observations had been questioned by Robert Hooke. Johannes Hevelius ( Latin) also called Johannes Hewel Johann Hewelke Johannes Höwelcke in German, or Jan Heweliusz (in Polish) A telescope is an instrument designed for the observation of remote objects and the collection of Electromagnetic radiation. Robert Hooke, FRS (18 July 1635 – 3 March 1703 was an English Natural philosopher and Polymath who played an important role in the Halley stayed with Hevelius and he observed and verified the quality of Hevelius' observations. Johannes Hevelius ( Latin) also called Johannes Hewel Johann Hewelke Johannes Höwelcke in German, or Jan Heweliusz (in Polish) The same year, Halley published Catalogus Stellarum Australium which included details of 341 southern stars. These additions to present-day star maps earned him comparison with Tycho Brahe. A star chart is a map of the Night sky. Astronomers divide these into grids to easily use them Tycho Brahe, born Tyge Ottesen Brahe ( December 14 1546 &ndash October 24 1601) was a Danish nobleman Halley was awarded his M. A. degree at Oxford and elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society. The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660

In 1686 Halley published the second part of the results from his St. Helena expedition, being a paper and chart on trade winds and monsoons. The trade winds (also called trades) are the prevailing pattern of easterly winds found in the Tropics near the Earth's Equator. A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind which lasts for several months In this he identified solar heating as the cause of atmospheric motions. Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five He also established the relationship between barometric pressure and height above sea level. History The first barometer is thought to have been built unintentionally by Gasparo Berti, sometime between 1640 and 1643 Mean sea level (MSL is the average (mean height of the Sea, with reference to a suitable reference surface His charts were an important contribution to the emerging field of information visualization. Information graphics or infographics are visual representations of Information, Data or Knowledge.

Halley married Mary Tooke in 1682 and settled in Islington and the couple had three children. Islington is the central district of the London Borough of Islington. He spent most of his time on lunar observations, but was also interested in the problems of gravity. Gravitation is a natural Phenomenon by which objects with Mass attract one another One problem that attracted his attention was the proof of Kepler's laws of planetary motion. In Astronomy, Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion are three mathematical laws that describe the motion of Planets in the Solar System. In August 1684 he went to Cambridge to discuss this with Sir Isaac Newton, only to find that Newton had solved the problem, but published nothing. The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the Sir Isaac Newton, FRS (ˈnjuːtən 4 January 1643 31 March 1727) Biography Early years See also Isaac Newton's early life and achievements Halley convinced him to write the Principia Mathematica Philosophiae Naturalis (1687), which was published at Halley's expense. The Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ( Latin: "mathematical principles of natural philosophy" often Principia

In 1690, Halley built a diving bell, a device in which the atmosphere was replenished by way of weighted barrels of air sent down from the surface. A diving bell, also known as a wet bell, is a cable-suspended airtight chamber open at the bottom like a Moon pool structure that is lowered Underwater In a demonstration, Halley and five companions dived to 60 feet in the River Thames, and remained there for over an hour and a half. The Thames ( is a major River flowing through southern England. Halley's bell was of little use for practical salvage work, as it was very heavy, but he did make improvements to it over time, later extending his underwater exposure time to over 4 hours. ^[1]

In 1693 Halley published an article on life annuities, which featured an analysis of age-at-death on the basis of the Breslau statistics Caspar Neumann had been able to provide. The Royal Observatory Greenwich (formerly the Royal Greenwich Observatory or RGO) was commissioned in 1675 by King Charles II, with the Wrocław (Breslau Vratislav Vratislavia or Wratislavia Yiddish: ברעסלוי) is the chief City of the historical region of Lower Silesia Caspar (or Kaspar Neumann ( 14 September 1648 &ndash 27 January 1715) was a German professor and clergyman from Breslau This article allowed the British government to sell life annuities at an appropriate price based on the age of the purchaser. Halley's work strongly influenced the development of actuarial science. Actuarial science is the discipline that applies mathematical and statistical methods to assess risk in the Insurance and Finance The construction of the life-table for Breslau, which followed more primitive work by John Graunt, is now seen as a major event in the history of demography. John Graunt ( April 24, 1620 - April 18, 1674) was one of the first Demographers though by profession he was a Haberdasher Demography is the statistical study of all Populations. It can be a very general science that can be applied to any kind of dynamic population that is one that changes over

In 1698, Halley was given the command of the 52 foot pink, Paramour (a pink was a form of small unrated vessel, akin to a sloop), so that he could carry out investigations in the South Atlantic into the laws governing the variation of the compass. A pink (French - pinque) is one of two different types of Ship. The magnetic declination (also known as grid magnetic angle in military circles at any point on the Earth is the angle between the local magnetic field -- the direction On 19 August 1698, he took command of the vessel and, in November 1698, sailed on what was the first purely scientific voyage by an English naval vessel. Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. Unfortunately problems of insubordination arose, allegedly by officers resentful of being under a civilian's command. The Paramour returned to England in July 1699. Halley thereupon received a commission as a temporary Captain in the Royal Navy, recommissioned the Paramour on 24 August 1699 and sailed again in September 1699 to make extensive observations on the conditions of terrestrial magnetism. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. This task he accomplished in a second Atlantic voyage which lasted until 6 September 1700, and extended from 52 degrees north to 52 degrees south. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started The results were published in General Chart of the Variation of the Compass (1701). This was the first such chart to be published and the first on which isogonic, or Halleyan, lines appeared. A contour line (also Level set, isopleth, isoline, isogram or isarithm) of a function of two

In November 1703 Halley was appointed Savilian Professor of Geometry at Oxford University, and received an honorary degree of doctor of laws in 1710. The Savilian Chair of Geometry is the position of Professor of Mathematics at the University of Oxford in England. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the In 1705, applying historical astronomy methods, he published Synopsis Astronomia Cometicae, which stated his belief that the comet sightings of 1456, 1531, 1607, and 1682 related to the same comet, which he predicted would return in 1758. Historical astronomy is the science of analysing historic astronomical data When it did it became generally known as Halley's Comet. Halley's Comet, officially designated 1P/Halley and also referred to as Comet Halley after Edmond Halley, is a Comet that can be seen every

In 1716 Halley suggested a high-precision measurement of the distance between the Earth and the Sun by timing the transit of Venus. A transit of Venus across the Sun takes place when the Planet Venus passes directly between the Sun and Earth, obscuring a small portion of the In doing so he was following the method described by James Gregory in Optica Promota (in which the design of the Gregorian telescope is also described). James Gregory (November 1638 &ndash October 1675 was a Scottish Mathematician and Astronomer. It is reasonable to assume Halley possessed and had read this book given that the Gregorian design was the principal telescope design used in astronomy in Halley's day. It is not to Halley's credit that he failed to acknowledge Gregory's priority in this matter. In 1718 he discovered the proper motion of the "fixed" stars by comparing his astrometric measurements with those given in Ptolemy's Almagest. The proper motion of a Star is the measurement of its change in position in the sky over time after Improper motions are accounted for Astrometry is the branch of Astronomy that relates to precise measurements and explanations of the positions and movements of Stars and other celestial bodies Arcturus and Sirius were two noted to have moved significantly, the latter having progressed 30 arc minutes (about the diameter of the moon) southwards in 1800 years. |- bgcolor="#FFFAFA"| note (category variability || H and K emission vary Sirius is the brightest star in the night sky with a visual Apparent magnitude of &minus1 ^[2]

In 1720, Halley succeeded John Flamsteed as Astronomer Royal, a position which Halley held until his death in Greenwich, at the age of 85. John Flamsteed FRS ( 19 August, 1646 - 31 December, 1719) was an English Astronomer and the first Astronomer Royal is a senior post in the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom. Greenwich ( ˈɡrɛnɪtʃ GREN-itch /ˈɡrɛnɪdʒ/ GREN-idge or /ˈɡrɪnɪdʒ/ GRIN-idge is a district in south-east London, He was buried in the graveyard of the old church of St. Margaret, Lee, (now ruined), which sits at the junction of Lee Terrace and Brandram Road, across from the Victorian Parish Church of St. Margaret which replaced it, in the same vault as Astronomer Royal John Pond; the unmarked grave of Astronomer Royal Nathaniel Bliss is nearby. John Pond FRS ( 1767 &ndash 7 September[[ 836]] was a renowned English astronomer who became the sixth Astronomer Royal The Reverend Nathaniel Bliss ( 28 November 1700 &ndash 2 September 1764) was an English astronomer of the 18th century It is about 30 minutes walk from the Greenwich Observatory.

Hollow Earth

In 1692 (Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society of London), Halley put forth the idea of a hollow Earth consisting of a shell about 500 miles (800 km) thick, two inner concentric shells and an innermost core, about the diameters of the planets Venus, Mars, and Mercury. The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660 Hollow Earth is a belief that the planet Earth has a hollow interior and possibly a habitable inner surface The VENUS ( V ictoria E xperimental N etwork U nder the S ea project is a cabled sea floor observatory operated by the University Atmospheres separate these shells, and each shell has its own magnetic poles. The spheres rotate at different speeds. Halley proposed this scheme in order to explain anomalous compass readings. He envisaged the atmosphere inside as luminous (and possibly inhabited) and speculated that escaping gas caused the Aurora Borealis. An atmosphere (from Greek ατμός - atmos, " Vapor " + σφαίρα - sphaira, " Sphere " Luminosity has different meanings in several different fields of science ^[3]

Named after Halley

• Halley's Comet — Halley predicted the comet's return. The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church Halley's Comet, officially designated 1P/Halley and also referred to as Comet Halley after Edmond Halley, is a Comet that can be seen every
• Halley crater on Mars.
• Halley crater on the Moon. Halley is a lunar Impact crater that is intruding into the southern wall of the Hipparchus walled-plain.
• Halley Research Station, Antarctica. Halley Research Station, run by the British Antarctic Survey, is located on the Brunt Ice Shelf floating on the Weddell Sea in Antarctica
• Halley's method, for the numerical solution of equations. In Numerical analysis, Halley's method is a Root-finding algorithm used for functions of one real variable with a continuous second derivative i
• Halley Street, in Blackburn, Victoria, Australia.

These are generally either pronounced /ˈhæli/, rhyming with valley, or /ˈheɪli/ "Hailey",^[4] though some people will use Halley's pronunciation of his own name, /ˈhɔːli/ "Hawley". The "Hailey" pronunciation led rock and roll singer Bill Haley to punningly call his backing band his "Comets" after Halley's Comet. Rock and roll (also known as rock 'n' roll) is a form of Music that evolved in the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s with roots in mostly African This article is specifically about the singer For detailed information about his rock and roll group see Bill Haley & His Comets. A backing band or backup band is a band which accompanies an artist at a live performance or on a recording

Notes and References

Bibliography

• Armitage, Angus, Edmond Halley (Nelson, 1966)
• Cook, Alan H. , Edmond Halley: Charting the Heavens and the Seas (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998)
• Ronan, Colin A. , Edmond Halley, Genius in Eclipse (Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company, 1969)

External links

• A Halley Odyssey
• Halley, Edmund, An Estimate of the Degrees of the Mortality of Mankind (1693).
• Halley, Edmund, Considerations on the Changes of the Latitudes of Some of the Principal Fixed Stars (1718) - Reprinted in R. G. Aitken, Edmund Halley and Stellar Proper Motions (1942)
• O'Connor, John J. & Robertson, Edmund F. , “Edmond Halley”, MacTutor History of Mathematics archive 
• There is material on Halley's life table for Breslau on the Life and Work of Statisticians website: Halley, Edmond
• The National Portrait Gallery (London) has several portraits of Edmond Halley: Search the collection
• Edmond Halley Biography (SEDS)
• Ian Seymour, Edmond Halley - explorer, History Today, Vol. The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive is an award-winning website maintained by John J History Today is probably the world’s oldest illustrated history Magazine, published monthly in London since January 1951 46, June 1996

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