Edinburgh Castle is an ancient stronghold which dominates the sky-line of the city of Edinburgh from its position atop Castle Rock. A stronghold is a strongly fortified defensive structureThe history of fortified buildings extends from antiquity to modern times Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. It is Scotland's second-most-visited tourist attraction. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. [1] Human habitation of the site is dated back as far as the 9th century BC. As it stands today though, few of the castle's structures pre-date the Lang Siege of the 16th century, with the notable exception of St Margaret's Chapel, the oldest surviving building in Edinburgh, which dates from the early 12th century. St Margaret's Chapel, the oldest surviving building in Edinburgh Castle, is a fine example of Norman architecture and the oldest building in Edinburgh
As with all castles, Edinburgh's fortress has been a centre of military activity. A castle is a defensive structure seen as one of the main symbols of the Middle Ages. As an ancient fortress, Edinburgh Castle is one of the few that still has a military garrison, albeit for largely ceremonial and administrative purposes. The New Barrack Block is now home to the official headquarters of the Royal Regiment of Scotland and 52 Infantry Brigade, as well as home to the regimental museum of the Royal Scots and Royal Scots Dragoon Guards. The Royal Regiment of Scotland (SCOTS is the senior and only Scottish Line infantry regiment of the British Army Infantry. The 52nd Infantry Brigade is a Scottish formation in the British Army. The Royal Scots (The Royal Regiment, once known as the Royal Regiment of Foot, was the oldest and therefore most senior Infantry Regiment of the line The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards (Carabiniers and Greys (SCOTS DG is a cavalry regiment of the British Army, and the senior Scottish regiment. The Governor of Edinburgh Castle is Major General David MacDowall, GOC of the British Army's 2nd Division. Major General or Major-General is a Military rank used in many countries General Officer Commanding ( GOC) is the usual title given in the armies of Commonwealth (and some other nations to a General officer who holds a command The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. The British 2nd Division was originally formed in 1809 by Arthur Wellesley 1st Duke of Wellington for service in the Peninsula War. The Governor of the Castle has always been the head of the Army in Scotland. Direct administration of the castle by the War Office only came to an end in 1923 when the army formally moved to the city's new Redford Barracks. The War Office was a former department of the British Government, responsible for the administration of the British Army between the 17th century and 1963 when Redford Cavalry and Infantry Barracks are located on Colinton Road near the Edinburgh City Bypass, east of the suburb of Colinton in Edinburgh, Scotland Nevertheless, the Castle continues to have a strong connection with the Army. Sentries still stand watch at the castle gatehouse after opening hours, with responsibility for guarding the Honours of Scotland. Public duties are performed by military personnel and usually have a ceremonial or historic significance rather than an overtly operational role The Honours of Scotland, also known as the Scottish regalia and the Scottish Crown Jewels, dating from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries are the oldest set of
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Present management
The Castle is now run and administered, for the most part, by Historic Scotland. James Hepburn 1st Duke of Orkney (c 1534 – 14 April 1578) better known by his inherited title as 4th Earl of Bothwell, was Hereditary Lord High Historic Scotland is an Executive agency of the Scottish Government, responsible for historic monuments in Scotland. Historic Scotland is an executive agency of the Scottish Government[2] and undertakes the dual (and sometimes mutually contradictory) tasks of operating the castle as a commercially viable tourist attraction while simultaneously having responsibility for conservation of the site. Executive agencies are established by Ministers as part of Scottish Government departments or as departments in their own right to carry out a discrete area of work The Scottish Government (SG ( Scottish Gaelic: Riaghaltas na h-Alba) is the executive arm of the government of Scotland. Scotland is a well-developed tourist destination with Tourism generally being responsible for sustaining 200000 jobs mainly in the service sector with tourist spending
Historic Scotland maintain a number of attractions for visitors. There are two cafés/restaurants in the castle, in addition to numerous historical displays. Historic Scotland have an educational centre in the castle which runs events for schools and educational groups, including re-enactors in costume and with period weaponry. "Reenactment" redirects here For the 1968 Romanian film see The Reenactment. There are also a number of re-enactors employed for the general public in portions of the castle such as the Great Hall.
History
Pre-history of the site
Geology
The Castle stands upon the basalt plug of an extinct volcano which is estimated to have risen some 340 million years ago during the lower Carboniferous age. Basalt (bəˈsɔːlt ˈbeisɔːlt ˈbæsɔːlt is a common Extrusive Volcanic rock. A volcanic plug, also called a volcanic neck or lava neck, is a volcanic landform created when Lava hardens within a Vent on The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Devonian period about 359 Standing 120 metres (400 ft) above sea level, the Castle Rock is a classic example of a crag and tail formation. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit A crag (sometimes spelled cragg, or in Scotland craig) is a rocky hill or mountain generally isolated from other high ground
These geological foundations cannot be underestimated in their significance for the subsequent development of the Castle (and indeed the city) and the events which have defined its history. The geology of Scotland is unusually varied for a country of its size with a large number of differing geological features This article is intended to show a Timeline of the history of Edinburgh, Scotland, up to the present day To the south, west and north, the castle is protected by sheer cliffs rearing some 80 metres (260 ft) from the surrounding landscape. This means that the only readily accessible route to the castle lies to the East, where the ridge slopes more gently.
But just as its location has rendered the Castle all but impregnable (it has never been taken by a direct assault against its gates), it has also presented difficulties. Not the least of these is that basalt is an extremely poor aquifer and therefore providing water to the upper ward of the castle in particular has long been problematic. Today this can be inconvenient, as the poor quality of the piped water which is now available in the Palace Block (where the castle's stewards have their mess room) means that bottled water has to be transported up from the lower ward. Historically, however, the inaccessibility of water was disastrous under siege conditions.
Earliest habitation
- See also: Prehistoric Scotland
The origins of Edinburgh lie so deep beneath the mound of history that writing on the matter is largely speculative and often contradictory. Archaeology and Geology continue to reveal the secrets of prehistoric Scotland, uncovering a complex and dramatic past before the Romans brought Scotland Alexander Nasmyth ( 9 September 1758 &ndash 10 April 1840) was a Scottish Portrait and landscape painter It has been suggested that an early reference to occupation of the site of the Castle can be found as early as the mid-second century AD. [3] Ptolemy refers to a settlement of the Votadini known to the Romans as Alauna (rock place). Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca The Votadini (the Wotādīnī, or Votādīnī) were a people of the Iron Age in Great Britain, and their territory was briefly part of the The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial
More doubtful evidence of still earlier habitation is provided by Andrew of Wyntoun, an early chronicler of Scottish history. Andrew Wyntoun, known as Andrew of Wyntoun (c 1350 &ndash c 1423 was a Scottish poet a canon and Prior of Loch Leven on St Serf's The history of Scotland begins around 10000 years ago when Humans first began to inhabit Scotland after the end of the Devensian glaciation, the last Wyntoun alludes to a king Ebrawce residing in the area 1,000 years before the Roman reference. If the story is to be believed, Ebrawce (from whom the name Edinburgh is, in this version of the story, said to have derived) had over fifty children by his twenty wives. On the site of Edinburgh castle he built a "Maiden's Castle" and "bygged Edynburghe wyth-alle". The name of this mythical King Ebrawce, however, is more cognate with the hypothetical name of the sub-Roman Kingdom of York, Ebrauc. The history of York as a city dates to the beginning of the first millennium AD but evidence for the presence of people in the area date back much further to 8000/7000 BC Ebrauc is the suggested name for a Brythonic kingdom of Sub-Roman Britain, based on the city of York.
While there must be serious doubts about the veracity of Wyntoun's chronicle in this matter, an archaeological survey of the Castle in the late 1980s[4] does lend credence to the idea of the site having been settled during the late Iron (or early Bronze) age. Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age for the mythological Iron Age see Ages of Man. The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for However, the extent of the finds was not particularly significant and was insufficient to draw any certain conclusions about the precise nature or scale of this earliest known phase of occupation. Whether this was indeed the hall of the fecund King Ebrawce can only be a matter of speculation.
The archaeological evidence becomes more compelling in the Iron Age. Traditionally, it had been supposed that the tribes which inhabited this part of central Scotland had made little or no use of the Castle Rock. The Scots people ( Scots Gaelic: Albannaich) are a Nation and an Ethnic group indigenous to Scotland. Excavations at nearby Traprain Law, Dunsapie Hill, Duddingston and Inveresk had revealed relatively large settlements and it was supposed that these sites had, for some reason, been chosen in preference to the Castle rock. Traprain Law is a hill about 221m (724 feet in elevation located 6km (4 miles east of Haddington in East Lothian, Scotland. Arthur's Seat is the main peak of the group of hills which form most of Holyrood Park, a remarkably wild piece of highland landscape in the centre of the city of Duddingston is a former village in the east of Edinburgh, Scotland, next to Holyrood Park. Inveresk ( Gaelic: Inbhir Easg) was formerly a village and now forms the southern part of Musselburgh. If the excavations of the late 1980s did not disprove this view, it at least demonstrated that the position was somewhat more complex.
The dig revealed clear signs of habitation from the first and second centuries AD (which is consistent with Ptolemy's reference to Alauna). Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca Interestingly, these signs of occupation included a good deal of Roman material including pottery, bronzes and brooches. This may reflect a trading relationship between the Votadini and the Romans beginning with Agricola's foray north and continuing through to the establishment of the Antonine Wall when the Romans temporarily established themselves nearby at Cramond. Gnaeus Julius Agricola ( June 13, 40 &ndash August 23, 93) was a Roman general responsible for much of the Roman conquest of The Antonine Wall is a stone and turf Fortification, built by the Romans across what is now the Central belt of Scotland Cramond is a seaside Village now part of suburban Edinburgh, Scotland, located in the north-west corner of the city at the mouth of the River Almond From this point onwards there is strong evidence pointing towards continuous habitation of the site through to the present—albeit with fluctuations in population levels.
The Dark Ages
The castle does not re-appear in known historical records from the time of Ptolemy until around AD 600. Then, in the brythonic epic Y Gododdin we find a reference to Din Eidyn, "the stronghold of Eidyn". The Brythonic languages (or Brittonic languages or British languages) form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family the other being Y Gododdin (pronounced /ə gɔ'dɔðɪn/ is a medieval Welsh poem consisting of a series of elegies to the men of the Brythonic kingdom of The poem tells of the Gododdin King Mynyddog Mwynfawr[5] and his band of warriors who, after a year of feasting in their fortress, set out to do battle with the Angles in the area of contemporary Yorkshire. The Gododdin (goˈdoðin were a Brythonic people of north-eastern Britain (modern north-east England and south-east Scotland) in the sub-Roman The Angles is a modern English word for a Germanic-speaking people who took their name from the cultural ancestral region of Angeln, a modern district located in Despite performing glorious deeds of valour and bravery the Brythons were massacred.
How far this poetic account of events should be believed is debatable. Moreover, it is by no means universally accepted that the site of Edinburgh Castle and the Hall of Eidyn are synonymous. The archaeological evidence is equivocal; for the relevant period it is entirely based on analysis of midden heaps from which few conclusions can be derived about the status of the settlement during this period. A midden, also known as a kitchen midden, or a shell heap, is a dump for domestic waste. Moreover, only the lower ward of the castle has been subject to thorough archaeological scrutiny.
What is known is that at some time after the events related in Y Gododdin, Din Eidyn was besieged by the Angles and fell to them. It is during this period of Anglian rule that Edinburgh acquires its name, made up from its ancient name Dunedin and Anglian burgh ("city"). Of the fate of the settlement on the Castle Rock during this period, however, little can be said.
The High Middle Ages
- Further information: Scotland in the High Middle Ages
It is not until the latter half of the 11th century that the castle begins to emerge from the historical accounts. The history of Scotland in the High Middle Ages covers Scotland in the era between the death of Domnall II in 900 AD and the death of king Alexander III John of Fordun's account of the death of King Malcolm III places his widow, the future Saint Margaret, at the "Castle of Maidens" when she learns of his death in 1093. John of Fordun (d c 1384 was a Scottish Chronicler. It is generally stated that he was born at Fordoun, Mearns. Máel Coluim mac Donnchada ( Modern Gaelic: Maol Chaluim mac Dhonnchaidh) called in most Anglicised regnal lists Malcolm III, and in later centuries Saint Margaret (c 1045 – 16 November 1093 was the sister of Edgar Ætheling, the short-ruling and uncrowned Anglo-Saxon King of England.
Although it is somewhat anachronistic to speak of royal capitals during this period of Scottish history, Dunfermline rather than Edinburgh was the primary royal residence during the reign of Malcolm III. Dunfermline (Scottish Gaelic Dùn Phàrlain is a town and former Royal Burgh in Fife. This began to change though during the reign of his youngest son, King David I. David I or Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim ( Modern: Daibhidh I mac Chaluim; b
King David's largest contribution to the development of Edinburgh as a site of royal power undoubtedly lay in his administrative reforms. However, he is also credited with effecting more tangible changes to the fabric of the castle. Of these (for reasons discussed below) only St. Margaret's Chapel remains. St Margaret's Chapel, the oldest surviving building in Edinburgh Castle, is a fine example of Norman architecture and the oldest building in Edinburgh But, knowing that the first meeting of the Scottish Parliament occurred at the castle around 1140,[6] it seems there were other, large buildings occupying the rock at this time. This article is about the pre-1707 parliament The article on the devolved legislative body established in 1999 is at Scottish Parliament. Given that the southern part of the Upper Ward (where Crown Square is now sited) was not amenable to being built upon until the construction of the vaults in the fifteenth century it seems probable that these earlier buildings would have been located towards the Northern part of the rock; that is around the area where St. Margaret's Chapel stands. This has led to a suggestion that the chapel is the last remnant of a square, stone keep which would have formed the bulk of the twelfth-century fortification. [7]
Wars of Scottish Independence
In 1296, King Edward I of England invaded Scotland, sparking the First War of Scottish Independence. Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307 popularly known as Longshanks, was a King of England who achieved historical fame by conquering large parts of Wales and almost The First War of Scottish Independence lasted from the outbreak of the war with the invasion by England in 1296 until the De jure restoration of Scottish independence Edinburgh Castle soon came under English control after a brief resistance. A large garrison was installed, 347 strong in 1300. After the death of Edward I in 1307, however, England's control over Scotland weakened. In the spring of 1314, a surprise night attack led by Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray, recaptured the castle. Thomas Randolph 1st Earl of Moray (died 20 July 1332) was Regent of Scotland an important figure in the Scottish Wars of Independence It was a daring plan, involving a party of thirty hand-picked men making a difficult ascent up the north precipice and taking the garrison by surprise. Robert the Bruce immediately ordered the destruction of its defences to prevent re-occupation by the English. Shortly after, Bruce's army secured victory at the Battle of Bannockburn. The Battle of Bannockburn ( Blàr Allt a' Bhonnaich in Gaelic (24 June 1314 was a significant Scottish victory in the Wars of Scottish Independence
After Bruce's death, another dispute of the rightful heir to the throne, which had its origins in the Great Cause, broke out, leading to the Second War of Scottish Independence; that eventually caused the castle to again come under English control. With the death of Alexander III of Scotland in 1286 without a male heir the throne of Scotland had become the possession of the three-year old Margaret Maid The Second War of Scottish Independence began properly in 1333 when Edward III of England overturned the 1328 Treaty of Northampton, under which England recognised Major repairs were carried out, but these proved ineffective against another assault in April 1341, this time led by William Douglas, 1st Earl of Douglas. William Douglas 1st Earl of Douglas (c 1327 &ndash 1384 was a Scottish nobleman Douglas's party disguised as merchants bringing supplies to the garrison, and managed to drop its loads at the castle gate, preventing their closure. A larger force hidden nearby rushed to join them and the castle was ruthlessly retaken.
Current Structure
At the top of the Royal Mile, in front of the castle, is a long sloping forecourt known as the Esplanade, originally constructed as a parade ground in 1753. The Royal Mile is the popular name for the succession of streets which form the main thoroughfare of Edinburgh's Old Town. An esplanade is a long open level area usually next to a river or large body of water where people may walk It is upon this Esplanade that the famous Edinburgh Military Tattoo takes place annually. The Edinburgh Military Tattoo is an annual Military tattoo given by British Armed Forces, Commonwealth and International Military bands and display From the Esplanade may be seen the Half Moon Battery, which is a dominant feature visible in Alexander Nasmyth's painting. Alexander Nasmyth ( 9 September 1758 &ndash 10 April 1840) was a Scottish Portrait and landscape painter This drum-shaped fortification, completed in 1588 after the Lang Siege, incorporates the ruined remains of the Keep of 1364, known as David's Tower. A keep is a strong central Tower which is used as a dungeon or a fortress
The castle proper is entered through a Gatehouse in front of the Half Moon Battery. A gatehouse is a feature of European Castles Manor houses and Mansions Originally a gatehouse was a fortified structure built over the gateway This structure was built as an architecturally cosmetic addition to the castle in 1888. Statues of Robert the Bruce and William Wallace flanking the entrance were added in 1929. Robert I King of Scots ( 11 July, 1274 &ndash 7 June, 1329) usually known in modern English as Robert the Bruce ( Sir William Wallace ( Scottish Gaelic: Uilleam Uallas; c 1272 – 23 August 1305 was a Scottish Knight, Landowner, and Patriot The dry ditch and Drawbridge in front of the entrance, however, date from the time of the New Model Army's occupation of the castle in the 1650s. A drawbridge is a type of Movable bridge typically associated with the entrance of a Castle. The New Model Army was formed in 1645 by the Parliamentarians in the English Civil War. The road leads upward and around to the right of the battery and through an older Portcullis Gate built after the Lang Siege of 1571–73, replacing the ruined Constable's Tower. A portcullis is a latticed Grille or Gate made of wood metal or a combination of the two
David's Tower and the Lang Siege
David's Tower was commissioned in 1386 by Robert the Bruce's son, David II of Scotland. Robert I King of Scots ( 11 July, 1274 &ndash 7 June, 1329) usually known in modern English as Robert the Bruce ( Daibhidh a Briuis ( Modern Gaelic: Dàibhidh Bruis) anglicised as David II ( 5 March 1324 &ndash 22 February David's tower was enormous by standards of the time, standing on the site of the present Half Moon Battery at 30 metres in height, with three stories—twice as high as the Half Moon Battery. The tower initially served as the principal entrance to the castle, but by later years it was expanded to include many more rooms for guests and visiting nobility, and the original main entrance became boxed off by a guest room.
When the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, married James Hepburn in 1567, a large proportion of the (Protestant) nobility rebelled, resulting ultimately in the imprisonment of Mary in Loch Leven Castle. The Catholic Church in Scotland ( Scottish Gaelic: An Eaglais Caitligeach) describes the organisation of the worldwide Roman Catholic Church in James Hepburn can refer to James Hepburn (bishop (d 1524 Bishop of Moray James Hepburn 4th Earl of Bothwell (d Loch Leven Castle is a ruined Castle on an island in Loch Leven, in the Perth and Kinross region of Scotland. Although she eventually escaped and fled to England, some of the nobility remained faithful to Mary, retaining Edinburgh Castle. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Sir William Kirkcaldy of Grange held the castle under the Lang Siege (Long Siege) for a year, until 1573, when the infant King James VI's regent, Regent Morton, requested assistance from Queen Elizabeth I of England. Sir William Kirkcaldy of Grange (c 1520 - August 3, 1573) Scottish Politician and general was the eldest son of Sir James James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James A regent, from the Latin regens "who reigns" is a person selected to act as Head of state (ruling or not because the ruler is a minor James Douglas jure uxoris 4th Earl of Morton (c 1525 &ndash June 2, 1581) was the last of the four Regents of Scotland during Heavy guns were dispatched to the castle from Berwick, and within ten days of the commencement of the stronghold's bombardment with these guns in May of that year, David's Tower collapsed. Berwick-upon-Tweed ( ˈbɛrɪk- ( Scots: Berwick or historically South Berwick) situated in the county of Northumberland, is the northernmost
The collapse of this tower blocked off the single source of water for the castle, the Fore Well, and within a few days the castle surrendered, around two weeks after the arrival of the new guns. Sir William was soon hanged, and much of the castle was subsequently rebuilt, including prominent new defences, such as the new Half Moon Battery. King James VI seldom visited Edinburgh Castle, however, preferring to stay at Holyrood Palace. The Palace of Holyroodhouse, or informally Holyrood Palace, founded as a monastery by David I of Scotland in 1128, has served as the principal residence His successor, King Charles I, visited only once, the night before his coronation as King of Scots in 1633, the last occasion that a reigning monarch has resided in the castle. Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. The monarch of Scotland was the Head of state of the Kingdom of Scotland.
Half Moon Battery
The Half Moon Battery was duly constructed on the site of the old David's Tower after the Lang Siege, as part of the reconstruction works supervised by James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton. James Douglas jure uxoris 4th Earl of Morton (c 1525 &ndash June 2, 1581) was the last of the four Regents of Scotland during This magnificent set of defences, prominent on the East side of the castle today, sits over the old ruins, and several rooms from the ground and first floors of the tower still exist underneath the Battery, with windows facing out onto the interior wall of the Battery. Several of these are accessible to the public, although the lower (Ground Floor) elements are generally closed.
The inaccessible areas include a former master Guest Bedroom, and a three-story room outside the original David's Tower (with large portions of the exterior wall still visible) created by the imposition of the Battery formerly used to house Pigeons for consumption during the winter months. The walls of these sections are correspondingly pitted with chunks of stone removed to provide nesting places for the birds. The Half Moon Battery was completed in 1588.
Crown Square
Crown Square is the citadel at the top of the castle. It was created in the 15th century, during the reign of King James III, as the principal courtyard of the castle, at a time when Edinburgh finally emerged as the capital of the Kingdom of Scotland. James III (c 1451/1452 &ndash 11 June 1488) was King of Scots from 1460 to 1488 The Kingdom of Scotland ( Gaelic: Rìoghachd na h-Alba, Scots: Kinrick o Scotland) was a State in northwest Europe The foundations were formed by the construction of a series of large stone vaults built into the uneven Castle Rock. The name Crown Square came into use after the recovery of the Honours of Scotland in 1818; before that time it was known as Palace Yard. The square is formed by the National War Memorial to the North, the Royal Palace block to the East, the Great Hall to the South and the Queen Anne Building to the West.
Royal Palace
These are the former Royal Apartments, dating from the 15th century and were the residence of the later Stewart monarchs. The House of Stuart or Stewart was a Royal house of the Kingdom of Scotland, later also of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of It reached its peak of importance during the reign of Mary Queen of Scots and includes a small room known as Birth Chamber or Mary Room where King James VI of Scotland, who was to also become James I of England was born to Mary, Queen of Scots. James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James Mary, who had a strong claim to the throne of England, incited the concern of her cousin, Elizabeth I of England, who Mary later sought the safety of after the Battle of Carberry Hill, imprisoned and eventually beheaded her. The Kings of Wessex, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825 became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during The Battle of Carberry Hill took place on the 15th June 1567 near Musselburgh, a few miles east of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. The building was extensively remodelled for the visit of King James VI to the castle in 1617.
The Crown Room
This vaulted Strongroom is located on the first floor of the Royal Palace building and contains the Honours of Scotland. A bank vault is a secure space where Money, valuables records and documents can be stored The Honours of Scotland, also known as the Scottish regalia and the Scottish Crown Jewels, dating from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries are the oldest set of These are the Scottish Crown Jewels and Regalia. They include the Crown of Scotland, sceptre and sword of state. The Crown of Scotland was remade in its modern form for King James V of Scotland in 1540 The crown dates from 1540, is made of Scottish gold and is set with 94 pearls, ten diamonds and 33 other precious and semi-precious gemstones. Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 A pearl is a hard roundish object produced within the soft tissue (specifically the mantle) of a living shelled Mollusk. In Mineralogy, diamond is the allotrope of carbon where the carbon atoms are arranged in A gemstone or gem, also called a precious or semi-precious stone, is a piece of attractive Mineral, which &mdash when cut and polished &mdash The Sceptre is also made of gold, and topped with a large Rock Crystal (Quartz). Quartz (from German) is the most abundant Mineral in the Earth 's Continental crust (although Feldspar is more common in The most treasured possession of Scotland is also located among the honours. It is the Stone of Destiny, otherwise known as the Stone of Scone, upon which the monarchs of Scotland are traditionally crowned. The Stone of Scone (ˈskuːn also commonly known as the Stone of Destiny or the Coronation Stone is an oblong block of red Sandstone, about by by in The monarch of Scotland was the Head of state of the Kingdom of Scotland. It had been taken to England and incorporated into the Coronation Chair in Westminster Abbey but was returned to Scotland in 1996 on the understanding that it be returned to Westminster for subsequent coronations. King Edward's Chair, sometimes known as St Edward's Chair or The Coronation Chair, is the throne on which the British monarch sits for the coronation The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church
The Great Hall
The Great Hall of the Castle was built in 1513 on the orders of King James IV as the chief place of State Assembly in the castle. James IV ( 17 March 1473 &ndash 9 September 1513) was King of Scots from 11 June 1488 to his death It still has its original Hammerbeam roof, one of the most important timber roofs in Scotland. Hammerbeam roof, in Architecture, the name given to a Gothic open Timber Roof, of which the finest example is that over Westminster It was used for meetings of the Parliament of Scotland prior to the building of Parliament Hall next to St Giles Cathedral in 1639. This article is about the pre-1707 parliament The article on the devolved legislative body established in 1999 is at Scottish Parliament. Parliament House in Edinburgh, Scotland, was home to the pre-1707 Parliament of Scotland, and now houses the Supreme Courts of Scotland. A prominent feature of the Edinburgh skyline St Giles' Cathedral or the High Kirk of Edinburgh is a Church of Scotland place of worship decorating the During the Interregnum in the 1650s, the Great Hall was converted into a barracks by the New Model Army under General George Monck and was further altered in 1737 to house 312 soldiers. The Commonwealth of England was the Republican government which ruled first England (including Wales) and then Ireland and Scotland The New Model Army was formed in 1645 by the Parliamentarians in the English Civil War. George Monck 1st Duke of Albemarle, KG ( 6 December 1608 &ndash 3 January 1670) was an English soldier and politician Following the construction of the New Barracks in the 1790s, it became a military hospital until 1887. It was then restored by the architect Hippolyte Blanc in the contemporary Victorian vernacular. Hippolyte Jean Blanc ( 8 August 1844 &ndash 17 March 1917) was a Scottish Architect. The term Victorian architecture can refer to one of a number of Architectural styles predominantly employed during the Victorian era. The Great Hall is still sometimes used for ceremonial occasions and is often a popular venue on Hogmanay for BBC Scotland's Hogmanay Live programme. Hogmanay ( pronounced &mdash with the main stress on the last syllable is the Scots word for the last day of the year and is synonymous with the celebration of the Hogmanay Live is BBC Scotland 's annual live event programme broadcast from either Edinburgh Castle 's Great Hall or BBC Scotland 's Pacific
Queen Anne Building
In the Middle Ages, this area housed the kitchens serving the adjacent Great Hall. The present building was named for Queen Anne and built during the attempted invasion by the Old Pretender in 1708. Anne (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714 became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702 succeeding William III of England and II of Prince James Prince of Wales (James Francis Edward Stuart " The Old Pretender " or " The Old Chevalier " 10 June 1688 – 1 January 1766 was the It was designed by Captain Theodore Dury, military engineer for Scotland, who also designed the eponymous Dury's Battery on the south side of the castle in 1713. The building provided accommodation for Staff Officers. It was remodelled in 1933 as the Naval and Military Museum to complement the newly-opened Scottish National War Memorial.
Scottish National War Memorial
St. Mary's Church originally stood on this site in the Middle Ages but this was converted into an armoury in 1540 and demolished in 1755 to make room for the new North Barrack Block. The barracks was vacated by the Army in 1923, who moved to Redford Barracks. Redford Cavalry and Infantry Barracks are located on Colinton Road near the Edinburgh City Bypass, east of the suburb of Colinton in Edinburgh, Scotland It was then adapted by Sir Robert Lorimer as the Scottish National War Memorial, to commemorate Scots and those serving with Scottish regiments who had died in the First World War and subsequent conflicts. Sir Robert Stodart Lorimer (1864–1929 was a prolific Scottish Architect noted for his restoration work on Historic houses and Castles, A Scottish regiment is any Regiment (or similar military unit that at some time in its history has or had a name that referred to Scotland or some part thereof World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The conversion was formally opened on 14 July 1927. Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. Year 1927 ( MCMXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The stained-glass windows are by Douglas Strachan. For the Blackford Oakes novel see Stained Glass (novel The term stained glass refers either to the material of coloured Glass or to the art Dr (Robert Douglas Strachan (1875-1950 was a Scottish designer of Stained glass windows As a mark of respect, photography is prohibited within this building. [8]
National War Museum of Scotland
Two stores for munitions were built on either side of a courtyard to a design by William Skinner in 1753. The National War Museum is housed in Edinburgh, and forms part of the National Museums of Scotland. Skinner, a military engineer, is best known for his design of Fort George near Inverness. See also Fort George disambiguation page Fort George, Ardersier, Highland, Scotland, is a large 18th century Inverness (Inbhir Nis iɲɪɾʲˈniʃ is a city in northern Scotland. The main gunpowder magazine also originally stood on the west side of the courtyard. This was demolished in 1887 and the two storehouses remodelled as a military hospital, formerly housed in the Great Hall. The north storehouse now houses the National War Museum of Scotland. The museum forms part of the National Museums of Scotland. National Museums Scotland is the family of several National museums in Scotland. It was formerly known as the Scottish United Services Museum, and, prior to this, the Scottish Naval and Military Museum, when it was housed in the Queen Anne Building. It covers Scottish military history and wars over the past 400 years and includes a wide range of military artefacts, such as uniforms, medals and weapons. Historically Scotland has a long military tradition that predates the Act of Union with England. The exhibitions also place a lot of emphasis on explaining the history and causes behind the many wars Scotland has been involved in.
St. Margaret's Chapel
The oldest building in the castle, and in Edinburgh, is the small St. St Margaret's Chapel, the oldest surviving building in Edinburgh Castle, is a fine example of Norman architecture and the oldest building in Edinburgh Margaret's Chapel, which dates to the start of the 12th century. King David I built it as a private chapel for the royal family and dedicated it to his mother, Saint Margaret of Scotland, who died in the castle in 1093. David I or Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim ( Modern: Daibhidh I mac Chaluim; b Saint Margaret (c 1045 – 16 November 1093 was the sister of Edgar Ætheling, the short-ruling and uncrowned Anglo-Saxon King of England.
Robert the Bruce had the Castle destroyed by his lieutenant, Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray, to prevent English capture in the event of an unsuccessful battle at Bannockburn; however, he relented over the chapel and ordered its restoration. Robert I King of Scots ( 11 July, 1274 &ndash 7 June, 1329) usually known in modern English as Robert the Bruce ( Thomas Randolph 1st Earl of Moray (died 20 July 1332) was Regent of Scotland an important figure in the Scottish Wars of Independence The Battle of Bannockburn ( Blàr Allt a' Bhonnaich in Gaelic (24 June 1314 was a significant Scottish victory in the Wars of Scottish Independence In any event, the campaign was a success and Robert the Bruce defeated Edward II. For the play see Edward II (play. For the film see Edward II (film.
This building is still used for various religious ceremonies such as weddings and christenings, with a capacity of approximately 25 people.
A Garrison Fortress
After the Restoration in 1660, King Charles II opted to maintain a full-time standing army based on Cromwell's New Model Army, which maintained a continuous garrison at the castle until the end of the First World War. The 52nd Infantry Brigade is a Scottish formation in the British Army. Public duties are performed by military personnel and usually have a ceremonial or historic significance rather than an overtly operational role The Royal Regiment of Scotland (SCOTS is the senior and only Scottish Line infantry regiment of the British Army Infantry. The English Restoration, or simply The Restoration began in 1660 when the English monarchy, Scottish monarchy and Irish monarchy were restored Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. A standing army is an Army composed of full time career Soldiers who 'stand over' in other words who do not disband during times of peace Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style &ndash 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known The New Model Army was formed in 1645 by the Parliamentarians in the English Civil War. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All During that time the medieval royal castle was transformed into a garrison fortress, but was still subject to attack. In 1689, the Duke of Gordon unsuccessfully defended the castle for King James VII after he was exiled in the Glorious Revolution. George Gordon 1st Duke of Gordon KT PC (1649&ndash December 7 1716) styled the Marquess of Huntly from 1661 to 1684 was a Scottish James II of England and Ireland James VII of Scotland (14 October 1633 &ndash 16 September 1701 was King of England, King of Scots, Later that same year James The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (VII of Scotland in 1688 by a union After the castle was almost taken in the First Jacobite Rising in 1715, major fortifications were carried out. The Jacobite Risings were a series of uprisings rebellions and wars in the kingdoms of England, Kingdom of Scotland (later the United Kingdom of Great Britain Throughout the 1720s and 1730s, most of the artillery defences and Bastions on the north and west sides of the castle were built under the instruction of Field Marshal George Wade and designed by William Adam; these include the Argyle Battery, Mills Mount Battery, Low Defence and Forewall Battery. A bastion is a structure projecting outward from the main enclosure of a Fortification, situated in both corners of a straight wall (termed curtain with the shape For other meanings see Field Marshal (disambiguation Field marshal is a military officer rank Field Marshal George Wade (1673– March 14, 1748) served as a British military commander and Commander-in-Chief of the Forces. William Adam (1689 &ndash 24 June 1748 was a Scottish Architect, mason, and Entrepreneur. The last military action the castle saw was during the 1745 Jacobite Rising, when Bonnie Prince Charlie failed to take the fortress. The Jacobite Risings were a series of uprisings rebellions and wars in the kingdoms of England, Kingdom of Scotland (later the United Kingdom of Great Britain For the US politician see Charles E Stuart For "Betty Burke" see The 'Forty-Five' below Over the next century, the castle vaults were used to hold prisoners of war during several conflicts, such as the Seven Years' War, the American War of Independence and the Napoleonic wars. The Seven Years' War (1756&ndash1763 involved all of the major European powers of the period causing 900000 to 1400000 deaths In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions The military prison was built in 1842 for the castle garrison and was extended in the 1880s. A military prison is a Prison operated by the Military. Military prisons are used variously to house Prisoners of war, Enemy combatants, those It was last used in 1923, when the garrison moved to Redford Barracks. Redford Cavalry and Infantry Barracks are located on Colinton Road near the Edinburgh City Bypass, east of the suburb of Colinton in Edinburgh, Scotland
Although the castle is now largely a tourist attraction, it still has a function as a military headquarters of the British Army. The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. The Governor's House was built in 1742 and used until the post of Governor was abolished in 1860; it was then used by Nurses of the castle hospital. Today, it functions as an officers' mess and the office of the Governor, a Crown appointment restored for purely ceremonial purposes in 1935. MESS ( Multi Emulator Super System) is an Emulator for many game consoles and computer systems based on the MAME core Below is an incomplete list of Governors of Edinburgh Castle, in Edinburgh, Scotland. The New Barrack Block, completed in 1799 to replace the outdated accommodation in the Great Hall, now houses the headquarters of the 52nd Infantry Brigade, the Regimental Headquarters of the Royal Regiment of Scotland, and the regimental Headquarters and museum of the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards (Carabiniers and Greys). The 52nd Infantry Brigade is a Scottish formation in the British Army. The Royal Regiment of Scotland (SCOTS is the senior and only Scottish Line infantry regiment of the British Army Infantry. The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards (Carabiniers and Greys (SCOTS DG is a cavalry regiment of the British Army, and the senior Scottish regiment. Also nearby, at the former Royal Scots drill hall, constructed in 1900, is the regimental museum of the Royal Scots (The Royal Regiment). A drill hall is a place such as a building or a hangar where people go to practice and perform military drill. The Royal Scots (The Royal Regiment, once known as the Royal Regiment of Foot, was the oldest and therefore most senior Infantry Regiment of the line Both the museums are open to the public and entry is free for those already within the castle.
Traditions
Military Tattoo
A series of spectacular performances known as the Edinburgh Military Tattoo takes place on the Esplanade each year during August. The Edinburgh Military Tattoo is an annual Military tattoo given by British Armed Forces, Commonwealth and International Military bands and display The Royal Marines ( RM) are the marine corps and amphibious Infantry of the United Kingdom and along with the Royal Navy The basis of the performance is a parade of the pipes and drums of the Scottish regiments, but after more than fifty years, the Tattoo has developed a complex format which includes many invited performers as diverse as (in 2006) a Choir of Ugandan orphans and a Kung Fu troupe. A pipe band is a musical ensemble consisting of pipers and Drummers The term used by military pipe bands Pipes and Drums, is also common A Scottish regiment is any Regiment (or similar military unit that at some time in its history has or had a name that referred to Scotland or some part thereof The Republic of Uganda is a Landlocked country in East Africa. Kung fu and wushu are popular terms that have become synonymous with Chinese Martial arts. The climax of the evening is the haunting sound of a lone piper playing a pibroch in memory of dead comrades in arms from the castle battlements, followed by the tremendous noise of the massed bands joining in a medley of Scotland's most rousing tunes. A pibroch (IPA) is a classical music form native to the Scottish Highlands and performed on the Great Highland Bagpipe. Because of the enormous popularity of the Tattoo it is broadcast in Canada, New Zealand, Australia and Germany. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.
One O'Clock Gun
The One O'Clock Gun is fired every day (except Sunday) at precisely 13:00, allowing citizens and visitors to check their clocks and watches. The origin of the tradition lies in the days before accurate timepieces, when sailing ships in the Firth of Forth needed a reliable time signal to check their marine chronometers. The Firth of Forth ( Scottish Gaelic: Linne Foirthe) is the Estuary or Firth of Scotland's River Forth, where it flows A time signal is a visible audible mechanical or electronic signal used as a reference to determine the time of day A marine chronometer is a timekeeper precise enough to be used as a portable Time standard; it can therefore be used to determine Longitude by means of Celestial
In 1861, Captain Wauchope, a Scottish officer in the Royal Navy, invented the time ball, still seen today on top of Nelson's Monument, Calton Hill. For the namesake of Wauchope New South Wales see Robert Wauch. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) Timeball stationjpg|thumb|right|The Port Lyttelton, New Zealand timeball started signaling Greenwich mean time to ships in the harbor beginning in 1876 Nelson's Monument is a commemorative tower to Admiral Horatio Nelson, situated on top of Calton Hill, Edinburgh, Scotland. Calton Hill is a hill in central Edinburgh, Scotland, just to the east of the New Town.
At one o'clock the ball drops giving the signal to sailors, but this meant that someone would have to be looking out for it and it often could not be seen in foggy weather.
So, in the same year the gun was fired simultaneously to the time ball dropping. It was originally an 18-pound muzzle loading cannon, which needed four men to load; fire was fired from the Half Moon Battery.
The gun could be easily heard by ships in Leith Harbour, 2 miles (3. Formerly a municipal Burgh, Leith (Lìte is a district in the north of the city of Edinburgh at the mouth of the Water of Leith and is the port 2 km) away. The cannon was replaced with a 25-pound Howitzer in 1953, and more recently by the L118 Light Gun. The Ordnance QF 25 pounder, or more simply 25-pounder or 25-pdr, was the major British Field gun / Howitzer that was introduced The L118 Light Gun is a 105 mm towed Howitzer, originally produced for the British Army in the 1970s and widely exported since including to the United It is now fired from Mill's Mount Battery on the North face of the Castle by the District Gunner from 105th Regiment Royal Artillery (Volunteers). Because sound travels slowly (approx. 343 m/s), maps have been produced to show the actual time when the sound of the gun was heard at various locations in Edinburgh. [9]
Although the gun is no longer required for its original purpose, the ceremony has become a popular tourist attraction. One of the District Gunners, Staff Sergeant Thomas McKay MBE—popularly known as "Tam the Gun"—was the longest-running District Gunner to fire the One O'Clock Gun, from 1979 until his death in 2005. The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British Order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by King George V. He also opened a small museum about the Gun in the castle and was seen every Hogmanay signalling the new year by firing his gun. Hogmanay ( pronounced &mdash with the main stress on the last syllable is the Scots word for the last day of the year and is synonymous with the celebration of the
The Gun is also fired to mark the arrival of the New Year as part of Edinburgh's Hogmanay celebrations. The New Year is an event that happens when a Culture celebrates the end of one Year and the beginning of the next year
Mons Meg
The great fifteenth-century siege gun Mons Meg can be seen today outside St. Mons Meg is a large bombard now located at Edinburgh Castle, Scotland. A siege engine is a device that is designed to Break or circumvent City walls and other Fortifications in Siege warfare. Margaret's Chapel. The six-ton bombard faces North across the city. A bombard is a type of Medieval Cannon or mortar, used chiefly in Sieges for throwing heavy stone balls From this vantage, modern visitors to the castle will be able to see the city's Botanic Gardens, which lie roughly 3. The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh is both a scientific institution and a tourist attraction 2 kilometres from the castle (almost 2 miles). It was on this site that one of the cannon's 150-kilogram (330 lb) gun stones was found to have landed, when it was fired from the Castle in celebration of the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots, to the French dauphin François II in 1558. The Dauphin of France (Dauphin de France—strictly Dauphin of Viennois ( Dauphin de Viennois)—was the title given to the Heir apparent of the Francis II (François II (19 January 1544 &ndash 5 December 1560 King-consort of Scotland (1558&ndash1560 and King of France (1559 &ndash 1560 was born Mons Meg has been defunct since her barrel burst on 14 October 1681 when firing a birthday salute for the Duke of Albany. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces James II of England and Ireland James VII of Scotland (14 October 1633 &ndash 16 September 1701 was King of England, King of Scots, Later that same year James
Link with Nova Scotia
In 1621, King James VI granted Sir William Alexander the land in North America between New England and Newfoundland as Nova Scotia ("New Scotland"). James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James For others with similar names see William Alexander (disambiguation. History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the Newfoundland — ˈn(jufənˌlænd (Terre-Neuve Talamh an Éisc — is a large island 15 km off the east coast of Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's To promote the settlement and plantation of Nova Scotia, the Baronetage of Nova Scotia was created. Fundamentally a plantation is usually a large Farm or estate, especially in a tropical or semitropical country on which Cotton, Tobacco Baronetage of England (1611-1705 King James I erected the hereditary Order of Baronets in England on 22 May 1611 for the settlement of Ireland
Under Scots Law, baronets could receive their patents in Edinburgh rather than London. Scots law is a unique legal system with an ancient basis in Roman law. A baronet (traditional abbreviation Bart, modern abbreviation Bt) or the rare female equivalent a baronetess (abbreviation Btss) is the holder A patent is a set of Exclusive rights granted by a State to an inventor or his assignee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an They had to "take sasine" by symbolically receiving the "earth and stone" of the land of which they were baronet. Definition Sasine ( Scots law) The delivery of feudal property typically land To make this possible, since Nova Scotia was far distant, a part of Edinburgh Castle was deemed granted to Sir William as part of Nova Scotia, and was declared Nova Scotian territory for this purpose. In return, the prospective baronets undertook to pay Sir William 1000 merks for his "past charges in discoverie of the said country". A merk was a Scottish Silver Coin. Originally the same word as a mark of silver the merk was in circulation at the end of the 16th century and The law has never been repealed and the small part of Nova Scotia now lies under the Esplanade.
Trivia
- John Allan (1747–1805), an officer in the American Revolutionary War, was born in Edinburgh Castle. REDIRECT John Allan (colonel In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" [10]
- On a ledge beneath St. Margaret's Chapel, there is a (Victorian) cemetery for the pets of soldiers and regimental mascot dogs residing at the castle which have died over the years. Culture The Victorian fascination with novelty resulted in a deep interest in the relationship between modernity and cultural continuities
- The climactic scene of the film The Debt Collector, starring Billy Connolly, is filmed at the castle. The Debt Collector is a 1999 thriller written and directed by Scottish dramatist Anthony Neilson and starring Billy Connolly, Ken Stott Billy Connolly, CBE (born William Connolly Jr on 24 November, 1942) is a Scottish
- The Edinburgh Castle can be seen in Microsoft's racing game Project Gotham Racing 2 on several Edinburgh-located tracks. Project Gotham Racing 2 ( PGR2 for short is a Racing game for the Xbox, developed by Bizarre Creations and published
References and footnotes
- ^ "The refurbished Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum has knocked Edinburgh Castle off the top spot as Scotland's busiest tourist attraction.", BBC News Scotland, accessed 3 May 2007
- ^ Scottish Cabinet page
- ^ cf. Stuart, H. Place Names of Edinburgh p. 1
- ^ Driscoll & Yeoman Excavations within Edinburgh Castle in 1988-91
- ^ It has been suggested that this is not in fact a proper name of a ruler at all, but rather adjectives used to refer to the warband as a whole. For further discussion cf. Koch Thoughts on the Ur-Goddodin in Language Sciences 15 (1993), 81 and Isaac Mynyddogg Mwynfawr in Bull Board Celtic Studies, 37 (1990) 111
- ^ Historic Scotland Edinburgh Castle p. 49
- ^ Fernie Early Church Architecture in Scotland Proceedings of the Antiquarian Society of Scotland, 116 (1986) 393
- ^ Scottish National War Memorial
- ^ Edinburgh Time Gun - Story
- ^ (1967) Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607-1896. Marquis Who's Who.
Bibliography
- This bibliography refers only to books used. Additional material drawn from Journal articles are cited, as used, amongst the references and footnotes above.
Driscoll & Yeoman Excavations within Edinburgh Castle in 1988-91 ISBN 0903903121
Harpers Handbooks Harpers Handbook to Edinburgh (1981) ISBN 0907686001
Harris, Stewart The Place Names of Edinburgh: Their Origins and History ISBN 1904246060
Historic Scotland Edinburgh Castle : Official Guide ISBN 1903570336
Scott-Moncrieff Edinburgh ISBN 0050018299
See also
External links
- The original Edinburgh Castle website
- The official Edinburgh Castle website
- Undiscovered Scotland's page on Edinburgh Castle
- Ceiling collapse in one of the anterooms adjacent to Laich Hall in 2005
- Sir William Alexander
- Edinburgh Castle History with Timeline
- History of Edinburgh Castle
- The eagles captured by Ewart at Waterloo are in the castle museum along with the famous painting of The Thin Red Line.
- MOD website feature on Edinburgh Castle
- An historical tour of Edinburgh Castle
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