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The gate for the street fair portion of the festival on the Royal Mile, in August 2007.
The gate for the street fair portion of the festival on the Royal Mile, in August 2007. The Royal Mile is the popular name for the succession of streets which form the main thoroughfare of Edinburgh's Old Town. August 2007 is the eighth month of that year It began on a Wednesday and 31 days later ended on a Friday.

The Edinburgh Fringe (officially the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, commonly just The Fringe) is the world’s largest arts festival. An arts festival or art fair is a Festival that focuses on the Visual arts, but which may also focus on other arts [1] Established in 1947 as an alternative to the Edinburgh International Festival, it takes place in Scotland's capital during three weeks every August alongside several other arts and cultural festivals, collectively known as the Edinburgh Festival. The Edinburgh International Festival is a festival of Performing arts that takes place in the city of Edinburgh, Scotland, over three weeks from around Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Edinburgh Festival is a collective term for several simultaneous arts and cultural Festivals which take place during August each year in Edinburgh,

The Fringe mostly attracts events from the performing arts, particularly drama and (the big growth area in recent years) comedy, although dance and music also figure significantly. The performing arts are those forms of Art which differ from the Plastic arts insofar as the former uses the artist's own Body, Face and presence Theatre events can range from the classics of ancient Greece, Shakespeare and Samuel Beckett, through to new works. William Shakespeare ( baptised Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989 was an Irish Writer, Dramatist and poet However, there is no selection committee to approve the entries, so any type of event is possible: the Fringe often showcases experimental works which might not be admitted to a more formal festival. The organisers are the Festival Fringe Society: they publish the programme, sell tickets and offer advice to performers from the Fringe office on the Royal Mile. The Royal Mile is the popular name for the succession of streets which form the main thoroughfare of Edinburgh's Old Town.

Contents

History

Typical Fringe Scene
Typical Fringe Scene

The Fringe started life when eight theatre companies turned up uninvited to the inaugural Edinburgh International Festival in 1947. The Edinburgh International Festival is a festival of Performing arts that takes place in the city of Edinburgh, Scotland, over three weeks from around They aimed to take advantage of the large theatre crowds and showcase their own, more alternative, theatre. It got its name in the following year (1948) after Robert Kemp, a Scottish playwright and journalist, wrote during the second Edinburgh International Festival: ‘Round the fringe of official Festival drama, there seems to be more private enterprise than before … I am afraid some of us are not going to be at home during the evenings!’. not to be confused with the French literary critic Robert Kemp (1878-1959 The playwright Robert Kemp was born in Hoy in the Orkney Islands where his The Edinburgh International Festival is a festival of Performing arts that takes place in the city of Edinburgh, Scotland, over three weeks from around

There was no organisation initially until students of the University of Edinburgh set up a drop-in centre in 1951 where cheap food and a bed for the night were made available to participating groups. The University of Edinburgh (Oilthigh Dhùn Èideann founded in 1582 is a renowned centre for teaching and research in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. It was 1955 before the first (not wholly successful) attempt was made to provide a central booking service. [2]

In 1959 there came the first signs of organisation with the formation of the "Festival Fringe Society". A constitution was drawn up in which the policy of not vetting or censoring shows was set out and the Society produced the first guide to all Fringe shows. 19 companies attended the Fringe in that year. In following years problems began to arise as the Fringe became too big for students and volunteers to deal with. Eventually in 1969 the Society became a limited company, and in 1971 it employed its first administrator. [2]

Between 1976 and 1981 the number of companies performing rose from 182 to 494. In 1988 the Society moved to its current headquarters on the Royal Mile. Since then the Society has increased the amount of technology used by introducing computerised ticketing and in 2000 the Fringe became the first arts organisation in the world to sell tickets online in real time. [2] In 2007, 1. 697. 293 tickets were sold for Fringe performances,[1] and the Fringe Society now plans years in advance.

Much of the history of the Fringe has become obscure in popular terms but there is general agreement that the artistic credentials of the Fringe were established by the creators of the Traverse Theatre, John Calder, Jim Haynes and Richard Demarco in 1963. Traverse Theatre is Scotland's new writing theatre It is situated in Edinburgh, Scotland and was founded in 1963. John Calder (born 1927 is a Canadian and Scottish Publisher who founded Calder Publishing in 1949 James Haynes, usually known as Jim Haynes (born November 10, 1933) was a leading figure in the London "underground" and alternative/counter-culture Richard Demarco, CBE (born Portobello near Edinburgh, 1930 is a Scottish artist and promoter of the visual and performing arts While their original objective was to maintain something of the Festival atmosphere in Edinburgh all year round, the Traverse Theatre quickly and regularly presented cutting edge drama to an international audience on both the Edinburgh International Festival and on the Fringe during August. Traverse Theatre is Scotland's new writing theatre It is situated in Edinburgh, Scotland and was founded in 1963. The Edinburgh International Festival is a festival of Performing arts that takes place in the city of Edinburgh, Scotland, over three weeks from around It set a standard to which other companies on the Fringe aspired. The Traverse is occasionally referred to as 'The Fringe venue that got away', reflecting its current status as a permanent and integral part of the Edinburgh Arts scene. However, it continues to form the bedrock of drama on the Fringe at festival time.

The advent of the Fringe was not warmly greeted by some sections of the International Festival (and the Edinburgh hierarchy), leading to outbursts of animosity between the two festivals. They were particularly prevalent in the 1950s, 1960s and through into the 1970s. Periodic attempts by the official Festival to compete with the Fringe were stopped by Brian McMaster when he became the director of the International Festival in 1991. It is somewhat ironic that their most successful attempt to compete, Beyond The Fringe back in 1960, is now wrongly thought of by many people as a Fringe show. Beyond the Fringe was a British Comedy stage revue written and performed by Peter Cook, Dudley Moore, Alan Bennett

Venues

According to the Fringe Society there were 261 venues in 2006, although over 80 of them housed event(s) or exhibition(s) which are not part of the main performing art genres that the Fringe is generally known for.

Over the first 20 years each performing group had its own hall. However, by around 1970 the concept of sharing a hall became popular, principally as a means of cutting costs. It could be possible to host up to 6 or 7 different shows per day in a hall. The obvious next step was to partition a venue into two or more performing spaces; the majority of today's venues fit into this category. This approach was taken a stage further by the early 1980s with the arrival of the super-venue - a location that contains many performing spaces. The Circuit was one of the early super-venues; it was in fact a tented “village”, including one space with room for an audience of 400, that was situated on a piece of empty ground, popularly known as “The Hole in The Ground” where the Saltire complex, which now houses the Traverse, was subsequently built in the early 1990s.

Due to legacy, close partnership and the commercial nature of their operations, the perceived super-venues are Assembly, Pleasance, Gilded Balloon, C venues and UnderBelly. The Pleasance (usually used with the article is a street in central Edinburgh, Scotland. The Gilded Balloon is one of the Edinburgh Fringe 's best-known venues established by Karen Koren in 1986 in Edinburgh 's Cowgate. C venues produce venues at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe and programme an international programme of new work across the arts Underbelly Limited is an English company that operates a series of four venues at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival in Scotland. Venues with multiple performing spaces, either on a single or multiple sites, include: Rocket, Sweet Venues[1], Laughing Horse Free Edinburgh Fringe Festival venues, The Holyrood, 'PBH's Free Fringe, Paradise Green and Zoo Venues. The Free Edinburgh Fringe Festival is an organisation that has been set-up by Laughing Horse Comedy and operates a series venues at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival in Scotland

Nowadays, venues come in all shapes and sizes, with use being made of every conceivable space from proper theatres (e. g. Traverse or Bedlam Theatre), custom-made theatres (e. Bedlam Theatre is a student-run theatre owned by Edinburgh University. g. Music Hall in the Assembly Rooms), historic castles (C venues), to lecture theatres (Pleasance, George Square and Sweet ECA), conference centres, other university rooms and spaces, temporary structures (The Famous Spiegeltent and the Udderbelly ), churches and church halls, schools, a public toilet, the back of a taxi, and even in the audience's own homes. C venues produce venues at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe and programme an international programme of new work across the arts A Spiegeltent ( Dutch for "Mirror Tent" is a large travelling Tent, constructed in Wood and Canvas and decorated with Mirrors The udderBELLY is an upside-down giant purple Cow tent owned by the event venue and management company Underbelly, and sponsored by E4.

The groups that operate the venues are also very diverse: some are commercial and others not-for-profit; some operate year-round, while others exist only to run venues at the Fringe.

From the performers' perspective, the decision on where to perform is typically based on a mixture of cost, location (close proximity to other venues is seen as a plus), and the philosophy of the venue, i. e. some will prefer a site where commercial consideration is not the obvious primary driver, a site where they will feel more comfortable and more an integral part of the venue.

Criticism

Unjuried Festival

The role of the Fringe Society is to facilitate the festival, concentrating mainly on the challenging logistics of organising such a large event. Alistair Moffat (Fringe administrator 1976-1981) summarised the role of the Society when he said, “As a direct result of the wishes of the participants, the Society had been set up to help the performers that come to Edinburgh and to promote them collectively to the public. It did not come together so that groups could be vetted, or invited, or in some way artistically vetted. What was performed and how it was done was left entirely to each Fringe group”. This approach is now sometimes referred to as an unjuried festival.

Quality

Over the years this approach has led to adverse criticisms about the quality of the arts on the Fringe. Much of this criticism comes from individual arts critics in national newspapers, hard-line aficionados of the Edinburgh International Festival, and occasionally from the Edinburgh International Festival itself. The Edinburgh International Festival is a festival of Performing arts that takes place in the city of Edinburgh, Scotland, over three weeks from around The Edinburgh International Festival is a festival of Performing arts that takes place in the city of Edinburgh, Scotland, over three weeks from around

The Fringe's own position on this debate may be summed up by Michael Dale (Fringe Administrator 1982-1986) in his book Sore Throats & Overdrafts, "No-one can say what the quality will be like overall. It does not much matter, actually, for that is not the point of the Fringe . . . The Fringe is a forum for ideas and achievement unique in the UK, and in the whole world . . . Where else could all this be attempted, let alone work". Views from the middle ground of this perennial debate point out that the Fringe is not complete artistic anarchy. Some venues do influence or decide on the content of their programme, e. g. the Traverse and Aurora Nova.

A frequent criticism, well-aired in the media over the last 20 years, has been that stand-up comedy is "taking over" the Fringe, that a large proportion of newer audiences are drawn almost exclusively to stand-up comics (particularly to television comedy stars in famous venues), and that they are starting to regard non-comedy events as "peripheral". While it is true that comedy has been a growth area, it is still the case (but only just) that the largest number of shows are to be found in the area of drama, while dance & physical theatre are currently in rude health.

The freedom to put on any show has led periodically to controversy when individual tastes in sexual explicitness or religion have been contravened. This has brought some into conflict with local city councillors. Needless to say, there have been the occasional performing groups who have deliberately tried to provoke controversy as a means of advertising their shows.

The power of the "super venues"

The advent of the "super venue" in the late 1970s and early 1980s has also prompted much debate. They are large venues that may contain 6 or more discrete performing spaces: the most notable organisations are Assembly, Pleasance, The Gilded Balloon and The Underbelly (the term organisation is used rather than venue because they all now host multiple venues). The Pleasance (usually used with the article is a street in central Edinburgh, Scotland. It is thought by some that each of these big, central, one-stop-shops becomes in effect a "festival within the festival". By staging many well-known acts in one place it is thought that they are able to attract audiences away from the more modest (and more difficult to find and get round) venues which, by charging performing groups less, offer more "traditional" fringe events involving newcomers. Concerns over what can be seen as the disproportionate power of these super venues have been heightened by their use of corporate sponsors and various attempts to work together, e. g. the production of a programme covering their venues has been tried. [2].

Ticket prices

In the mid 1990s only the occasional top show charged £10 per seat, while the average price was £5-£7; in 2006, prices were frequently £10+ and £20 was reached for the first time in 2006 for a show that lasted 1 hour. Some of the reasons that are put forward for the increases include: the increasing costs associated with hiring large venues; theatre licences and related costs; plus the price of accommodation during the Edinburgh Festival which is expensive for performers as well as for audiences. Edinburgh Festival is a collective term for several simultaneous arts and cultural Festivals which take place during August each year in Edinburgh,

Ricky Gervais was criticised for charging £37. Ricky Dene Gervais (dʒɜːˈveɪz born 25 June 1961 is an English Actor, Comedian, Writer, director, Producer and former 50 for his 2007 show at Edinburgh Castle. Edinburgh Castle is an ancient Stronghold which dominates the sky-line of the It was revealed the day after the show that all proceeds were going to Cancer Research.

In recent years a different business model has been adopted by two organisations; The Free Fringe and The Laughing Horse Free Edinburgh Fringe Festival have introduced the concept of the free show. The Free Fringe started in 1996 with the show Peter Buckley Hill And Some Comedians The Free Edinburgh Fringe Festival is an organisation that has been set-up by Laughing Horse Comedy and operates a series venues at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival in Scotland There were 22 shows that came under this banner in 2005, growing to 69 in 2006 and 320 in 2007. Ninety percent of these free shows are comedy.

Reviews and awards

Sources of reviews

For many groups at the Fringe the ultimate goal is a favourable review which, apart from the welcome kudos, may help to minimise any financial losses that are suffered in putting on the show.

Edinburgh based newspaper The Scotsman, often seen as the 'bible' of the Edinburgh Festival for its comprehensive coverage, originally aimed to review every show on the Fringe. The Scotsman is a Scottish national Newspaper, published in Edinburgh. They now have to be more selective, as there are simply too many shows to cover, although they do see more or less every new play being staged as part of the Fringe's theatre programme because of their Fringe First awards.

Other Scottish media outlets that provide coverage include: The Herald, Scotland on Sunday, Sunday Herald and the Scottish edition of Metro. The Herald is a national Broadsheet newspaper published Monday to Saturday in Glasgow, Scotland. Scotland on Sunday is a Scottish Sunday Newspaper, published in Edinburgh by The Scotsman Publications Ltd and consequently assuming The Sunday Herald is an award winning Scottish Sunday Newspaper launched on 7 February 1999 A rapid transit, underground, subway, elevated railway or metro(politan system is an electric passenger railway Scottish arts and entertainment magazines The List and The Skinny - which publishes Fest Magazine during August - also provide extensive coverage. The List is an Edinburgh-based fortnightly entertainment event listings magazine first published in 1985. Fest Magazine is an Edinburgh-based arts magazine that publishes during the Edinburgh Festival each year

Several organisations have appeared in recent years who freely offer a comprehensive mixture of printed and web-based reviews. They aim to cover shows that are missed by the larger organisations. They include: Edinburghguide. com; not-for-profit ThreeWeeks; BroadwayBaby; and Chortle which is limited to comedy.

Most of the London based broadsheets also review, in particular The Guardian and The Independent, while arts industry weekly The Stage publish a large number of Edinburgh reviews, especially of the drama programme. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. The Independent is a British compact Newspaper published by Tony O'Reilly 's Independent News & Media. The Stage is a weekly British Newspaper founded in 1880 available nationally and published on Thursdays

In addition, journalists / reviewers from all over the world are in Edinburgh during the festival, and their reports and reviews appear in media outlets around the globe.

Awards

There are a growing number of awards for Fringe shows, particularly in the field of drama:

High profile names and shows

During the 1960s and 1970s it was fairly common for a reasonable number of high profile names to appear in theatrical productions on the Fringe. From the 1980s onwards, celebrities were more likely to be comedians although their standard of performance often varied: some giving consummately professional performances; while others could be somewhat unsatisfactory.

2003 saw the development of an adaptation for the theatre of the renowned 1957 film, 12 Angry Men using well-known stand up comedians in the roles of the 12 jurors. Staged at the Assembly Rooms on George Street 12 Angry Men was directed by Guy Masterson and starred Bill Bailey and Stephen Frost. Mark Bailey where he was initially an academic pupil winning most of the prizes "Steven Frost" redirects here For the television producer see Steve Frost. In the following year, Masterson directed a stage version of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, but quit the project before it opened [5], and was replaced by Terry Johnson. One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is a play that premiered in 1963, one year after Ken Kesey 's bestselling novel of the same name was published Terry Johnson (born 1955 is a British dramatist and director working for stage television and film The problems continued when Christian Slater twice contracted chicken pox, and the opening was further delayed. Christian Slater (born August 18, 1969) is an American Actor who has starred in films such as Heathers, Chickenpox is a highly contagious illness caused by primary infection with Varicella zoster virus (VZV However, tickets for the run sold out before opening. The production subsequently transferred to the Gielgud Theatre in the West End. The Gielgud Theatre is a West End theatre, located on Shaftesbury Avenue in the City of Westminster, London, at the corner of Rupert Street West End theatre is a popular term for mainstream professional theatre staged in the large theatres of London 's "Theatreland" In 2005, Masterson's production of Neil Simon's The Odd Couple, starring Bill Bailey and Alan Davies, became the fastest selling show in the festival's history [6] despite poor reviews. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Marvin Neil Simon (born July 4, 1927 in The Bronx, New York City) is an American Playwright and Screenwriter The Odd Couple was a 1965 Broadway play by Neil Simon, followed by a successful film and television series as well as other derivative works and spin offs Mark Bailey where he was initially an academic pupil winning most of the prizes Alan Davies (born 6 March 1966) is an English comedian, Writer and Actor, best known for starring as Jonathan The theme continued in 2006 with a production of Midnight Cowboy which failed to excite the critics and resulted in disappointing attendances. Midnight Cowboy is a 1969 Drama film based on the 1965 novel of the same name by James Leo Herlihy.

High profile names constitute an extremely small percentage of the performers at the festival; the vast majority are a mixture of journeymen professionals of varying experience, amateurs, and students. The Fringe showcases a great deal of local Scottish talent, with many local clubs and individuals taking part. Edinburgh People's Theatre, one of Scotland's most respected amateur theatre companies, is the longest serving Fringe participant, having taken part every year since 1959.

In 2007, Edinburgh Castle served as 8000-seat venue to Ricky Gervais. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Ricky Dene Gervais (dʒɜːˈveɪz born 25 June 1961 is an English Actor, Comedian, Writer, director, Producer and former

Use of technology

A computerised booking system was first installed in the early 1990s, allowing tickets to be bought at a number of locations around the city. The age of the Internet eventually arrived in 2000 with the launching of the official website, which had sold over half a million tickets online by 2005. An E-Ticket Tent was introduced in 2004, allowing people to book tickets online at the festival. In the following year, a Half Price Ticket Tent was added in association with Metro, offering special ticket prices for different shows each day, selling 45,000 tickets in its first year. Metro is the trading name of a Free daily newspaper, published by Associated Newspapers (part of Daily Mail and General Trust) in the

Recent years have seen the gradual introduction of mobile, audio and video technologies to the Fringe to increase the channels by which content can be distributed and feedback obtained, including:

The Fringe today

A street performer on the Royal Mile, with volunteer (2004).
A street performer on the Royal Mile, with volunteer (2004). The Royal Mile is the popular name for the succession of streets which form the main thoroughfare of Edinburgh's Old Town.

The Fringe has grown dramatically over the 60 years of its existence. Statistics for the 2007 festival which are published on the official website concluded that it was the largest festival on record: there were 31,000 performances of 2,050 different shows in 250 venues. Ticket sales amount to around £1. 5 million.

Of the 2000+ shows, theatre continues to be the largest genre. Comedy, the major growth area over the last 20 years, is only marginally behind and may well overtake theatre soon if recent trends are maintained. Other genres include: Dance & Physical Theatre, Music and Children's shows.

It is possible to sample some shows before committing to seeing them. The best opportunity is afforded by "Fringe Sunday", which is held on the first Sunday of the festival when many companies, 200 estimated for 2006, perform all or part of their show for free on The Meadows. Alternatively, on any day during the festival the pedestrianised area of the High Street around St. Giles Cathedral and the Fringe Office becomes the focal point for theatre companies to hand out flyers, perform scenes from their shows, and attempt to sell tickets. Many shows are "2 for 1" on the opening weekend of the Festival.

During the 2006 festival 20 venues got together to form the Associated Independent Venue Producers (AIVP). Its main role is to lobby public bodies for better publicity for the Fringe, and to seek improvements to Edinburgh's infrastructure to support increased numbers of festival-goers.

Fringe legacy

The concept of Fringe Theatre has been copied around the world. Fringe theatre is a term used to describe Alternative theatre, or entertainment not of the mainstream The largest and most celebrated of these spawned festivals are Adelaide Fringe Festival and Edmonton International Fringe Festival. The Adelaide Fringe Festival is an Arts festival held annually in the South Australian capital of Adelaide. The Edmonton Fringe Festival is an annual event held every August in Edmonton Alberta in Canada The number of such events continues to grow, particularly in the USA and Canada.

In the field of drama, the Edinburgh Fringe has premièred several plays, most notably Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead by Tom Stoppard (1966) and Moscow Stations (1994) which starred Tom Courtenay. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead is an absurdist, existentialist Tragicomedy by Tom Stoppard, first staged at the Edinburgh Sir Tom Stoppard OM, CBE (born 3 July 1937 is a British Screenwriter playwright Sir Thomas Daniel Courtenay (pronounced "Courtney" born 25 February 1937) is an English Actor who came to prominence in the early Over the years, it has attracted a number of companies that have made repeated visits to the Fringe, and in doing so helped to set high artistic standards. They have included: the London Club Theatre Group (1950s), 7:84 Scotland (1970s), National Student Theatre Company (1970s and various other periods), Communicado (1980s and 1990s), Red Shift (1990s), and Grid Iron more recently. 784 is a Scottish Left-wing Agitprop theatre group The name comes from a statistic published in The Economist in 1966 that 7% The Fringe is also the staging ground of the American High School Theatre Festival.

In the field of comedy, the Fringe has provided a platform that has allowed the careers of many performers to bloom. In the 1960s, various members of the Monty Python team appeared in student productions, as subsequently did Rowan Atkinson, Stephen Fry, Hugh Laurie and Emma Thompson, the latter three with the Cambridge Footlights. Monty Python (sometimes known as The Pythons) is the collective name of the six creators of Monty Python's Flying Circus, a British Television Rowan Atkinson (born 6 January 1955 is an English Comedian, actor and writer famous for his title roles in the British television comedies Blackadder Stephen John Fry (born 24 August 1957 is an English Humorist, Writer, Wit, Actor, Novelist, filmmaker James Hugh Calum Laurie, OBE (born June 11, 1959) is an English Actor, Comedian, Writer and Musician Emma Thompson (born April 15 1959 is an Academy Award - Emmy Award - BAFTA Award - and Golden Globe -winning Anglo-Scottish Actress Cambridge University Footlights Dramatic Club, commonly referred to simply as the Footlights, is an amateur theatrical club in Cambridge England, run by the students Notable companies have included Complicite in the 1980s and the National Theatre of Brent. The British Experimental theatre company Complicite was founded in 1983 by Simon McBurney, Annabel Arden and Marcello Magni The National Theatre of Brent is a British comedy double-act in the form of a mock two-man theatre troupe More recent comedy performers to have been 'discovered' include: Reduced Shakespeare Company, Steve Coogan, Jenny Eclair, The League of Gentlemen, Al Murray and Rich Hall. The Reduced Shakespeare Company is an American acting troupe that writes and performs unsubtle fast-paced seemingly improvisational condensations of huge topics Stephen John "Steve" Coogan (born 14 October 1965 is an English Comedian, actor writer producer and director. Jenny Eclair (born Jenny Clare Hargreaves on 16 March 1960 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia — then Malaya) is a Comedienne The League of Gentlemen is a quartet of British comedy writer/performers formed in 1995 by Jeremy Dyson, Mark Gatiss, Steve Pemberton Alastair James Hay "Al" Murray (born 10 May 1968 is a British comedian best known for his stand-up Persona, " The Pub Landlord See also Richard Hall Rich Hall (born 10 June 1954 in Alexandria Virginia)is an American comedian and writer

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Fringe Facts. The Adelaide Fringe Festival is an Arts festival held annually in the South Australian capital of Adelaide. The Brighton Festival Fringe is an open access Arts festival held annually in Brighton, England. Edinburgh Festival is a collective term for several simultaneous arts and cultural Festivals which take place during August each year in Edinburgh, The Edmonton Fringe Festival is an annual event held every August in Edmonton Alberta in Canada The Free Fringe started in 1996 with the show Peter Buckley Hill And Some Comedians The Free Edinburgh Fringe Festival is an organisation that has been set-up by Laughing Horse Comedy and operates a series venues at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival in Scotland The Ifcomedy awards formerly known as the Perrier comedy awards and briefly as the if "The Time-Based Art Festival (TBA Festival is an annual multi-media art and performance festival presented by the Portland Institute for Contemporary Art (PICA and the The Portland Institute for Contemporary Art (PICA in Portland Oregon, United States was founded in 1996 by Kristy Edmunds formerly the Director of the Portland Official site of the Edinburgh Fringe Festival. Retrieved on 2008-02-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons
  2. ^ a b c History. History of the Edinburgh Festivals. Retrieved on 2008-04-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of

Further reading

Books relating to the history of the Fringe

Web-based Material relating to the history of the Fringe

External links

General links

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