Edith Nourse Rogers
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts's 5th district
In office 1925–1960
Preceded by	John Jacob Rogers
Succeeded by	Frank Bradford Morse
Born	March 19, 1881 Saco, Maine
Died	September 10, 1960 Boston, Massachusetts
Political party	Republican
Spouse	John Jacob Rogers
Profession	Social welfare volunteer, congresswoman

Edith Nourse Rogers (March 19, 1881 – September 10, 1960) was an American social welfare volunteer and politician who was one of the first women to serve in the United States Congress. The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. John Jacob Rogers ( August 18, 1881 - March 28, 1925) was a member of the U Frank Bradford Morse (1921-1994 was a member of the US House of Representatives from Massachusetts. Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Saco is a city in York County, Maine, United States. The population was 16822 at the 2000 census Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. John Jacob Rogers ( August 18, 1881 - March 28, 1925) was a member of the U "Social welfare" redirects here For other uses see Welfare A social welfare provision refers to any program which seeks to provide Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the "Social welfare" redirects here For other uses see Welfare A social welfare provision refers to any program which seeks to provide A volunteer is someone who works for a community or for the benefit of environment primarily because they choose to do so A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses She was the first woman elected to congress from Massachusetts. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. To date she is the longest serving Congresswoman, and in her 35 years in the House of Representatives she was a powerful voice for veterans and sponsored seminal legislation, including the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 (commonly known as the G.I. Bill), which provided educational and financial benefits for soldiers returning home from World War II, the 1942 bill that created the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC), and the 1943 bill that created the Women's Army Corps (WAC). The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. A veteran (from Latin vetus, meaning "old" is a person who has or is working in the armed forces The GI Bill (officially titled Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 PL346 58 Statutes at Large 284 provided for college or vocational education for returning Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including She was also instrumental in bringing federal appropriations to her constituency, Massachusetts's 5th congressional district. The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution.

Early life

Edith Nourse was born on March 19, 1881 in Saco, Maine to Franklin T. Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Saco is a city in York County, Maine, United States. The population was 16822 at the 2000 census Nourse, the manager of a textile mill, and Edith France Riversmith, who volunteered with the Christian church and social causes. A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. A factory (previously manufactory) or manufacturing plant is an industrial Building where workers manufacture goods Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Both parents were from old New England families, and were able to have their daughter privately tutored until she was fourteen. History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the Edith Nourse then attended and graduated from Rogers Hall School, a private boarding school for girls in Lowell, Massachusetts, and then Madame Julien's School, a finishing school at Neuilly in Paris, France. A boarding school is a School where some or all pupils not only study but also live during term time with their fellow students and possibly teachers Lowell is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, USA. As of the 2000 census the city had a total population of 105167 This article is about finishing school for the reality show see Charm School (TV series Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city

Like her mother, she volunteered with the church and other charities. In 1907, she married John Jacob Rogers, newly graduated from Harvard Law School, who passed the bar and began practicing in Lowell in the same year. John Jacob Rogers ( August 18, 1881 - March 28, 1925) was a member of the U Harvard Law School (also known as Harvard Law or HLS) is one of the professional Graduate schools of Harvard University. A bar association is a Professional body of Lawyers Some bar associations are responsible for the regulation of the legal profession in their Jurisdiction In 1911, he started his career in politics, becoming involved in the city government, and the next year he became the school commissioner. Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions In 1912 he was elected as a Republican to the 63rd United States Congress as the Representative from the 5th District of Massachusetts, and began service in Washington, D.C. on March 13, 1913. Dates of sessions March 4, 1913 - March 4, 1915 Special session of the Senate March 4, 1913 - March Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II. Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

World War I soon broke out. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All In 1917, John Rogers, as a member of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, traveled to the United Kingdom and France to observe the conditions of the war firsthand. The US House Committee on Foreign Affairs, also known as the House Foreign Affairs Committee, is a standing committee of the United States House of Representatives The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. He remained a Congressman during his brief enlistment as a private in an artillery training battalion, the 29th Training Battery, 10th Training Battalion, Field Artillery, Fourth Central Officers' Training School from September 2, 1918 until his honorable discharge on November 29, 1918. A Private is a Soldier of the lowest Military rank (equivalent to NATO Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine A battalion is a Military unit of around 500-1500 men usually consisting of between two and seven companies and typically commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common A military discharge is given when a member of the Armed forces is released from his or her obligation to serve Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

During this period, Edith Rogers volunteered with the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) in London for a short time, then from 1917 to 1922 as a "Gray Lady" with the American Red Cross in France and with the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, D. The Young Men's Christian Association (" YMCA " or " the Y " was founded on June 6, 1844 in London England by a young man London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The American Red Cross (also known as the American National Red Cross) is a humanitarian organization that provides emergency assistance disaster relief and education inside The Walter Reed National Army Medical Center (WRAMC is the United States Army's medical center on the east coast of the United States. C. This was the start of what became a lifelong commitment to veterans. She also witnessed the conditions faced by women employees and volunteers working with the United States armed forces; with the exception of a few nurses, they were civilians, and received no benefits including no housing, no food, no insurance, no medical care, no legal protection, no pensions, and no compensation for their families in cases of death. The United States Armed Forces are the overall unified military forces of the United States A nurse is responsible—along with other Health care Professionals —for the treatment safety and recovery of acutely or chronically A civilian under International humanitarian law is a person who is not a member of his or her Country 's Armed forces. Insurance, in Law and Economics, is a form of Risk management primarily used to hedge against the Risk of a contingent loss Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the A pension is a steady income given to a person upon Retirement, typically in the form of a guaranteed annuity. In contrast, the women in the British Army loaned to the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) in France were military, with the attendant benefits and responsibilities. The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. The American Expeditionary Forces or AEF was the United States military force sent to Europe in World War I.

At the end of the war, her husband joined the American Legion veteran's organization, and she joined the auxiliary. For other uses of American Legion see American Legion (disambiguation The American Legion was chartered by the U Her experience with veteran's issues drove President Warren G. Harding to appoint her as the inspector of new veterans' hospitals from 1922 to 1923, for $1 USD a year. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2 1865 August 2 1923 was the twenty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1921 until his death from a heart attack aged The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been She reported on conditions, and her appointment was renewed by both the Coolidge and Hoover administrations. John Calvin Coolidge Jr (July 4 1872 January 5 1933 was the thirtieth President of the United States (1923–1929 Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10 1874 &ndash October 20 1964 was the thirty-first President of the United States (1929–1933 Her first experience in politics was serving as an elector in the U.S. Electoral College during Calvin Coolidge's 1924 presidential campaign. The Electoral College consists of 538 popularly elected representatives who formally select the President and Vice President of the United States. The United States presidential election of 1924 was won by incumbent President Calvin Coolidge, the Republican candidate

Congresswoman

Margaret Speaks, left, daughter of Rep. John C. Speaks of Ohio, photographed while selling peanuts to Edith N. Userpolbot from http//bioguidecongressgov/scripts/biodisplaypl?index=S000707 Rogers and Senator Frederick H. Gillett at the game between the Democratic and Republican teams of the House of Representatives. Frederick Huntington Gillett ( October 16, 1851 &ndash July 31, 1935) was an American politician during the early 20th century

This experience served her well when her husband died on March 28, 1925, in the middle of his seventh term in Washington, D. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. C. Spurred by pressure from the Republican Party and the American Legion who approved of her stance on veteran's issues and wanted the sympathy vote, she was urged to run for her late husband's seat. She ran in a special election as the Republican candidate for Representative to the 69th United States Congress from the 5th District of Massachusetts, and beat the former Governor of Massachusetts with a landslide 72 percent of the vote. A by-election or bye-election (called special election in the United States) is an Election held to fill a political office that has become vacant The Sixty-ninth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government consisting of the United States Senate and The Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is the executive magistrate of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, United States. Like Mae Ella Nolan and Florence Prag Kahn before her, she won her husband's seat. Mae Ella Nolan ( September 20, 1886 &ndash July 9, 1973) was an American Politician who became the fourth woman to serve Florence Prag Kahn ( November 9, 1866 &ndash November 16, 1948) was an American Teacher and Politician who in

Her term started on June 30, 1925, making her the sixth woman elected to Congress, after Jeannette Rankin, Alice Mary Robertson, Winnifred Sprague Mason Huck, Mae Nolan, Florence Kahn, and Mary Teresa Norton. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Jeannette Rankin ( June 11, 1880 &ndash May 18, 1973) was the first woman to be elected to the United States House of Representatives Alice Mary Robertson (January 2 1854 &ndash July 1 1931 was an American Educator, Social worker, government official and Politician Winnifred Sprague Mason Huck ( September 14, 1882 &ndash August 24, 1936) was an American Journalist and Politician Mary Teresa Norton ( March 7 1875 &ndash August 2 1959) was an American Politician. Like all but Norton, Rogers was a Republican, and like them all she was Representative; Hattie Wyatt Caraway would become the first woman elected to the Senate in 1932. Hattie Ophelia Wyatt Caraway ( February 1, 1878 – December 21, 1950) was the first woman elected to serve as a United States Senator The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Rogers was also the first woman elected to Congress from New England, and the second from an Eastern state after Norton, who was from New Jersey. The Eastern Half of The United States, the American East, or simply the East is traditionally defined as the states east of the Mississippi River. New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States.

After her election to the 69th Congress, Rogers was reelected to the 70th, 71st, 72nd, 73rd, 74th, 75th, 76th, 77th, 78th, 79th, 80th, 81st, 82nd, 83rd, 84th, 85th, and 86th Congresses. The Seventieth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government consisting of the United States Senate The Seventy-first United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government consisting of the United States Senate and The Seventy-second United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government consisting of the United States Senate Dates of sessions March 4 1933 - January 3 1935 Special session of the Senate March 4 1933 - March 6 Dates of sessions January 3 1935 – January 3 1937 First session January 3 1935 – August 26 The Seventy-fifth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government composed of the United States Senate and The Seventy-sixth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government composed of the United States Senate and Dates of Sessions Two sessions roughly paralleling the calendar years 1941 and 1942 First Session January 3 1941 to January 2 1942 The Seventy-eighth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government composed of the United States Senate and The Seventy-ninth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government composed of the United States Senate and The Eightieth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government composed of the United States Senate and the The Eighty-first United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government composed of the United States Senate and the The Eighty-second United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government composed of the United States Senate and The 'Eighty-third United States Congress' was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government composed of the United States Senate and the United The Eighty-fourth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government composed of the United States Senate and The Eighty-fifth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government composed of the United States Senate and the The Eighty-sixth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government composed of the United States Senate and the She continued to win with strong majorities, serving a total of 35 years and 18 consecutive terms, until her death on 10 September 1960. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. She was considered a formidable candidate for US Senate in 1958 against the much younger John F. Kennedy, but decided not to run. John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of To date, this is the longest tenure of any of the 226 women ever elected to the United States Congress. Like her husband she served on the Foreign Affairs Committee, and also on the Civil Service Committee and the Committee on Veterans' Affairs. The standing Committee on Veterans' Affairs in the United States House of Representatives oversees agencies reviews current legislation and recommends new bills She chaired the Committee on Veterans' Affairs from 1947 to 1948 and again from 1953 to 1954, during the 80th and 83rd Congresses. She was also the first woman to preside as Speaker over the House of Representatives. The Speaker of the United States House of Representatives is the presiding officer&mdashor speaker &mdashof the United States House of Representatives.

Legislator

Rogers was regarded as capable by her male peers, and became a model for younger Congresswomen. Her trademark was an orchid or a gardenia on her shoulder. Gardenia is a Genus of about 250 species of Flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae, native to the Tropical and Subtropical She was also an active legislator and sponsored more than 1,200 bills, over half on veteran or military issues. She voted for a permanent nurse corps in the Department of Veteran's Affairs, and benefits for disabled veterans and veterans of the Korean War. The United States Department of Veterans Affairs ( VA) is a government-run military Veteran benefit system with Cabinet -level status The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the

In 1937 she sponsored a bill to fund the maintenance of the neglected Congressional Cemetery, even though her husband was placed at rest in their hometown. The Congressional Cemetery is an historic Cemetery located at 1801 E Street SE in Washington D She opposed child labor, and fought for "equal pay for equal work" and a 48 hour work week for women, though she believed a woman's first priority was home and family. Child labor is the employment of Children at regular and sustained labour She supported local economic autonomy; on April 19, 1934 she read a petition against the expanded business regulations of the New Deal, and all 1,200 signatures, into the Congressional Record. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A petition is a request to change some thing most commonly made to a government official or public entity The New Deal was the name that United States President Franklin D A signature (from Latin signare, " Sign " is a handwritten (and sometimes stylized depiction of someone's name nickname or even a simple The Congressional Record is the official record of the proceedings and debates of the United States Congress.

Rogers was an advocate for the textile and leather industries in Massachusetts. Leather is a material created through the Tanning of hides and Skins of Animals primarily Cattlehide The Tanning process She acquired funding for flood control measures in the Merrimack River basin, helped Camp Devens become Fort Devens, Massachusetts in 1931, and was responsible for many other jobs and grants in the state. Flood control is a feature of many communication protocols designed to prevent overwhelming of a destination receiver The Merrimack River (or Merrimac River, an earlier spelling that is sometimes still used is a -long river in the northeastern United States. Fort Devens (sometimes known as Devens) is a Census-designated place (CDP in the towns of Ayer and Shirley, in Middlesex County

German Refugees

Rogers was one of the first members of Congress to speak out against Adolf Hitler's treatment of Jews. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The expulsion of Jews from Germany without proper papers caused a refugee crisis in 1938, and after the Evian Conference failed to lift immigration quotas in the 38 participating nations, Edith Rogers co-sponsored the Wayne-Rogers bill with Senator Robert F. Wagner. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Évian Conference was convened at the initiative of US President Franklin D The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Robert Ferdinand Wagner ( 8 June 1877 &ndash 4 May 1953) was a Democratic United States Senator from New York Introduced to the Senate on February 9, 1939 and to the House on February 14, it would have allowed 20,000 German Jewish refugees under the age of 14 to settle in the United States. Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In the course of history Jewish populations have been expelled or ostracised by various local authorities and have sought asylum from Antisemitism numerous times

The bill was supported by religious and labor groups, and the news media, but was strongly opposed by patriotic groups who believed "charity begins at home". The labour movement or labor movement is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign in their own interest for better The news media refers to the section of the Mass media that focuses on presenting current News to the public Patriotism is commonly defined as love of and/or devotion to one's country After rancorous 1938 elections in the House and Senate, Congress had turned conservative, and despite provisions requiring the children to be supported by private individuals and agencies, not public funds, organizations like the American Legion, the Daughters of the American Revolution, and the American Coalition of Patriotic Societies lined up against it. The US House election 1938 was an election for the United States House of Representatives in 1938 which occurred in the middle of President Franklin Roosevelt The US Senate elections of 1938 occurred in the middle of Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's second term Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined The Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR is a lineage -based membership organization of women dedicated to promoting Historic preservation, Education With rising nativism and antisemitism, economic troubles, and Congress asserting its independence, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt was unable to support the bill, and it failed. Nativism is an Opposition to immigration which originated in United States politics with roots in the country's historic role as a Melting pot. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility A recession is a contraction phase of the Business cycle. The U

WAAC

Women had served in the United States military before. In 1901, a female Nurse Corps was established in the Army Medical Department and in 1907 a Navy Nurse Corps was established. The Army Medical Department of the US Army, known as the AMEDD, comprises the six medical Special Branches of the Army The Army Medical Department of the US Army, known as the AMEDD, comprises the six medical Special Branches of the Army The United States Navy Nurse Corps was formally established by the Congress in 1908 However, despite their uniforms the nurses were civilian employees with few benefits. A uniform is a set of standard Clothing worn by members of an organization while participating in that organization's activity They slowly gained additional privileges, including "relative ranks" and insignia in 1920, a retirement pension in 1926, and a disability pension if injured in the line of duty in 1926. Military rank is a system of hierarchical relationships in Armed forces or civil institutions organized along military lines Insignia (the plural of Latin insigne: emblem symbol is a Symbol or Token of personal power, Status or Office Rogers voted to support the pensions.

The first American women enlisted into the regular armed forces were 13,000 women admitted into active duty in the Navy and Marines during World War I, and a much smaller number admitted into the Coast Guard. These "Yeomanettes" and "women Marines" primarily served in clerical positions. Yeoman (F was a rank in the US Naval Reserve in World War I. The first Yeoman (F was Loretta Perfectus Walsh. Clerk, the vocational title commonly refers to a White-collar worker who conducts general office or in some instances sales tasks They received the same benefits and responsibilities as men, including identical pay, and were treated as veterans after the war. These women were quickly demobilized when hostilities ceased, and aside from the Nurse Corps the soldiery became once again exclusively male. In contrast, the army clerks and "Hello Girls" who worked the telephones during World War I were civilian contractors with no benefits. A telephone operator is either a person who provides assistance to a Telephone caller usually in the placing of Operator assisted telephone

Rogers' volunteer work in World War I exposed her to the status of the women with the United States Army, and the much more egalitarian role of women in the British Army. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. With this inspiration and model, Edith Rogers introduced a bill to the 76th Congress in early 1941 to establish a Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) during World War II. The bill was intended to free men for combat duty by creating a cadre of 25,000 noncombatant clerical workers. The bill languished in the face of strong opposition to women in the army, and indifference in the face of higher priorities like the lend-lease bill, price controls, and ramping up war production. Lend-Lease (Public Law 77-11 was the name of the program under which the United States of America supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union,

After the December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, manpower shortages threatened as productivity increased. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The attack on Pearl Harbor (or Hawaii Operation, as it was called by the Imperial General Headquarters) was a surprise Military strike conducted by Rogers approached the Army Chief of Staff George Marshall, and with his strong support she reintroduced the bill to the 77th Congress with a new upper limit of 150,000 women, and an amendment giving the women full military status. The Chief of Staff of the United States Army ( CSA) is the highest ranking officer in the United States Army and is member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff George Catlett Marshall Jr (December 31 1880 &ndash October 16 1959 was an American military leader Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of The amendment was resoundingly rejected but the unamended bill passed, and on May 14, 1942 President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's signature turned "An Act to Establish the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps" into Public Law 77-554. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Public law is a theory of law governing the relationship between Individuals ( Citizens companies) and the State.

While "Auxiliaries", and thus not a part of the regular army, the WAACs were given food, clothing, housing, medical care, training, and pay. They did not receive death benefits, medical care as veterans, retirement or disability pensions, or overseas pay. They were given auxiliary ranks which granted no command authority over men, and also earned less than men with comparable regular army ranks, until November 1, 1942 when legislation equalized their remuneration. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Since they were not regular army they were not governed by army regulations, and if captured, were not protected by international conventions regarding the treatment of prisoners of war (POWs).

On July 30, 1942 Public Law 77-554 created the WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service) in the Navy. Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The WAVES were a World War II -era division of the US Navy that consisted entirely of women The law passed with no significant opposition, despite granting the WAVES full status as military reserves, under the same Naval regulations that applied to men. The WAVES were granted equal pay and benefits, but no retirement or disability pensions and were restricted to noncombat duties in the continental United States. The term continental United States refers to the 48 contiguous states located on the North American continent south of the border with Canada plus the District The similarly-empowered SPARS (from the motto Semper Paratus/"Always Ready") in the Coast Guard, and the Marine Corps Women's Reserve soon followed. For the various meanings of "spar" see Spar (disambiguation. A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group The United States Marine Corps Women's Reserve (USMCWR, established in 1942 as a part of the U The September 27, 1944 Public Law 78-441 allowed WAVES to also serve in Alaska and Hawaii. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the

The initial goal of 25,000 WAACs by June 30, 1943 was passed in November 1942. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The goal was reset at 150,000, the maximum allowed by law, but competition from sister units like the WAVES and the private war industry, the retention of high educational and moral standards, underuse of skilled WAACs, and a spate of vicious gossip and bad publicity in 1943 prevented the goal from ever being reached.

The rumors of immoral conduct were widely published by the press without verification, and harmed morale. "Popular press" redirects here note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press" Investigations by the War Department and Edith Rogers uncovered nothing; and the incidence of disorderly and criminal conduct among the WAACs was a tiny fraction of that among the male military population, venereal disease was almost non-existent, and the pregnancy rate was far below civilian women. The United States Department of War, sometimes also called the War Office, was the department of the United States government 's executive branch Almost every state in the United States has a disorderly conduct law that makes it a crime to be drunk in public to "disturb the peace" or to loiter in certain areas In the sociological field, crime is the breach of a rule or Law for which some governing authority or force may ultimately prescribe a Punishment A sexually transmitted disease ( STD) or venereal disease ( VD) is an illness that has a significant probability of transmission between Humans Pregnancy ( Latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring known as a Fetus or Embryo, inside the Uterus of a Female Despite this, the June 30, 1943 enlistment reached 60,000. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

WAC

WACs assigned to the Eighth Air Force in England operate teletype machines. A teleprinter (

Main article: Women's Army Corps

Edith Rogers introduced a bill in October of 1942 to make the WAACs a formal part of the United States Army Reserve. The United States Army Reserve is the federal reserve force of the United States Army. Fearing it would hinder other war legislation, George Marshall declined to support it and it failed. George Catlett Marshall Jr (December 31 1880 &ndash October 16 1959 was an American military leader Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of He changed his mind in 1943, and asked Congress to give the WAAC full military status. Experience showed that the two separate systems were too difficult to manage. Rogers and Oveta Culp Hobby, the first Director of the WAACs, drafted a new bill which was debated in the House for six months before passing. Oveta Culp Hobby ( January 19, 1905 &ndash August 16, 1995) was the first secretary of the Department of Health Education and Welfare On July 1, 1943 Roosevelt signed "An Act to Establish the Women's Army Corps in the Army of the United States", which became Public Law 78-110. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The "auxiliary" portion of the name was officially dropped, and on July 5, 1943, Hobby was commissioned as a full colonel, the highest rank allowed in the new Women's Army Corp. Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Colonel ( RP ˈkɜnəl GA ˈkɜrnəl is a Military rank of a Commissioned officer, with corresponding ranks existing in almost every country

The WACs received the same pay, allowances, and benefits as regular army units, though time spent as a WAC did not count toward time served and the allowance for dependents was heavily restricted. The WACs were now disciplined, promoted, and given the same legal protections as regular Army units, and the 150,000 ceiling was lifted. Military courtesy is one of the defining features of a professional Military force While the legislators made it very clear they expected the WACs to be noncombatants, the bill contained no specific restrictions. Existing Army regulations still prohibited them from combat training with weapons, tactical exercises, duty assignments requiring weapons, supervising men, and jobs requiring great physical strength, unless waived by the United States Secretary of War; but of the 628 Army specialties, women now qualified for 406. The Secretary of War was a member of the United States President's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington 's administration Additional Army regulations were adopted to cover pregnancy, marriage, and maternity care. NOTICE TO WOULD-BE ROMEOS ************** Maternity is the social and legal acknowledgment of the parental relationship between a Mother and her Child.

As part of the regular, WACs could not be permanently assigned as cooks, waitresses, janitors, or to any other civilian jobs. A cook is a person that prepares Food for consumption A cook is sometimes referred to as a Chef, although within the professional kitchen the terms are not exchangeable For the Scrubs character see Janitor (Scrubs A janitor is a person who takes care of a building such as a School, Office While most became clerks, secretaries, and drivers, they also became mechanics, weather observers, radio operators, medical technicians, intelligence analysts, chaplains, postal workers, and heavy equipment operators. A secretary is either an administrative assistant in business office administration, or a certain type of mid- or high-level governmental position such as a Driving is the controlled operation of a land Vehicle, usually a Motor vehicle such as a Truck or a car. A mechanic is a person who uses Tools to repair things (generally machinery or works to keep things operating properly The weather is a set of all the phenomena occurring in a given Atmosphere at a given Time. Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. Military intelligence (abbreviated MI int Commonwealth, or intel A chaplain is typically a Priest, Pastor, ordained Deacon, Rabbi, Imam or other member of the Clergy serving a group of A postal worker is one who works for a Post office, such as a Mail carrier Engineering vehicles, known by the other terms construction Equipment, earth movers heavy equipment or just plain equipment are machines specifically designed to execute The restriction against combat training and carrying weapons was waived in several cases, allowing women to serve as pay officers, military police, in code rooms, or as drivers in some overseas areas. Military police ( MPs) are normally the Police of a Military Organization. On January 10, 1943 a 200-WAC unit was even trained as an antiaircraft gun crew, though they were not allowed to fire the 90 mm weapon. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Anti-aircraft warfare, or air defense, is any method of engaging hostile military Aircraft in defence of ground objectives, ground or naval forces Several were also assigned to the Manhattan Project. The World War II Manhattan Project developed the first Nuclear weapon (atomic bomb

WACs also served overseas, and close to the front lines. During the invasion of Italy by the U.S. Fifth Army under Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark, a 60-woman platoon served in the advance headquarters, sometimes only a few miles from the front lines; and in the south Pacific WACs moved into Manila, Philippines only three days after occupation. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The United States Army North, formerly known as the Fifth United States Army was a field army of the United States Army. Lieutenant General is a Military rank used in many countries The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages where the title of Lieutenant General was held by the Mark Wayne Clark ( May 1, 1896 – April 17, 1984) was an American general during World War II and the Korean War A platoon is a military unit typically composed of two to four sections or Squads and containing about 30 to 50 soldiers Pacific Ocean Areas was the major Allied military command in the Pacific Ocean theater of World War II. The City of Manila By V-J Day, one fifth had served overseas. Victory over Japan Day ( V-J Day, also known as Victory in the Pacific Day, or V-P Day) is a name chosen for the day on which the Surrender of

On V-E Day, May 8, 1945, WACs reached their peak of 99,388 women in active duty, and a total of more than 140,000 WACs served during World War II. Victory in Europe Day ( V-E Day or VE Day) was May 7 and May 8, 1945, the dates when the World War II Allies Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The majority served in the Army Service Force, but large numbers also served as "Air WACs" in the Army Air Force, largely because of the enthusiastic and early support of General Henry R. The United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF) was the military aviation arm of the United States of America during and immediately after World War II. Arnold, and in the Army Medical Corps. Only 2,000 served in the combat-heavy Army Ground Force.

Despite the noncombatant status of her directorate, Oveta Hobby was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal, the second highest U. This article concerns the United States Army Distinguished Service Medal S. military decoration. The WACs were awarded a total of 62 Legions of Merit, 565 Bronze Stars, 3 Air Medals, and 16 Purple Hearts. The Legion of Merit is a military decoration of the United States armed forces that is awarded for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding The Bronze Star Medal is a United States Armed Forces individual military decoration which may be awarded for bravery acts of merit or meritorious service The Air Medal is a military decoration of the United States which was established by Executive Order 9158 signed by Franklin D The Purple Heart is a United States military decoration awarded in the name of the President to those who have been wounded or killed while serving

The initial bill called for the WACs to be discontinued 6 months after the President declared the war was at an end, but despite the resistance in the House and the smear campaign, the WACs performed capably and well. According to Dwight D. Eisenhower, "During the time I have had WACs under my command they have met every test and task assigned to them. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general . . . Their contributions in efficiency, skill, spirit, and determination are immeasurable. " Douglas MacArthur called them "my best soldiers". General MacArthur redirects here for other meanings see General MacArthur (disambiguation. With the rush to send as many men home as quickly as possible after the cessation of hostilities, WACs were even more in demand.

Supported by Eisenhower, the "Act to Establish a Permanent Nurse Corps of the Army and Navy and to Establish a Women's Medical Specialists Corps in the Army", or the Army-Navy Nurses Act of 1947, passed and became Public Law 80­36, granting regular, permanent status to female nurses. Then in early 1946, Chief of Staff Eisenhower ordered legislation drafted to make the WACs a permanent part of the regular army, which was submitted to Congress in 1947 in the midst of a massive reorganization of the armed forces. The bill was unanimoussly approved by the Senate but the House Armed Forces Committee amended the bill to restrict women to reserve status, with only Representative Margaret Chase Smith dissenting. Margaret Chase Smith ( December 14, 1897 – May 29, 1995) was a Republican Senator from Maine, and one

After vehement objection by Eisenhower, who wrote "the women of America must share the responsibility for the security of their country in a future emergency as the women of England did in World War II"; the personal testimony of Secretary of Defense James Forrestal; and support from every major military commander including the Chief of Naval Operations Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, and MacArthur, the Commander of the U. The United States Secretary of Defense ( SECDEF) is the head of the U James Vincent Forrestal ( February 15, 1892 &ndash May 22, 1949) was a United States Secretary of the Navy and the first United Organization of the CNO's Office The Office of the Chief of Naval Operations includes the Chief of Naval Operations the Vice Chief of Naval Operations, the Deputy Chiefs An Admiral of the Fleet or Fleet Admiral is a military Naval officer of the highest rank Fleet Admiral Chester William Nimitz, USN, GCB ( February 24, 1885 &ndash February 20, 1966) held the dual command S. Army Forces, Far East, who wrote, "we cannot ask these women to remain on duty, nor can we ask qualified personnel to volunteer, if we cannot offer them permanent status"; supporting articles in The New York Times and Christian Science Monitor, and the support of Senator and future President Lyndon B. Johnson and Representative Edith Rogers, the amended bill passed in the House but was rejected in the Senate. The Christian Science Monitor (CSM is an international Newspaper published daily Monday through Friday A compromise restored the original wording but limited the total number of women allowed to serve for the first few years, which then passed unanimously in the Senate, and 206 to 133 in the House. On June 12, 1948 President Harry Truman signed the "Women's Armed Services Integration Act", making it Public Law 80-625. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

On December 3, 1948, the Director of the WACs, Colonel Mary A. Hallaren, became the first commissioned female officer in the U. Events 1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Mary Agnes Hallaren ( May 4 1907 &ndash February 13 2005) was an American soldier the director of the Women's Army Corps at the time S. Army. The WACs still were not equal. They were limited in numbers, had no command authority over men, were restricted from combat training and duties, had additional restrictions on claiming dependents, and aside from their Director, no woman could be promoted above the rank of lieutenant colonel. WACs served in the Korean and Vietnam Wars. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia On November 8, 1967 Congress lifted the restriction on promotions, allowing the first WAC generals. Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. And then on October 29, 1978 the Women's Army Corps was discontinued as the women were assimilated into the rest of the army. Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar)

G. I. Bill

Main article: G.I. Bill

In 1944, Edith Rogers helped draft, and then co-sponsored the G. The GI Bill (officially titled Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 PL346 58 Statutes at Large 284 provided for college or vocational education for returning I. Bill, with Representative John E. Rankin, and Senators Ernest McFarland, and Bennett Champ Clark. John Elliott Rankin ( March 29, 1882 &ndash November 26, 1960) was a Congressman from the U Ernest William McFarland ( October 9, 1894 - June 8, 1984) an American Politician and with Warren Atherton Joel Bennett Clark ( January 8, 1890 &ndash July 13, 1954) better known as Bennett Champ Clark, was a Democratic The bill provided for education and vocational training, low-interest loans for homes, farms, and businesses, and limited unemployment benefits for returning servicemen. A loan is a type of Debt. This article focuses exclusively on monetary loans although in practice any material object might be lent A farm is an area of land including various structures devoted primarily to the practice of producing and managing food ( Produce, Grains, or Livestock A business (also called firm or an enterprise) is a legally recognized organizational entity designed to provide goods and/or services to Unemployment benefits are payments made by Governments to unemployed people A secondary intent was to reduce the economic impact of the millions of veterans returning to the workforce by staggering their reentry. On June 22, 1944, President Franklin D. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Roosevelt signed "The Servicemen's Readjustment Act", which became Public Law 78-346. As a result of the bill, roughly half of the returning veterans went on to higher education.

After WWII

During the cold war Rogers supported the House Committee on Un-American Activities and Senator Joseph McCarthy during the "Red Scare". Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The House Committee on Un-American Activities ( HUAC or HCUA 1938–1975 was an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives. Joseph Raymond McCarthy (November 14 1908 – May 2 1957 was an American politician who served as a Republican U McCarthyism is a term describing the intense anti-communist suspicion in the United States in a period that lasted roughly from the late 1940s to the late 1950s While she supported the United Nations, in 1953 she wanted to kick their headquarters out of the U. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security S. because communist China was admitted. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National In 1954, she opposed sending U. S. soldiers to Vietnam. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially

Death and Legacy

Edith Rogers died on September 10, 1960 at Boston, Massachusetts in the midst of her 19th Congressional campaign. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. She was interred with her husband in Lowell Cemetery, in their hometown of Lowell.

She received many honors during her life, including the Distinguished Service Medal of the American Legion in 1950. In honor of her work with veterans, the Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital[1] in Bedford, Massachusetts bears her name. Bedford is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States.

The Women's Army Corps Museum, established on May 14, 1955 in Fort McCellan, Alabama, was renamed the Edith Nourse Rogers Museum on August 18, 1961 in recognition of her groundbreaking legislation. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Events 293 BC - The oldest known Roman temple to Venus is founded starting the institution of Vinalia Rustica. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. When the museum moved to a new building, the institution's mandate expanded to include to all women in the United States Armed Forces, so at the dedication ceremony on May 14, 1977 it was renamed the U. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays S. Army Women's Museum. The museum has since moved to Avenue A in Fort Lee, Virginia, where it reopened on May 15, 2001. Fort Lee is a Census-designated place (CDP in Petersburg and Prince George County, Virginia, United States. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar.

The E. N. Rogers Middle School in Lowell, Massachusetts is named after Edith Rogers. Among its famous graduates is Congressman Martin Meehan who served in the U. S. House of Representatives from January 5, 1993 to July 1, 2007. The school services approximately 500 students in grades 5 through 8. The motto of the school is "Learning and Growing in a Global Community". The current Principal of the school is Timothy McGillicuddy. Mr. McGillicuddy briefly attained notoriety during the 2006-2007 school year for failing to notify police after finding several bullets in a school hallway.

References

• Bellafaire, Judith A. "The Women's Army Corps: A commemoration of World War II service. " U. S. Army Center of Military History, publication 72-15. (brochure online)
• Brown, Dorothy M. (1999). "Edith Nourse Rogers: biographical sketch," eds John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes. American National Biography, volume 18. (paper online)
• Leventhal, Robert S. (2002). "'Believe the unbelievable': The American response to the Nazi genocide of the Jews, 1933–1945. " [http://rsleve.people.wm.edu/america.html Retrieved February 16, 2005. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• Morden, Bettie J. (1990). The Women's Army Corp, 1945–1978. U. S. Army Center of Military History, publication 30-14. (book online)
• Synnott, Marcia G. "Edith Nourse Rogers. " The Devens Historical Museum. [http://www.devenshistoricalmuseum.org/edith_nourse_rogers.html Retrieved February 15, 2005. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• Unknown. "History of the U. S. Army Women's Museum. " U. S. Army Women's Museum, Fort Lee, Virginia. [http://www.awm.lee.army.mil/ Retrieved February 16, 2005. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• Edith Nourse Rogers at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Retrieved on 2008-02-17

External Links

Rogers, Edith Nourse, 1881-1960. Papers, 1854-1961: A Finding Aid. Schlesigner Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.