| City Of Edinburgh Scotland | |
| Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Èideann | |
| Scots: Edinburgh, Embra, Embro, Edinburrie | |
| Auld Reekie, Athens of the North | |
  City Of Edinburgh Scotland shown within Scotland |
|
| Area[1] | 100 sq mi (259 km²) |
|---|---|
| Population | 448,624 (2001 Census) |
| Urban | 1,250,000 |
| OS grid reference | |
| - London | 332 miles (535 km) SSE |
| Council area | City of Edinburgh |
| Lieutenancy area | Edinburgh |
| Constituent country | Scotland |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | EDINBURGH |
| Postcode district | EH1-EH13; EH14 (part); EH15-EH17 |
| Dialling code | 0131 |
| Police | |
| Fire | |
| Ambulance | Scottish |
| European Parliament | Scotland |
| UK Parliament | Edinburgh South |
| Edinburgh West | |
| Edinburgh South West | |
| Edinburgh North and Leith Edinburgh East |
|
| Scottish Parliament | Edinburgh North and Leith |
| Edinburgh Central | |
| Edinburgh East and Musselburgh Edinburgh Pentlands Edinburgh South Edinburgh West Lothians |
|
| List of places: UK • Scotland | |
Edinburgh ((listen), pronounced /ˈɛdɪnb(ə)rə/; Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Èideann) is the capital of Scotland, is its second largest city after Glasgow which is situated 45 miles (72 km) to the west, is one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas and is the seventh largest city in the United Kingdom. Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. Scots ( The Scots leid) refers to Anglic varieties derived from early northern Middle English spoken in parts of Scotland and Northern Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology A nationwide Census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday 29 April 2001 The British national grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references commonly used in Great Britain, different from using Latitude and Longitude London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. For local government purposes Scotland is divided into 32 areas designated as "council areas" which are all governed by unitary authorities designated as The politics of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, are evident in the deliberations and decisions of the city council of Edinburgh, in elections to the council The Lieutenancy areas of Scotland are the areas used for the ceremonial lord-lieutenants, the monarch 's representatives in Scotland. Constituent country is a phrase used often by official institutions in contexts in which a country makes up a part of a larger entity or grouping Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. This list of sovereign states, alphabetically arranged gives an overview of States around the world with information on the extent of their Sovereignty. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located A post town is a required part of all postal addresses in the United Kingdom, and a basic unit of the postal delivery system UK Postal codes are known as postcodes. UK postcodes are Alphanumeric. The, also known as the Edinburgh Postcode area, is a group of postal districts around Balerno, Bathgate, Bo'ness, Bonnyrigg The UK Telephone numbering plan, also known as the National Telephone Numbering Plan, is the system used for assigning Telephone numbers in the United There are a number of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom. The fire service in the United Kingdom operates under separate legislative and administrative arrangements in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and SASDivmap copyjpg|right|200px]] Helimed5jpg|thumb|right|EC-135 G-SASA "Helimed 5" based at Glasgow City Heliport]] The Scottish Ambulance Service ( Scottish Scotland constitutes a single Constituency of the European Parliament. This is a list of the 646 constituencies currently represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, as at the 2005 general election Edinburgh South is a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, first used in the general election of 1885 Edinburgh West is a Burgh constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom ( Westminster) first used in the Edinburgh South West is a Scottish constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom ( Westminster) first used Edinburgh North and Leith is a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom ( Westminster) first used in Edinburgh East is a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Scottish Parliament ( Scottish Gaelic: Pàrlamaid na h-Alba; Scots: Scottish Pairlament) is the devlolved national unicameral Edinburgh North and Leith is a constituency of the Scottish Parliament ( Holyrood) Edinburgh Central is a constituency of the Scottish Parliament ( Holyrood) Edinburgh East and Musselburgh is a constituency of the Scottish Parliament ( Holyrood) Edinburgh Pentlands is a constituency of the Scottish Parliament ( Holyrood) Edinburgh South is a constituency of the Scottish Parliament ( Holyrood) Edinburgh West is a constituency of the Scottish Parliament ( Holyrood) Constituencies and council areas The City of Edinburgh and the West Lothian council areas are entirely within the region A Gazetteer of place names in the United Kingdom showing each place's County, Unitary authority or council area and its geographical coordinates This List of places in Scotland is a complete collection of lists of places in Scotland. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom Local government in Scotland is organised through 32 unitary authorities consisting of Councillors elected every four years by registered voters in each of the For local government purposes Scotland is divided into 32 areas designated as "council areas" which are all governed by unitary authorities designated as The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located
Located in the south-east of Scotland, Edinburgh lies on the east coast of Scotland's Central Belt, along the Firth of Forth, near the North Sea. The Central Belt of Scotland is a common term used to describe the area of highest population density within Scotland The Firth of Forth ( Scottish Gaelic: Linne Foirthe) is the Estuary or Firth of Scotland's River Forth, where it flows The North Sea is a marginal, Epeiric sea of the Atlantic Ocean on the European Continental shelf. Owing to its rugged setting and vast collection of Medieval and Georgian architecture, including numerous stone tenements, it is often considered one of the most picturesque cities in Europe. Georgian architecture is the name given in most English -speaking countries to the set of Architectural styles current between 1720 and 1840 Picturesque is an Aesthetic ideal first introduced into English cultural debate in 1782 by William Gilpin in Observations of the River Wye and Several Parts
It forms the City of Edinburgh council area; the city council area includes urban Edinburgh and a 30-square-mile (78 km²) rural area. For local government purposes Scotland is divided into 32 areas designated as "council areas" which are all governed by unitary authorities designated as The politics of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, are evident in the deliberations and decisions of the city council of Edinburgh, in elections to the council
It has been the capital of Scotland since 1437 (replacing Scone) and is the seat of the Scottish Parliament. The Scottish Parliament ( Scottish Gaelic: Pàrlamaid na h-Alba; Scots: Scottish Pairlament) is the devlolved national unicameral The city was one of the major centres of the Enlightenment, led by the University of Edinburgh, earning it the nickname Athens of the North. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century The University of Edinburgh (Oilthigh Dhùn Èideann founded in 1582 is a renowned centre for teaching and research in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. The Old Town and New Town districts of Edinburgh were listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995. The Old Town of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The New Town, a central area of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, is often considered to be a masterpiece of city planning and is a UNESCO United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex There are over 4,500 listed buildings within the city. A listed building in the United Kingdom is a building or other structure officially designated as being of special architectural historical or cultural significance [2] In the census of 2001, Edinburgh had a total resident population of 448,625. A nationwide Census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday 29 April 2001
Edinburgh is well-known for the annual Edinburgh Festival, a collection of official and independent festivals held annually over about four weeks from early August. Edinburgh Festival is a collective term for several simultaneous arts and cultural Festivals which take place during August each year in Edinburgh, The number of visitors attracted to Edinburgh for the Festival is roughly equal to the settled population of the city. The most famous of these events are the Edinburgh Fringe (the largest performing arts festival in the world), the Edinburgh International Festival, the Edinburgh Military Tattoo, the Edinburgh International Film Festival, and the Edinburgh International Book Festival. The Edinburgh Fringe (officially the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, commonly just The Fringe) is the world’s largest Arts festival. The Edinburgh International Festival is a festival of Performing arts that takes place in the city of Edinburgh, Scotland, over three weeks from around The Edinburgh Military Tattoo is an annual Military tattoo given by British Armed Forces, Commonwealth and International Military bands and display The Edinburgh International Film Festival or EIFF has moved its date and will now take place in June The Edinburgh International Book Festival, is a Book festival that takes place in the last three weeks of August every year (in the midst of the general Edinburgh
Other notable events include the Hogmanay street party (31 December), Burns Night (25 January), St. Andrew's Day (November 30), and the Beltane Fire Festival (30 April). Hogmanay ( pronounced &mdash with the main stress on the last syllable is the Scots word for the last day of the year and is synonymous with the celebration of the Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. A Burns supper is a celebration of the life and Poetry of the poet Robert Burns, author of many Scots poems including " Auld Lang Syne," Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats Beltane Fire Festival is an annual participatory arts event and ritual drama held on April 30 on Calton Hill in Edinburgh. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule
The city is one of Europe's major tourist destinations, attracting around 13 million visitors a year, and is the second most visited tourist destination in the United Kingdom, after London. Scotland is a well-developed tourist destination with Tourism generally being responsible for sustaining 200000 jobs mainly in the service sector with tourist spending The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. [3]
Contents |
History
See Timeline of Edinburgh history
Edinburgh started as a fort named Castle Rock (an easily defended position). This article is intended to show a Timeline of the history of Edinburgh, Scotland, up to the present day However, in the 7th century, England captured this location and named it Eiden's burgh (burgh is an old word for fort). In the 10th century, the Scots again recaptured this position. Then in the 12th century a small town flourished called Edinburgh.
Etymology
The origin of the city's name in English is understood to come from the Brythonic Din Eidyn (Fort of Eidyn) from the time when it was a Gododdin hillfort. The Etymology of Edinburgh shows that the origin of the city's name is understood to come from the Brythonic Din Eidyn (Fort of Eidyn from the time when it was a English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The Brythonic languages (or Brittonic languages or British languages) form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family the other being The Gododdin (goˈdoðin were a Brythonic people of north-eastern Britain (modern north-east England and south-east Scotland) in the sub-Roman A hill fort is a fortified refuge or defended settlement [4] In the 1st century the Romans recorded the Votadini as a Brythonic tribe in the area, and about AD 600 the poem Y Gododdin, using the Brythonic form of that name, describes warriors feasting "in Eidin's great hall". The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Votadini (the Wotādīnī, or Votādīnī) were a people of the Iron Age in Great Britain, and their territory was briefly part of the Y Gododdin (pronounced /ə gɔ'dɔðɪn/ is a medieval Welsh poem consisting of a series of elegies to the men of the Brythonic kingdom of [4]
It came to be known to the English, the Bernician Angles, as Edin-burh, which some people once believed derived from the Old English for "Edwin's fort", with a reference to the 7th century king Edwin of Northumbria. Bernicia was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom established by Anglian settlers of the 6th century in what is now the South-East of Scotland and the North-East of The Angles is a modern English word for a Germanic-speaking people who took their name from the cultural ancestral region of Angeln, a modern district located in Saint Edwin (alternately Eadwine or Æduini) (c 586 &ndash 12 October 632/633 was the King of Deira and Bernicia - which would However, since the name apparently predates King Edwin, this is highly unlikely. The burgh element means "fortress" or "walled group of buildings", i. A Burgh (ˈbʌʀə is an autonomous corporate entity in Scotland, usually a Town. e. a town or city and is akin to the German burg, Latin parcus, Greek pyrgos etc. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Burh is simply a translation of Brythonic Din; Edin is untranslated.
Other names
The city is affectionately nicknamed Auld Reekie[5] (Scots for Old Smoky), because when buildings were heated by coal and wood fires, chimneys would spew thick columns of smoke into the air. Scots ( The Scots leid) refers to Anglic varieties derived from early northern Middle English spoken in parts of Scotland and Northern It has also been known as "Embray"[6] or "Embro" [3] as in Robert Garioch's Embro to the Ploy[4]
Some have called Edinburgh the Athens of the North and Auld Greekie for its intellectual history, and for its topography, with the Old Town of Edinburgh performing a similar role to the Athenian Acropolis. Robert Garioch Sutherland, ( 9 May 1909 &ndash 26 April 1981) was a Scottish Poet and Translator. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's The Acropolis of Athens is the best known Acropolis (high city The "Sacred Rock" in the world [7] Edinburgh is also known by several Latin names; Aneda or Edinensis, the latter can be seen inscribed on many educational buildings. [8][9][10][11][12]
Edinburgh has also been known as Dunedin, deriving from the Scottish Gaelic, Dùn Èideann. Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. Dunedin, New Zealand, was originally called "New Edinburgh" and is still nicknamed the "Edinburgh of the South". Dunedin (dəˈneɪdɪn) Ōtepoti in Maori is the second-largest city in the South Island of New Zealand, and the principal city of the region of The Scots poets Robert Burns and Robert Fergusson sometimes used the city's Latin name, Edina. Robert Burns (25 January 1759 – 21 July 1796 (also known as Rabbie Burns, Scotland's favourite son, the Ploughman Poet, the Bard of Ayrshire For other uses see Bob Ferguson Robert Fergusson ( September 5, 1750 - October 16, 1774) Ben Jonson described it as Britain's other eye,[13] and Sir Walter Scott referred to the city as yon Empress of the North. Benjamin Jonson ( c 11 June 1572 &ndash 6 August 1637) was an English Renaissance Dramatist Sir Walter Scott 1st Baronet (15 August 1771 &ndash 21 September 1832 was a prolific Scottish Historical novelist and Poet popular throughout [14]
Areas
Areas of the centre
The historic centre of Edinburgh is divided into two by the broad green swath of Princes Street Gardens. The New Town, a central area of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, is often considered to be a masterpiece of city planning and is a UNESCO The Old Town of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, is divided into areas that generally encompass a park (sometimes known as " links " a main local street (i Princes Street Gardens is a public park in the centre of Edinburgh, Scotland, in the shadow of Edinburgh Castle. To the south the view is dominated by Edinburgh Castle, perched atop the extinct volcanic crag, and the long sweep of the Old Town trailing after it along the ridge. Edinburgh Castle is an ancient Stronghold which dominates the sky-line of the The Old Town of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. To the north lies Princes Street and the New Town. Princes Street is one of the major thoroughfares in central Edinburgh, Scotland, and its main shopping street The New Town, a central area of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, is often considered to be a masterpiece of city planning and is a UNESCO The gardens were begun in 1816 on bogland which had once been the Nor Loch. A bog or mire is a Wetland type that accumulates Acidic Peat, a deposit of dead plant material &ndash usually Mosses but also The Nor Loch, also known as the Nor' Loch and the North Loch, was a Loch formerly in Edinburgh, Scotland, in the area now occupied
To the immediate west of the castle lies the financial district, housing insurance and banking buildings. Probably the most noticeable building here is the circular sandstone building that is the Edinburgh International Conference Centre. The Edinburgh International Conference Centre, or EICC for short is the principal convention and conference centre in Edinburgh, Scotland.
Old Town
The Old Town has preserved its medieval plan and many Reformation-era buildings. The Old Town of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Princes Street Gardens is a public park in the centre of Edinburgh, Scotland, in the shadow of Edinburgh Castle. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time One end is closed by the castle and the main artery, the Royal Mile, leads away from it; minor streets (called closes or wynds) lead downhill on either side of the main spine in a herringbone pattern. The Royal Mile is the popular name for the succession of streets which form the main thoroughfare of Edinburgh's Old Town. Large squares mark the location of markets or surround public buildings such as St Giles Cathedral and the Law Courts. A prominent feature of the Edinburgh skyline St Giles' Cathedral or the High Kirk of Edinburgh is a Church of Scotland place of worship decorating the The civil, criminal and heraldic Courts of Scotland are responsible for the administration of Justice. Other notable places nearby include the Royal Museum of Scotland, Surgeons' Hall and McEwan Hall. For other museums called the Royal Museum see Royal Museum (disambiguation. The street layout is typical of the old quarters of many northern European cities, and where the castle perches on top of a rocky crag (the remnants of an extinct volcano) the Royal Mile runs down the crest of a ridge from it.
Due to space restrictions imposed by the narrowness of the "tail," the Old Town became home to some of the earliest "high rise" residential buildings. The Royal Mile is the popular name for the succession of streets which form the main thoroughfare of Edinburgh's Old Town. Edinburgh Festival is a collective term for several simultaneous arts and cultural Festivals which take place during August each year in Edinburgh, Multi-storey dwellings known as lands were the norm from the 1500s onwards with ten and eleven stories being typical and one even reaching fourteen stories. Additionally, numerous vaults below street level were inhabited to accommodate the influx of mainly Irish immigrants during the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the These continue to fuel legends of an underground city to this day. An underground city is a network of Tunnels that connect buildings beneath street level [15]
New Town
The New Town was an 18th century solution to the problem of an increasingly crowded Old Town. The New Town, a central area of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, is often considered to be a masterpiece of city planning and is a UNESCO The Dugald Stewart Monument is a memorial to the Scottish philosopher Dugald Stewart. The city had remained incredibly compact, confined to the ridge running down from the castle. In 1766 a competition to design the New Town was won by James Craig, a 22-year-old architect. James Craig ( 31 October 1739 &ndash 23 June 1795) was a Scottish Architect. The plan that was built created a rigid, ordered grid, which fitted well with enlightenment ideas of rationality. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century The principal street was to be George Street, which follows the natural ridge to the north of the Old Town. Situated to the north of Princes Street, George Street is a major street in the centre of Edinburgh. Either side of it are the other main streets of Princes Street and Queen Street. Princes Street is one of the major thoroughfares in central Edinburgh, Scotland, and its main shopping street Princes Street has since become the main shopping street in Edinburgh, and few Georgian buildings survive on it. Georgian architecture is the name given in most English -speaking countries to the set of Architectural styles current between 1720 and 1840 Linking these streets were a series of perpendicular streets. At the east and west ends are St. Andrew Square and Charlotte Square respectively. Charlotte Square is a City square in Edinburgh, Scotland, part of the New Town, designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site The latter was designed by Robert Adam and is often considered one of the finest Georgian squares in the world. Robert Adam ( 3 July 1728 &ndash 3 March 1792) was a Scottish neoclassical Architect, Interior designer Bute House, the official residence of the First Minister of Scotland, is on the north side of Charlotte Square. Bute House ( Gaelic: Taigh Bhòid) is the Official residence of the First Minister of Scotland, who is the head of the Scottish The First Minister of Scotland (Prìomh Mhinistear na h-Alba First Meinister o Scotland is the head of the devolved Scottish
Sitting in the glen between the Old and New Towns was the Nor' Loch, which had been both the city's water supply and place for dumping sewage. A glen is a Valley, typically one that is long deep and often glacially U-shaped or one with a watercourse running through such a valley Sewage is the mainly liquid Waste containing some solids produced by humans which typically consists of washing water Feces, Urine, laundry waste and other By the 1820s it was drained. Some plans show that a canal was intended, but Princes Street Gardens were created instead. Canals are artificial channels for water There are two types of canals water conveyance canals which are used for the conveyance and delivery of water and Waterways Princes Street Gardens is a public park in the centre of Edinburgh, Scotland, in the shadow of Edinburgh Castle. Excess soil from the construction of the buildings was dumped into the loch, creating what is now The Mound. A loch (usually Lough as a name element outside Scotland) is a body of Water which is either a Lake or The Mound is an artificial Hill in central Edinburgh, Scotland, which connects Edinburgh's New Town and its Old Town. In the mid-19th century the National Gallery of Scotland and Royal Scottish Academy Building were built on The Mound, and tunnels to Waverley Station driven through it. The National Gallery of Scotland, in Edinburgh, is the national Art gallery of Scotland. The Royal Scottish Academy Building, situated in the centre of Edinburgh, was designed by William Henry Playfair during the 19th century Edinburgh Waverley railway station, commonly referred to as just " Waverley " locally is the main Railway station in the Scottish capital
The New Town was so successful that it was extended greatly. The grid pattern was not maintained, but rather a more picturesque layout was created. Today the New Town is considered by many to be one of the finest examples of Georgian architecture and planning in the world. Georgian architecture is the name given in most English -speaking countries to the set of Architectural styles current between 1720 and 1840
South side
A popular residential part of the city is its south side, comprising a number of areas including Saint Leonards, Marchmont, Haymarket, Polwarth, Newington, Sciennes, The Grange, Bruntsfield, Morningside, and Merchiston. St Leonards is the name of several places In the United Kingdom St Leonards, Eynsham Upton St Leonards, Gloucestershire Marchmont is a mainly residential area of Edinburgh, Scotland. Haymarket is an area of Edinburgh, Scotland. It is situated in the west of the city and is a focal point for many main roads notably Dalry Polwarth is a mainly residential area of Edinburgh, Scotland. Newington is an area of Edinburgh, Scotland, about 15 to 20 minutes walk south of the city centre the Royal Mile and Princes Street. Sciennes (pronounced sheens) is an area of Edinburgh, Scotland, just outside the city centre to the south of the Meadows, with Newington The Grange (originally St Giles' Grange is a suburb of Edinburgh, about one and a half miles south of the city centre with Morningside and Greenhill to Bruntsfield is an area of Edinburgh, Scotland, about twenty minutes walk south-west of the City centre Morningside is a famously genteel area in the south-west of Edinburgh, Scotland. Merchiston is a prosperous mainly residential area in the south-west of Edinburgh, Scotland. "South side" is broadly analogous to the area covered by the Burgh Muir, and grew in popularity as a residential area following the opening of the South Bridge. The Burgh Muir was an area to the south of Edinburgh city centre upon which much of the southern portion of the city now rests following expansions of the 18th and 19th Centuries These areas are particularly popular with families (many well-regarded state and private schools are located here), students (the central University of Edinburgh campus is based around George Square just north of Marchmont and the Meadows, and Napier University has major campuses around Merchiston & Morningside), and with festival-goers. This article describes the park in Edinburgh For the place in Florida see The Meadows Florida. These areas are also the subject of fictional work: Ian Rankin's Inspector Rebus lives in Marchmont and worked in St Leonards; and Morningside is the home of Muriel Spark's Miss Jean Brodie. Ian Rankin OBE, DL, (born 28 April 1960 in Cardenden, Fife) is a Scottish Crime writer. Dame Muriel Spark, DBE ( February 1, 1918 &ndash April 13, 2006) was an award-winning Scottish Novelist. Today, the literary connection continues, with the area being home to the authors J. K. Rowling, Ian Rankin, and Alexander McCall Smith. Joanne "Jo" Rowling OBE (born 31 July 1965 who writes under the Ian Rankin OBE, DL, (born 28 April 1960 in Cardenden, Fife) is a Scottish Crime writer. Alexander (RAA "Sandy" McCall Smith, CBE, FRSE, (born August 24 1948 is a Zimbabwean born British Writer and
Leith
Leith is the port of Edinburgh. Formerly a municipal Burgh, Leith (Lìte is a district in the north of the city of Edinburgh at the mouth of the Water of Leith and is the port It still retains a separate identity from Edinburgh, and it was a matter of great resentment when, in 1920, the burgh of Leith was merged[16] into the county of Edinburgh. A Burgh (ˈbʌʀə is an autonomous corporate entity in Scotland, usually a Town. The counties of Scotland were the principal divisions of Scotland until 1975 Even today the parliamentary seat is known as 'Edinburgh North and Leith'. With the redevelopment of Leith, Edinburgh has gained the business of a number of cruise liner companies which now provide cruises to Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands. A cruise ship or cruise liner is a Passenger ship used for pleasure voyages where the voyage itself and the ship's amenities are part of the experience Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Leith also has the Royal Yacht Britannia, berthed behind the Ocean Terminal as well as being home to Hibernian F.C.
Viewpoints
The varied terrain of the city includes several summits which command sweeping views over Edinburgh. History HMY Britannia was built at the shipyard of John Brown & Co Ocean Terminal in Leith, Edinburgh, Scotland is a Shopping centre, designed by Sir Terence Conran. Hibernian Football Club is a Scottish professional football club based in Leith, in the north of Edinburgh. The Scott Monument is a Victorian Gothic monument to Scottish author Sir Walter Scott (not to be confused with the National Monument) Terrain, or relief, is the third or vertical dimension of land surface.
To the southeast of central Edinburgh stands the eminence known as Arthur's Seat, overlooking Holyroodhouse and the Old Town beside it. Arthur's Seat is the main peak of the group of hills which form most of Holyrood Park, a remarkably wild piece of highland landscape in the centre of the city of The Palace of Holyroodhouse, or informally Holyrood Palace, founded as a monastery by David I of Scotland in 1128, has served as the principal residence The crag is a collection of side vents of the main volcano on which Edinburgh is built. The volcano slipped and tipped sideways, leaving these vents as the highest points for kilometres around. Arthur's Seat is now part of Holyrood Park, originally owned by the monarch and part of the grounds of the Palace of Holyroodhouse. Holyrood Park (also called Queen's Park, and formerly King's Park) is a royal park in central Edinburgh, Scotland. The Palace of Holyroodhouse, or informally Holyrood Palace, founded as a monastery by David I of Scotland in 1128, has served as the principal residence It contains the United Kingdom's largest concentration of geological SSSIs, as well as providing the people of Edinburgh with spectacular views of and from Arthur's Seat and somewhere to relax after a long day in the city. Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit A Site of Special Scientific Interest or SSSI is a Conservation designation denoting a Protected area in the United Kingdom. It is not surprising that it was in Edinburgh that James Hutton revolutionised scientific geology. James Hutton MD (3 June 1726 OS (14 June 1726 NS) Edinburgh 26 March 1797 was a Scottish Geologist,
To the northeast, overlooking the New Town, is Calton Hill. Calton Hill is a hill in central Edinburgh, Scotland, just to the east of the New Town. It is topped by an assortment of buildings and monuments: two observatories, Nelson's Monument (a tower dedicated to Admiral Horatio Nelson), the old Royal High School (once almost the home of a devolved Scottish Assembly), and the unfinished National Monument, which is modelled on the Parthenon from the Athenian Acropolis and is nicknamed "Edinburgh's Disgrace". An observatory is a location used for observing terrestrial and/or celestial events Nelson's Monument is a commemorative tower to Admiral Horatio Nelson, situated on top of Calton Hill, Edinburgh, Scotland. Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson 1st Viscount Nelson 1st Duke of Bronté, KB (29 September 1758– 21 October 1805 was a British The Royal High School (RHS of Edinburgh can trace its roots back to 1128 and is one of the oldest schools in Scotland. The Scottish Assembly was a proposed Legislature for Scotland that would have devolved a set list of powers from the Parliament of the United The National Monument, Edinburgh is Scotland 's memorial to those who died in the Napoleonic Wars. The Parthenon ( Ancient Greek:) is a temple of the Greek goddess Athena, built in the 5th century BC on the Athenian Acropolis Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Acropolis (Gr akros akron edge extremity + polis city pl acropoleis The nickname of the city, "Athens of the North", also hails partly from this monument. Calton Hill plays host to the Beltane Fire Festival on May 1 each year. Beltane Fire Festival is an annual participatory arts event and ritual drama held on April 30 on Calton Hill in Edinburgh. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor.
The Royal Observatory rests on Blackford Hill, the third and Southernmost viewpoint of the city. Blackford Hill (164 m is a hill in the south of the Scottish capital city of Edinburgh, in the area of Blackford, near Morningside,
Geography
Climate
Like much of the rest of Scotland, Edinburgh has a temperate maritime climate, which is relatively mild despite its northerly latitude. An oceanic climate (also called marine west coast climate and maritime climate) is the Climate typically found along the west coasts at the middle latitudes Latitude, usually denoted symbolically by the Greek letter phi ( Φ) gives the location of a place on Earth (or other planetary body north or south of the Winters are especially mild, considering that Moscow, Labrador and Newfoundland lie on the same latitude, with daytime temperatures rarely falling below freezing. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Modern Labrador Just like its island neighbour Newfoundland early settlement in Labrador was tied to the sea as demonstrated by the Montagnais, Innu and Newfoundland and Labrador (ˈnuːfɨn(dlənd ən(d ˈlæbrəˌdɔr (Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador is a province of Canada, the tenth and latest to join the Confederation Summer temperatures are normally moderate, with daily upper maxima rarely exceeding 18 °C. The proximity of the city to the sea mitigates any large variations in temperature or extremes of climate. Given Edinburgh's position between the coast and hills, it is renowned as a windy city, with the prevailing wind direction coming from the south-west which is associated with warm, unstable air from the Gulf Stream that can give rise to rainfall - although considerably less than cities to the west, such as Glasgow. Wind is the flow of Air or other Gases that compose an Atmosphere (including but not limited to the Earth's) The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension towards Europe the North Atlantic Drift, is a powerful warm and swift Atlantic Ocean current that Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom Indeed, Edinburgh receives a lower annual precipitation total than most UK cities outside the south-east of England. Winds from an easterly direction are usually drier but colder. Rainfall is distributed fairly evenly throughout the year. Vigorous Atlantic depressions - sometimes called European windstorms can affect the city between October and March. A European windstorm is a severe cyclonic storm that tracks across the North Atlantic towards northwestern Europe in the winter months
| Average / Month | Average | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High temperature Celsius (°F) | 12. 1 (53. 8) | 6. 2 (43. 2) | 6. 5 (43. 7) | 8. 7 (47. 7) | 11. 1 (52. 0) | 14. 2 (57. 6) | 17. 3 (63. 1) | 18. 8 (65. 8) | 18. 5 (65. 3) | 16. 2 (61. 2) | 13. 2 (55. 8) | 8. 7 (46. 6) | 6. 9 (44. 4) |
| Low temperature Celsius (°F) | 4. 8 (40. 6) | 0. 3 (32. 5) | 0. 0 (32. 0) | 1. 5 (34. 7) | 3. 1 (37. 6) | 5. 7 (42. 3) | 8. 7 (47. 7) | 10. 3 (50. 5) | 10. 2 (50. 4) | 8. 4 (47. 1) | 5. 9 (42. 6) | 2. 1 (35. 8) | 0. 9 (33. 6) |
| Precipitation millimetres (in) | year: 668 (26. 3) | 57 (2. 24) | 42 (1. 65) | 51 (2. 01) | 41 (1. 61) | 51 (2. 01) | 51 (2. 01) | 57 (2. 24) | 65 (2. 56) | 67 (2. 64) | 65 (2. 56) | 63 (2. 48) | 58 (2. 28) |
| Number of rain days | year: 182. 8 | 17. 2 | 13. 6 | 16. 2 | 14. 0 | 14. 4 | 13. 3 | 13. 1 | 15. 2 | 16. 5 | 16. 7 | 16. 3 | 16. 3 |
| Source: World Meteorological Organization | |||||||||||||
Demographics
As of 2006, the General Register Office for Scotland estimated that the City of Edinburgh council area had a resident population of 463,510. Portobello is a beach resort located three miles (5 km to the east of the city centre of Edinburgh, along the coast of the Firth of Forth, in Scotland The General Register Office for Scotland (Oifis Choitcheann a’ Chlàraidh na h-Alba is a Non-ministerial directorate of the Scottish Government that administers [17] The 2001 UK census reported the population to be 448,624, making the city the seventh largest in the United Kingdom. A nationwide Census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday 29 April 2001 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located [18] The General Register Office also reported that this resident population was split between 220,094 males and 237,736 females.
Though Edinburgh's population is ageing, a very large and transient population of young students studying at the city universities has helped to offset this demographic problem. Demographics or demographic data refers to selected population characteristics as used in government Marketing or opinion research or the Demographic profiles There are estimated to be around 100,000 students studying at the various institutions of higher education in the city. Higher education is Education that is provided by universities, vocational universities, Community colleges Liberal arts colleges [19]
The population of the greater Edinburgh area (including parts of Fife and the Scottish Borders) is 1. 25 million and is projected to grow to 1. 33 million by 2020. City of Edinburgh Council hopes this will continue to grow to 1. 5 million by 2040, which is in line with the current average population of the three leading city regions in northern Europe: Stockholm, Helsinki and Oslo. [20]
| Year | 1755 | 1791 | 1811 | 1831 | 1851 | 1871 | 1891 | 1911 | 1931 | 1951 | 1971 | 1991 | 2001 | 2006 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 57,195 | 81,865 | 82,624 | 136,054 | 160,511 | 196,979 | 261,225 | 320,318 | 439,010 | 466,761 | 453,575 | 418,914 | 448,624 | 463,510 |
| Source: City of Edinburgh Council and Edinphoto | ||||||||||||||
Geology
Some 350 and 400 million years ago, the cores of several volcanic vents in the area cooled and solidified to form tough basalt volcanic plugs. Edinburgh Castle is an ancient Stronghold which dominates the sky-line of the Princes Street is one of the major thoroughfares in central Edinburgh, Scotland, and its main shopping street Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the Basalt (bəˈsɔːlt ˈbeisɔːlt ˈbæsɔːlt is a common Extrusive Volcanic rock. A volcanic plug, also called a volcanic neck or lava neck, is a volcanic landform created when Lava hardens within a Vent on Later, during the last ice age, glaciers moving from west to east eroded the area to its current conformation. "Last glacial" redirects here For the period of maximum glacier extent during this time see Last Glacial Maximum The last glacial period "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period. Louis Agassiz, who first proposed the scientific theory of ice ages, used evidence from Blackford Glen to support the theory. Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz ( May 28 1807 — December 14 1873) was a Swiss - American Zoologist, Glaciologist
Old Town
Castle Rock is one such plug, which during ice ages sheltered the softer rock to the east forming a mile-long tail of material to the east, creating a distinctive crag and tail formation. Edinburgh Castle is an ancient Stronghold which dominates the sky-line of the A crag (sometimes spelled cragg, or in Scotland craig) is a rocky hill or mountain generally isolated from other high ground This structure, along with a ravine to the south and a swampy valley to the north, formed an ideal natural fortress and recent excavations found material dating back to the Late Bronze Age, around 850 BC. Fortifications are Military Constructions and Buildings designed for defense in Warfare Humans have constructed defensive works for The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for [21]
Over the last few hundred years, the area occupied by this geological feature has come to be known as the Old Town. The Old Town of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Edinburgh Castle stands on the crag, and the Royal Mile follows the narrow crest of the steep-sided tail, descending from the castle to meet general ground level at Holyrood Palace. Edinburgh Castle is an ancient Stronghold which dominates the sky-line of the The Royal Mile is the popular name for the succession of streets which form the main thoroughfare of Edinburgh's Old Town. The Palace of Holyroodhouse, or informally Holyrood Palace, founded as a monastery by David I of Scotland in 1128, has served as the principal residence The Grassmarket and Cowgate run east–west through the ravine to the south, while the swamp of the Nor Loch has now been drained to form Princes Street Gardens, and accommodates Edinburgh Waverley railway station. The Grassmarket is a small area of central Edinburgh, Scotland, named after the old Market square at its heart The Cowgate is a street in Edinburgh, Scotland, located about 5 minutes' walk from Edinburgh Castle, within the city's World Heritage Site The Nor Loch, also known as the Nor' Loch and the North Loch, was a Loch formerly in Edinburgh, Scotland, in the area now occupied Princes Street Gardens is a public park in the centre of Edinburgh, Scotland, in the shadow of Edinburgh Castle. Edinburgh Waverley railway station, commonly referred to as just " Waverley " locally is the main Railway station in the Scottish capital
Arthur's Seat
Like the castle rock on which Edinburgh Castle is built, Arthur's Seat was formed by an extinct volcano system of the Carboniferous period, which was eroded by a glacier moving from west to east during the Quaternary, exposing rocky crags to the west and leaving a tail of material swept to the east. Arthur's Seat is the main peak of the group of hills which form most of Holyrood Park, a remarkably wild piece of highland landscape in the centre of the city of Arthur's Seat is the main peak of the group of hills which form most of Holyrood Park, a remarkably wild piece of highland landscape in the centre of the city of Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Devonian period about 359 "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period. [22] This is how the Salisbury Crags formed and became teschenite cliffs between Arthur's Seat and the city centre. Holyrood Park (also called Queen's Park, and formerly King's Park) is a royal park in central Edinburgh, Scotland. Theralite (from Greek "to pursue" is in Petrology, a group of plutonic holocrystalline rocks consisting of Nepheline, basic Plagioclase, [23]
Culture
Festivals
Culturally, Edinburgh is best known for the Edinburgh Festival, although this is in fact a series of separate events, which run from the end of July until early September each year. Arthur's Seat is the main peak of the group of hills which form most of Holyrood Park, a remarkably wild piece of highland landscape in the centre of the city of Edinburgh Festival is a collective term for several simultaneous arts and cultural Festivals which take place during August each year in Edinburgh, The longest established festival is the Edinburgh International Festival, which first ran in 1947. The Edinburgh International Festival is a festival of Performing arts that takes place in the city of Edinburgh, Scotland, over three weeks from around The International Festival centres on a programme of high-profile theatre productions and classical music performances, featuring international directors, conductors, theatre companies and orchestras.
The International Festival has since been taken over in both size and popularity by the Edinburgh Fringe. The Edinburgh Fringe (officially the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, commonly just The Fringe) is the world’s largest Arts festival. What began as a programme of marginal acts has become the largest arts festival in the world, with 1867 different shows being staged in 2006, in 261 venues. Comedy is now one of the mainstays of the Fringe, with numerous notable comedians getting their 'break' here, often through receipt of the Perrier Award. The ifcomedy awards, formerly the Perrier comedy awards, are a group of prizes awarded annually to comedy shows at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe.
Alongside these major festivals, there is also the Edinburgh Art Festival, Edinburgh International Film Festival, the Edinburgh Jazz and Blues Festival, and the Edinburgh International Book Festival. Sir John Robert Steell (1804 - 1891 was a Scottish sculptor. He is best known for a number of sculptures displayed in Edinburgh, including the statue of The Balmoral is a luxury five-star Hotel and Landmark in Edinburgh, Scotland. The Edinburgh International Film Festival or EIFF has moved its date and will now take place in June The Edinburgh International Book Festival, is a Book festival that takes place in the last three weeks of August every year (in the midst of the general Edinburgh T on the Fringe, a popular music offshoot of the Fringe, began in 2000, replacing the smaller Flux and Planet Pop series of shows. Tigerfest is an independent music festival which ran concurrently with the Fringe in 2004 and 2005 before moving to a May slot in 2006.
Running concurrently with the summer festivals, the Edinburgh Military Tattoo occupies the Castle Esplanade every night, with massed pipers and fireworks. The Edinburgh Military Tattoo is an annual Military tattoo given by British Armed Forces, Commonwealth and International Military bands and display Bagpipes are a class of Musical instrument, Aerophones using enclosed reeds fed from a constant reservoir of air in the form of a bag
The Edinburgh International Science Festival is held annually in April and is one of the most popular science festivals in the world. The Edinburgh International Science Festival is a Science festival which takes place each April for 12 days in Edinburgh, Scotland.
Celebrations
Equally famous is the annual Hogmanay celebration. Hogmanay ( pronounced &mdash with the main stress on the last syllable is the Scots word for the last day of the year and is synonymous with the celebration of the Originally simply a street party held on Princes Street and the Royal Mile, the Hogmanay event has been officially organised since 1993. Princes Street is one of the major thoroughfares in central Edinburgh, Scotland, and its main shopping street The Royal Mile is the popular name for the succession of streets which form the main thoroughfare of Edinburgh's Old Town. In 1996, over 300,000 people attended, leading to ticketing of the main street party in later years, with a limit of 100,000 tickets. Hogmanay now covers four days of processions, concerts and fireworks, with the actual street party commencing on New Years Eve. During the street party Princes Street is accessible only by ticket holders, and tickets are available for a £5 administration fee. This ticket allows access into Princes Street where there are live bands playing, food and drink stalls, and a clear view of the castle and fireworks. Alternative tickets are available for entrance into the Princes Street Gardens concert and Ceilidh for around £40, where well known artists perform live and ticket holders are invited to participate in some traditional Scottish Ceilidh dancing. The event attracts thousands of people from all over the world. On the night of 30 April, the Beltane Fire Festival takes place on Edinburgh's Calton Hill. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Beltane Fire Festival is an annual participatory arts event and ritual drama held on April 30 on Calton Hill in Edinburgh. Calton Hill is a hill in central Edinburgh, Scotland, just to the east of the New Town. The festival involves a procession followed by the re-enactment of scenes inspired by pagan spring fertility celebrations. Paganism (from Latin paganus, meaning "country dweller rustic" is a word used to refer to various religions and religious beliefs from across the world
Museums and libraries
Edinburgh is home to a large number of museums and libraries, especially ones that are considered the main national institutions, the most important are the Museum of Scotland, the Royal Museum, the National Library of Scotland, National War Museum of Scotland, the Museum of Edinburgh, Museum of Childhood and the Royal Society of Edinburgh. The Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland, is a building which together with the adjacent Royal Museum, comprises the National Museum of Scotland For other museums called the Royal Museum see Royal Museum (disambiguation. The National Library of Scotland is the Legal deposit Library of Scotland. The National War Museum is housed in Edinburgh, and forms part of the National Museums of Scotland. The Museum of Edinburgh is a Museum in Edinburgh, Scotland, depicting the town's origins history and legends The Museum of Childhood is a collection of items relating to Children s toys and playthings situated on the Royal Mile, in Edinburgh, Scotland The Royal Society of Edinburgh is Scotland 's National academy of science and letters
Literature and philosophy
Edinburgh has a long literary tradition, going back to the Scottish Enlightenment. The Scottish Enlightenment was the period in 18th century Scotland characterised by an outpouring of intellectual and scientific accomplishments Edinburgh's Enlightenment produced philosopher David Hume and the pioneer of economics, Adam Smith. David Hume (26 April 1711 25 August 1776 Scottish Philosopher, Economist, and Historian is an important figure in Western philosophy Adam Smith ( baptised 16 June 1723 – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of Political economy. Writers such as James Boswell, Robert Louis Stevenson, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, and Sir Walter Scott all lived and worked in Edinburgh. James Boswell 9th Laird of Auchinleck ( October 29, 1740 - May 19, 1795) was a lawyer diarist and Author born in Edinburgh Robert Louis Balfour Stevenson (13 November 1850–3 December 1894 was a Scottish novelist poet and travel writer, and a representative of Neo-romanticism in Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle, DL (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930 was an Anglo-Scottish Author most noted for his stories about the Sir Walter Scott 1st Baronet (15 August 1771 &ndash 21 September 1832 was a prolific Scottish Historical novelist and Poet popular throughout J K Rowling, author of the Harry Potter novels, is a resident of Edinburgh. Joanne "Jo" Rowling OBE (born 31 July 1965 who writes under the Harry Potter is a series of seven Fantasy novels written by British author J Edinburgh has also become associated with the crime novels of Ian Rankin; and the work of Leith native Irvine Welsh, whose novels are mostly set in the city and are often written in colloquial Scots. Ian Rankin OBE, DL, (born 28 April 1960 in Cardenden, Fife) is a Scottish Crime writer. Formerly a municipal Burgh, Leith (Lìte is a district in the north of the city of Edinburgh at the mouth of the Water of Leith and is the port Irvine Welsh (born 27 September 1958 Leith, Edinburgh) is a contemporary Scottish novelist, best known for his novel Trainspotting Scots ( The Scots leid) refers to Anglic varieties derived from early northern Middle English spoken in parts of Scotland and Northern Edinburgh is also home to Alexander McCall Smith and a number of his book series. Alexander (RAA "Sandy" McCall Smith, CBE, FRSE, (born August 24 1948 is a Zimbabwean born British Writer and Edinburgh has also been declared the first UNESCO City of Literature. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16
Music, theatre and film
Outside festival season, Edinburgh continues to support a number of theatres and production companies. The Royal Mile is the popular name for the succession of streets which form the main thoroughfare of Edinburgh's Old Town. The Royal Lyceum Theatre has its own company, while the King's Theatre, Edinburgh Festival Theatre, and Edinburgh Playhouse stage large touring shows. The Royal Lyceum Theatre is an approx 660-seat Theatre in the city of Edinburgh, Scotland, named after the Theatre Royal Lyceum and English Opera The Edinburgh Festival Theatre is a performing arts venue located on Nicolson Street in Edinburgh Scotland used primarily for performances of Opera The Edinburgh Playhouse is a Theatre in Edinburgh, Scotland which plays host to numerous touring musicals as well as many touring bands The Traverse Theatre presents a more contemporary programme of plays. Traverse Theatre is Scotland's new writing theatre It is situated in Edinburgh, Scotland and was founded in 1963. Amateur theatre companies productions are staged at the Bedlam Theatre, Church Hill Theatre, and the King's Theatre amongst others. Edinburgh supports a large number of active Amateur dramatics and Musical theatre companies Bedlam Theatre is a student-run theatre owned by Edinburgh University. The King's Theatre was opened in 1906 and stands on a prominent site on Leven Street in Edinburgh.
The Usher Hall is Edinburgh's premier venue for classical music, as well as the occasional prestige popular music gig. The Usher Hall is a Concert hall located in the centre of Edinburgh, Scotland. Other halls staging music and theatre include The Hub, the Assembly Rooms and the Queen's Hall. The Hub, at the top of Edinburgh 's Royal Mile, is the home of the Edinburgh International Festival, and a central source of information on all the In Great Britain and Ireland especially in the 18th and 19th centuries assembly rooms were gathering places for members of the higher social classes open to members of both sexes Queen's Hall was a classical music Concert hall in Central London, England, opened in 1893 and was beloved by Londoners until its The Scottish Chamber Orchestra is based in Edinburgh. The Scottish Chamber Orchestra (SCO is Scotland 's national Chamber orchestra, based in Edinburgh.
Edinburgh has two repertory cinemas, the Edinburgh Filmhouse, and the Cameo, and the independent Dominion Cinema, as well as the usual range of multiplexes. For other meanings of repertory please see Repertory (disambiguation. The Cameo is an Edinburgh cinema which started life as the King's Cinema on 8 January 1914 and is one of the oldest cinemas in Scotland still in use
Edinburgh has a healthy popular music scene. Occasional large gigs are staged at Murrayfield, The Liquid Room, Meadowbank, and the Edinburgh Corn Exchange. Murrayfield is a sports Stadium in Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, and is the home of Scottish Rugby Union Meadowbank Stadium is a multi-purpose sports facility located at Meadowbank, in Edinburgh.
Edinburgh is also home to a flourishing group of contemporary composers such as Nigel Osborne, Peter Nelson, Lyell Cresswell, Haflidi Hallgrimsson, Edward Harper, Robert Crawford, Robert Dow, and John McLeod[24] whose music is also heard regularly on BBC Radio 3 and throughout the UK.
Edinburgh's underground music scene is also vibrant with many creative bands and solo electronica artists experimenting with new sounds and rhythms such as digitalTRAFFIC (http://www.digitaltraffic.biz).
Visual arts
Edinburgh is home to Scotland's five National Galleries. The National Gallery of Scotland, in Edinburgh, is the national Art gallery of Scotland. The National Galleries of Scotland are the five national galleries of Scotland and two partner galleries The national collection is housed in the National Gallery of Scotland, located on the Mound, and now linked to the Royal Scottish Academy, which holds regular major exhibitions of painting. The National Gallery of Scotland, in Edinburgh, is the national Art gallery of Scotland. The Royal Scottish Academy is Scotland’s premier organisation promoting contemporary Scottish art. The contemporary collections are shown in the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art, and the nearby Dean Gallery. See also National Galleries of Scotland The Dean Gallery is an Art gallery in Edinburgh, Scotland, and is part of the National Galleries of Scotland. The Scottish National Portrait Gallery focuses on portraits and photography. The Scottish National Portrait Gallery is an Art gallery on Queen Street Edinburgh, Scotland.
The council-owned City Arts Centre shows regular art exhibitions. Across the road, The Fruitmarket Gallery offers world class exhibitions of contemporary art, featuring work by British and international artists with both emerging and established international reputations. The Fruitmarket Gallery at 45 Market Street in Edinburgh brings artists and audiences together through exhibitions commissions interpretation education and publishing
Edinburgh is also home to several of Scotland’s galleries and organisations dedicated to contemporary visual art. Nelson's Monument is a commemorative tower to Admiral Horatio Nelson, situated on top of Calton Hill, Edinburgh, Scotland. Calton Hill is a hill in central Edinburgh, Scotland, just to the east of the New Town. Significant strands of this infrastructure include: The Scottish Arts Council, Inverleith House, Edinburgh College of Art, Talbot Rice Gallery (University of Edinburgh), The Travelling Gallery, Edinburgh Printmakers, WASPS, Artlink, Edinburgh Sculpture Workshop, Doggerfisher, Stills, Collective Gallery, Out of the Blue, The Embassy, Magnifitat, Sleeper, Total Kunst, OneZero, Standby, Portfolio Magazine, MAP magazine, Edinburgh's One O'Clock Gun Periodical and Product magazine and the Edinburgh Annuale. The Scottish Arts Council ( Scottish Gaelic: Comhairle Ealain na h-Alba) is a public body that distributes funding from the Scottish Executive Education The Edinburgh Annuale is an Art festival involving Edinburgh galleries and art projects especially those which promote local activity in the Visual
Nightlife
Edinburgh has a large number of pubs, clubs and restaurants. The Illustrated London News was a Magazine founded by Herbert Ingram and his friend Mark Lemon, the editor of Punch The traditional areas were the Grassmarket, Lothian Road and surrounding streets, Rose Street and its surrounds and the Bridges. The Grassmarket is a small area of central Edinburgh, Scotland, named after the old Market square at its heart The A702 is a major road in Scotland, that runs from Edinburgh to St Rose Street is a street in the New Town of Edinburgh, Scotland In recent years George Street in the New Town has grown in prominence, with a large number of new, upmarket public houses and nightclubs opening, along with a number on the parallel Queen Street. George Street may refer to People: George Edmund Street (1824&ndash1881 British architect George L A new town, planned community or planned city is a City, Town, or Community that was carefully planned from its inception and is typically Stockbridge and the waterfront at Leith are also increasingly fashionable areas, with a number of pubs, clubs and restaurants. Formerly a municipal Burgh, Leith (Lìte is a district in the north of the city of Edinburgh at the mouth of the Water of Leith and is the port
Like many other cities in the UK, Edinburgh has numerous nightclubs that play popular and chart music. The underground nightclub scene playing music such as Techno, House, Electronica and Drum & Bass however has suffered in recent years with the closure of Wilkie House, The Venue, La Belle Angele (burned in a fire) and The Honeycomb (recently reopened as The Hive). Berlin, Cabaret Voltaire, Ego, Studio 24, The Hive and The Liquid Room are the main nightclub venues in the city.
A fortnightly publication, The List, is dedicated to life in Edinburgh and around, and contains listings of all Nightclubs, as well as music, theatrical and other events. The List is an Edinburgh-based fortnightly entertainment event listings magazine first published in 1985. The List also regularly produces specialist guides such as its Food and Drink guide and its guide to the Edinburgh Festivals. Edinburgh Festival is a collective term for several simultaneous arts and cultural Festivals which take place during August each year in Edinburgh, There are also many competing magazines that can be found for free such as Flash Edinburgh, Gig Guide and The Skinny.
Edinburgh Zoo
Edinburgh Zoo is a non-profit zoological park located in Corstorphine. The jaguar (Panthera onca,, or—especially in British English — is a New World Mammal of the Felidae family and one of Edinburgh Zoo, formally the Scottish National Zoological Park, is a non-profit Zoological park located in Edinburgh, the capital city of A non-profit organization ( abbreviated "NPO" also "not-for-profit" is a legally constituted Organization whose objective is to support or engage A zoological garden, shortened to zoo, is an institution in which living animals are exhibited in captivity Corstorphine was originally a village to the west of&mdashand separate from&mdash Edinburgh, Scotland, and is now a suburb of that city The land lies on the Corstorphine Hill, provides extensive views of the city. Corstorphine Hill is one of the hills of Edinburgh, Scotland, named for nearby Corstorphine. Built in 1913, and owned by the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, it receives over 600,000 visitors a year, which makes it Scotland's second most popular paid-for tourist attraction, after Edinburgh Castle. The Royal Zoological Society of Scotland is a Learned society and Registered charity of Scotland. Edinburgh Castle is an ancient Stronghold which dominates the sky-line of the [25] As well as catering to tourists and locals, the Zoo is involved in many scientific pursuits, such as captive breeding of endangered animals, researching into animal behaviour, and active participation in various conservation programs around the world. Captive breeding is the process of breeding rare or Endangered species in human controlled environments with restricted settings such as wildlife preserves Zoos Ethology ( from Greek ἦθος ethos, "character" and λόγος logos, "knowledge") is the scientific study of Animal The conservation movement also known as nature conservation is a political social and to some extent scientific movement that seeks to protect natural resources including [26] The Zoo is the only zoo in Britain to house polar bears and koalas, as well as being the first zoo in the world to house and to breed penguins. The polar bear ( Ursus maritimus) is a Bear native to the Arctic Ocean and its surrounding seas The Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus is a thickset Arboreal Marsupial herbivore native to Australia, and the only extant Penguins ( order Sphenisciformes, family Spheniscidae) are a group of aquatic, flightless Birds living almost
Shopping
Edinburgh has a wide variety of shops, from upmarket department stores to a vast array of charity shops in Stockbridge. Princes Street plays host to an extremely wide range of stores, from pound shops to Jenners. Jenners Department Store, commonly known simply as Jenners, is a Department store located in Edinburgh, Scotland. Most of the national-level chain stores such as Boots and New Look are located in the "uptown" district of Princes Street. This article is about a former British company which has now merged to form Alliance Boots, as a result information on this page may be out of date Multrees Walk makes up the upmarket shopping district in Edinburgh- with Harvey Nichols anchoring the development. Multrees Walk is an Upscale pedestrian shopping area in central Edinburgh, off the east side of St Andrew Square. Harvey Nichols ("Harvey Nicks" founded in 1813 is an Upmarket Department store chain Multrees Walk includes brands such as Louis Vuitton, Emporio Armani, Mulberry and Calvin Klein. Multrees Walk is an Upscale pedestrian shopping area in central Edinburgh, off the east side of St Andrew Square. Louis Vuitton Malletier, commonly referred to as Louis Vuitton ( pronounced /lwi vɥitɔ̃/ or sometimes shortened to LV, is a French luxury fashion Giorgio Armani SpA is an Italian fashion company The company designs and manufactures products in several categories including fashion accessories apparel cosmetics Calvin Klein Inc is an American fashion brand founded in 1968 by Calvin Klein. The street leads on to the St. James' Centre, which caters in discount clothing, homewares and books as well as hosting the Edinburgh branch of the upscale department store chain, John Lewis. John Lewis can refer to Business The John Lewis Partnership, a major British retailer operating supermarkets and department stores
Sport
Football
Edinburgh has two professional football clubs: Hibernian and Heart of Midlothian. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Hibernian Football Club is a Scottish professional football club based in Leith, in the north of Edinburgh. Heart of Midlothian FC (most commonly referred to as Hearts) is a football club from Edinburgh, Scotland who play in the Scottish They are known locally as Hibs and Hearts. Both teams currently play in the Scottish Premier League: Hibernian at Easter Road Stadium, which straddles the former boundary between Edinburgh and Leith and Hearts at Tynecastle Stadium in Gorgie. The Scottish Premier League, currently known as the Clydesdale Bank Premier League for sponsorship reasons and often known as the Premier League or SPL Easter Road is the home ground of Scottish Premier League football club Hibernian. Formerly a municipal Burgh, Leith (Lìte is a district in the north of the city of Edinburgh at the mouth of the Water of Leith and is the port Tynecastle Stadium is a football stadium situated in Edinburgh, Scotland. Gorgie is an area of west Edinburgh, Scotland, located near Murrayfield, Ardmillan and Dalry.
Edinburgh was also home to senior sides St Bernard's, Ferranti Thistle F.C. and most recently, Meadowbank Thistle until 1995, when the club moved to Livingston, shedding their old name and becoming Livingston F.C.. St Bernards FC (also referred to as St Bernard's and St Bernard) was a Senior Scottish Association Football club based in Edinburgh from 1878 MtfcbadgeJPG|thumb|right|Meadowbank Thistle FC club badge]] Livingston Football Club is a Scottish football team based in Livingston, West Lothian MtfcbadgeJPG|thumb|right|Meadowbank Thistle FC club badge]] Livingston Football Club is a Scottish football team based in Livingston, West Lothian Livingston is the fourth post-war New town to be built in Scotland, designated in 1962 MtfcbadgeJPG|thumb|right|Meadowbank Thistle FC club badge]] Livingston Football Club is a Scottish football team based in Livingston, West Lothian The Scottish national team has played some friendly matches at Easter Road and Tynecastle. The Scotland national football team represents Scotland in international football and is controlled by the Scottish Football Association. An exhibition game (also known as an exhibition match or simply exhibition, or a demonstration or demo event is a sporting event Easter Road is the home ground of Scottish Premier League football club Hibernian. Tynecastle Stadium is a football stadium situated in Edinburgh, Scotland.
Non-league sides include Spartans and Edinburgh City, who play in the East of Scotland League along with Civil Service Strollers F.C., Lothian Thistle F.C., Edinburgh University A.F.C., Edinburgh Athletic F.C., Tynecastle F.C., Craigroyston F.C. and Heriot-Watt University F.C.. The Spartans Football Club are a Scottish Football (soccer club from Edinburgh. Edinburgh City Football Club is a Semi-professional senior Scottish football team who play in the East of Scotland Football League. The East of Scotland Football League (EoSFL is a league of football teams from south-east Scotland formed in 1923 Civil Service Strollers Football Club is a senior football team from Edinburgh, Scotland currently playing in the East of Scotland Football League Lothian Thistle FC is a football club currently playing in the East of Scotland Football League. Edinburgh University AFC are a football club representing the University of Edinburgh. Edinburgh Athletic FC was an amateur senior Scottish football team based in Edinburgh. Tynecastle FC is a newly-formed team playing in the East of Scotland Football League. Craigroyston FC is a senior football club currently playing in the East of Scotland Football League. Heriot-Watt University FC is a football club currently playing in the East of Scotland Football League. There is one team who plays in the Scottish Junior Football Association, East Region: Edinburgh United F.C.. The Scottish Junior Football Association East Region league setup is a football competition comprising 63 clubs spread across three tiers of leagues a Super League Edinburgh United FC are a Scottish junior football club from Edinburgh.
Other sports
The Scotland national rugby union team plays at Murrayfield Stadium, which is owned by the Scottish Rugby Union and is also used as a venue for other events, including music concerts. The Scotland national rugby union team represent Scotland in international Rugby union. Murrayfield is a sports Stadium in Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, and is the home of Scottish Rugby Union Edinburgh's professional rugby team, Edinburgh Rugby, play in the Celtic League at Murrayfield. Edinburgh Rugby (formerly Edinburgh Reivers, Edinburgh Gunners) is one of two Professional Rugby union teams in Scotland competing It is the largest capacity stadium in Scotland. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Raeburn Place is notable for holding the first rugby international game between Scotland and England. Raeburn Place is the main street of Stockbridge Edinburgh, amd the name of the playing fields there
The Scottish cricket team, who represent Scotland at cricket internationally and in the C&G Trophy, play their home matches at The Grange in Stockbridge. The Scotland national cricket team represents Scotland in the game of Cricket. Cricket is a bat-and-ball team Sport that originated in England and is now played in more than 100 countries The Friends Provident Trophy is a one day Cricket competition in the United Kingdom. The Grange Club is a Cricket and sports club in the Stockbridge district of Edinburgh, Scotland. Stockbridge is an area of Edinburgh, located towards the north of the city bounded by the New Town and by Comely Bank.
The Edinburgh Capitals are the latest of a succession of ice hockey clubs to represent the Scottish capital. Club Roster 2008/09 Honours and Awards Retired Jerseys Number 21 worn by Chris Kelland. Ice hockey, often referred to simply as hockey, is a team Sport played on Ice. Previously Edinburgh was represented by the Murrayfield Racers and the Edinburgh Racers. The Murrayfield Racers were an Ice hockey team in Edinburgh, Scotland, founded in 1952 (as the Murrayfield Royals changing their name to the Racers The club play their home games at the Murrayfield Ice Rink and are the sole Scottish representative in the Elite Ice Hockey League. The Murrayfield Ice Rink is a 3800-seat multi-purpose Arena in the Murrayfield area of Edinburgh, Scotland, right next door to Murrayfield The Elite Ice Hockey League (also known for sponsorship reasons as the Bmibaby Elite League) is a Professional Ice hockey league in the United
The Edinburgh Diamond Devils is a baseball club claiming its first Scottish Championship in 1991 as the "Reivers. The Heart of Midlothian is a heart-shaped mosaic built into the pavement near the West Door of St Giles Kirk on the Royal Mile (the High Street in this section in Edinburgh Diamond Devils are a Baseball club that was formed in Edinburgh Scotland. " 1992 saw the team repeat as national champions, becoming the first team to do so in league history and saw the start of the club's first youth team, the Blue Jays. The Toronto Blue Jays are a professional baseball team based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The name of the club was changed in 1999.
Edinburgh has also hosted various national and international sports events including the World Student Games, the 1970 British Commonwealth Games, the 1986 Commonwealth Games and the inaugural 2000 Commonwealth Youth Games. The Universiade is an International Multi-sport event, organized for University athletes by the International University Sports Federation (FISU The 1970 British Commonwealth Games were held in Edinburgh, Scotland from 16 July to 25 July 1970 The 1986 Commonwealth Games were held in Edinburgh, Scotland for the second time For the Games in 1970 the city built major Olympic standard venues and facilities including the Royal Commonwealth Pool and the Meadowbank Stadium. The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games The Royal Commonwealth Pool is the main swimming pool in Edinburgh, Scotland. Meadowbank Stadium is a multi-purpose sports facility located at Meadowbank, in Edinburgh.
In American football, the Scottish Claymores played WLAF/NFL Europe games at Murrayfield, including their World Bowl 96 victory. American football, known in the United States and Canada simply as football, is a competitive Team sport known for mixing strategy with The Scottish Claymores ( Scotland in Box scores were an American football team from Scotland. NFL Europa was an American football league which operated in Europe from 1991 until 2007. World Bowl '96 (or World Bowl IV) the championship game of American football's WLAF, took From 1995 to 1997 they played all their games there, from 1998 to 2000 they split their home matches between Murrayfield and Glasgow's Hampden Park, then moved to Glasgow full-time, with one final Murrayfield appearance in 2002. The city's most successful non-professional team are the Edinburgh Wolves who currently play at Meadowbank Stadium. The Edinburgh Wolves are a British American Football team based in Edinburgh, Scotland.
The Edinburgh Marathon has been held in the city since 1999 with more than 13,000 taking part annually. The Edinburgh Marathon is a Marathon race that has been held each year in Edinburgh, Scotland since 2003 usually in June
Edinburgh has a speedway team, the Edinburgh Monarchs, which currently is based at the Lothian Arena in Armadale, West Lothian. Armadale is a town within the district of West Lothian in central Scotland. They have operated there since 1997. Speedway was introduced to Edinburgh at the Marine Gardens Stadium in Seafield Road and it operated 1928–31 and 1938–39. The Edinburgh team of 1930 operated in the Northern League. In 1948 speedway returned to the city at Old Meadowbank. The Monarchs operated there 1948–54 as members of the National League Division Two. Training events were staged at Old Meadowbank occasionally from 1957–59. Two Students Charities events were staged one in 1959 and the other in 1960. Between 1960–67 the Monarchs were members of the Provincial League and from 1965 members of the British League. Following a 10-year gap the Monarchs returned to Powderhall Stadium and raced there 1977–95. A training track operated at the Gyle in the late 1960s. Between 1949 and 1951 Edinburgh was the home track of Australian rider Jack Young who won the World Championship in 1951.
The Honourable Society of Edinburgh Boaters, Scotland's only punting society, used to ply the waters of the Union Canal from a base at Hermiston House. This article concentrates on the history and development of punts and punting in England for other usages see Norfolk punt and the general disambiguation pages at Punt The Society staged several regattas and engaged in the annual Scottish Boat Race against Cambridge University Dampers Club with mixed success.
Economy
Edinburgh has the strongest economy of any city in the UK outside London. Edinburgh, as the capital of Scotland, is usually regarded as one of the twin engines of the Scottish Economy alongside Glasgow. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. [27] The strength of Edinburgh's economy is reflected by its GDP per capita, which was measured at £27,600 (€40,700, $55,000) in 2004. The economy of Edinburgh and its hinterland has recently been announced as one of the fastest growing city regions in Europe. The term city region has been in use since about 1950 by Urbanists, Economists and Urban planners to mean not just the administrative area of a recognisable [28] Education and health, finance and business services, retailing and tourism are the largest employers. [29] The economy of Edinburgh is largely based around the services sector — centred around banking, financial services, higher education, and tourism. A banker or bank is a Financial institution whose primary activity is to act as a payment agent for customers and to borrow and lend money Scotland is a well-developed tourist destination with Tourism generally being responsible for sustaining 200000 jobs mainly in the service sector with tourist spending Unemployment in Edinburgh is low at 2. Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. 2%, which has been consistently below the Scottish average. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. [30]
Banking has been a part of the economic life of Edinburgh for over 300 years with the invention of capitalism in the city, with the establishment of the Bank of Scotland by an act of the original Parliament of Scotland in 1695. Holyrood Abbey is a ruined Augustinian Abbey in Edinburgh, Scotland. The Bank of Scotland plc is a commercial and Clearing bank based in Edinburgh, Scotland. This article is about the pre-1707 parliament The article on the devolved legislative body established in 1999 is at Scottish Parliament. Their headquarters are on the Mound, overlooking Princes Street. Today, together with the burgeoning financial services industry, with particular strengths in insurance and investment underpinned by the presence of Edinburgh based firms such as Scottish Widows and Standard Life, Edinburgh has emerged as Europe’s sixth largest financial centre. Insurance, in Law and Economics, is a form of Risk management primarily used to hedge against the Risk of a contingent loss Investment or investing is a term with several closely-related meanings in Business management, Finance and Economics, related to saving Scottish Widows is an Investment company located in Edinburgh, Scotland, now a Subsidiary of the Lloyds TSB Group. Standard Life (Canada Standard Life plc ( is a financial services institution based in Edinburgh, Scotland. [31] The Royal Bank of Scotland, which is the fifth largest in the world by market capitalisation, opened their new global headquarters at Gogarburn in the west of the city in October 2005; their registered office remains in St. The Royal Bank of Scotland plc ( Scottish Gaelic: Banca Rìoghail na h-Alba) is one of the retail banking subsidiaries of the Royal Bank of Scotland Group Market capitalization/capitalisation (aka market cap, mkt cap or capitalized/capitalised value) is a measurement of Corporate or Economic Gogar is a rural Exurb of Edinburgh, Scotland, located to the west of the city The Registered Office is an address which is registered at the registering authority as the official address of a company, an association or any other legal entity Andrew Square.
Manufacturing has never had as strong presence in Edinburgh compared with Glasgow; however brewing, publishing, and nowadays electronics have maintained a foothold in the city. Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom Brewing is the production of Alcoholic beverage and Alcohol fuel through fermentation. Publishing is the process of production and dissemination of Literature or Information &ndash the activity of making information available for public view Electronics refers to the flow of charge (moving Electrons through Nonmetal conductors (mainly Semiconductors, whereas electrical Whilst brewing has been in decline in recent years, with the closure of the McEwan's Brewery in 2005, Caledonian Brewery remains as the largest, with Scottish and Newcastle retaining their headquarters in the city. McEwan's is a range of beer brewed at the Caledonian Brewery in Edinburgh, Scotland. Caledonian Brewery is a Scottish Brewery founded in 1869 in the Slateford area of Edinburgh, Scotland. Scottish & Newcastle plc was one of the world’s leading "long alcoholic drinks " (LADs companies with strong positions in 15 countries including leadership
Tourism is an important economic mainstay in the city. Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel As a World Heritage Site, tourists come to visit such historical sites as Edinburgh Castle, the Palace of Holyroodhouse and the Georgian New Town. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex Edinburgh Castle is an ancient Stronghold which dominates the sky-line of the The Palace of Holyroodhouse, or informally Holyrood Palace, founded as a monastery by David I of Scotland in 1128, has served as the principal residence The New Town, a central area of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, is often considered to be a masterpiece of city planning and is a UNESCO This is augmented in August of each year with the presence of the Edinburgh Festivals, which bring in large numbers of visitors, generating in excess of £100m for the Edinburgh economy. Edinburgh Festival is a collective term for several simultaneous arts and cultural Festivals which take place during August each year in Edinburgh, [32]
As the centre of Scotland’s devolved government, as well as its legal system, the public sector plays a central role in the economy of Edinburgh with many departments of the Scottish Government located in the city. Scots law is a unique legal system with an ancient basis in Roman law. The Scottish Government (SG ( Scottish Gaelic: Riaghaltas na h-Alba) is the executive arm of the government of Scotland. Other major employers include NHS Scotland and local government administration. NHS Scotland (sometimes NHSScotland) ( Gaelic: SNN Alba or Bòrd slàinte na Alba) is the publicly funded healthcare system of Local government in Scotland is organised through 32 unitary authorities consisting of Councillors elected every four years by registered voters in each of the
Edinburgh has seventy post offices, one in St. Mary's Street (in the Old Town close to Waverley Station) is "central", in that it is the only one within the EH1 1 postcode zone, but the Royal Mail sorting office at 10 Brunswick Road has the latest collection. A postal code (known in various countries as a post code, postcode, or ZIP code) is a series of letters and/or digits appended to a Edinburgh's General Post Office building, in Waterloo Place, no longer houses a post office, which has been moved into the nearby St. The General Post Office (GPO was officially established in England in 1660 by Charles II and it eventually grew to combine the functions of both the state James' Centre. The façades of the Waterloo Place building still stand, but the interior has been removed and replaced with offices.
Government and politics
As capital of Scotland, Edinburgh is host to the national unicameral legislature, the Scottish Parliament. The politics of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, are evident in the deliberations and decisions of the city council of Edinburgh, in elections to the council A coat of arms or armorial bearings (often just arms for short in European tradition is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people Unicameralism is the practice of having only one legislative or Parliamentary chamber A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation The Scottish Parliament ( Scottish Gaelic: Pàrlamaid na h-Alba; Scots: Scottish Pairlament) is the devlolved national unicameral The Scottish Parliament Building, in the Holyrood area of Edinburgh, opened in September 2004. The Scottish Parliament Building (Pàrlamaid na h-Alba is the home of the Scottish Parliament at Holyrood, within the UNESCO World Heritage Site Holyrood is an area in Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. Located immediately to the east of the city centre at the end of the Royal Mile, Holyrood was
The devolved Scottish Government has offices at St Andrew's House on Calton Hill in the city centre, and Victoria Quay in Leith. Devolution is the statutory granting of powers from the central government of a State to government at subnational level The Scottish Government (SG ( Scottish Gaelic: Riaghaltas na h-Alba) is the executive arm of the government of Scotland. St Andrew's House (SAH is a large Art Deco influenced building on the southern flank of Calton Hill in Edinburgh, Scotland, with a fine outlook Calton Hill is a hill in central Edinburgh, Scotland, just to the east of the New Town. Formerly a municipal Burgh, Leith (Lìte is a district in the north of the city of Edinburgh at the mouth of the Water of Leith and is the port Bute House on Charlotte Square is the official residence of the First Minister of Scotland. Bute House ( Gaelic: Taigh Bhòid) is the Official residence of the First Minister of Scotland, who is the head of the Scottish Charlotte Square is a City square in Edinburgh, Scotland, part of the New Town, designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site The First Minister of Scotland (Prìomh Mhinistear na h-Alba First Meinister o Scotland is the head of the devolved Scottish
The city has hosted a number of international events, such as Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting and the Council of Europe. The Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, abbreviated to CHOGM, is a biennial Summit meeting of the heads of government from all Commonwealth The Council of Europe (Conseil de l'Europe is the oldest International organisation working towards European integration, being founded in 1949
Apart from elections to the Scottish Parliament, politics in Edinburgh are evident in elections to the City of Edinburgh Council and the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The politics of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, are evident in the deliberations and decisions of the city council of Edinburgh, in elections to the council The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories For elections to the European Parliament, Edinburgh is within the Scotland constituency. The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU Scotland constitutes a single Constituency of the European Parliament.
Local government
- see also List of Lord Provosts of Edinburgh
Edinburgh constitutes one of the 32 council areas of Scotland and, as such, is represented by the City of Edinburgh Council, a local authority composed of 58 elected councillors, each representing a multi-member electoral ward in the city. Bute House ( Gaelic: Taigh Bhòid) is the Official residence of the First Minister of Scotland, who is the head of the Scottish Charlotte Square is a City square in Edinburgh, Scotland, part of the New Town, designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site The First Minister of Scotland (Prìomh Mhinistear na h-Alba First Meinister o Scotland is the head of the devolved Scottish For local government purposes Scotland is divided into 32 areas designated as "council areas" which are all governed by unitary authorities designated as The politics of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, are evident in the deliberations and decisions of the city council of Edinburgh, in elections to the council A councillor or councilor ( Cllr, Coun, Clr or Cr for short is a member of a Local government council such as a A ward in the United Kingdom is an electoral district at subnational level represented by one or more councillors The council is led by the Lord Provost. A Lord Provost is the figurative and ceremonial head of one of the principal cities in Scotland.
The Liberal Democrats and Scottish National Party jointly run the council in a coalition. The Scottish Liberal Democrats are one of the three state parties within the federal structure of the British Liberal Democrats; the others being the English The Scottish National Party (SNP (Pàrtaidh Nàiseanta na h-Alba Scottis Naitional Pairtie is a Centre-left political party which campaigns for Scottish The Lord Provost of Edinburgh, George Grubb (who replaced Lesley Hinds on May 16, 2007), and the Leader of the Council, Jenny Dawe, are both Liberal Democrat Party members. George D W Grubb is since May 2007 the Lord Provost and Ex officio Lord-Lieutenant of Edinburgh Lesley Hinds, born in Dundee, is a Councillor and from 2003 to 2007 was Lord Provost of Edinburgh, Scotland. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
Elections to the council are held on a four year cycle, the last on 3 May 2007. Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Councillors are elected from multi-member wards, each electing three or four councillors by the single transferable vote system, to produce a form of proportional representation. Single transferable vote (STV is a preferential Voting system designed to minimize Wasted votes and provide Proportional representation Proportional representation (sometimes referred to as full representation or PR is a category of electoral formula aiming at a close match between the percentage of votes
Boundaries date from 2007. The Scottish local elections 2007 were held on 3 May, 2007, the same day as Scottish Parliament elections and local elections in parts of
Scottish Parliament
In elections to the Scottish Parliament (Holyrood), the city area is divided between six of the nine constituencies in the Lothians electoral region. The Scottish Parliament ( Scottish Gaelic: Pàrlamaid na h-Alba; Scots: Scottish Pairlament) is the devlolved national unicameral The Scottish Parliament Building (Pàrlamaid na h-Alba is the home of the Scottish Parliament at Holyrood, within the UNESCO World Heritage Site In the United Kingdom (UK, each of the electoral areas or divisions called constituencies elects one or more members to a parliament or assembly Constituencies and council areas The City of Edinburgh and the West Lothian council areas are entirely within the region The Scottish Parliament ( Holyrood) has 73 constituencies, each electing one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP by the Plurality ( First Each constituency elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) by the first past the post system of election, and the region elects seven additional MSPs, to produce a form of proportional representation. Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP) ( Ball Pàrlamaid na h-Alba ( BPA) in Gaelic) is the title given to any one of the 129 individuals elected The plurality voting system is a Single-winner voting system often used to elect executive officers or to elect members of a legislative assembly which is based on single-member The Additional Member System (AMS is a branch of Voting systems in which some representatives are elected from geographic constituencies and others are elected under Proportional representation (sometimes referred to as full representation or PR is a category of electoral formula aiming at a close match between the percentage of votes
Five of the six Edinburgh constituencies, Edinburgh North and Leith, Edinburgh Central, Edinburgh Pentlands, Edinburgh South and Edinburgh West, are entirely within the city area. Edinburgh North and Leith is a constituency of the Scottish Parliament ( Holyrood) Edinburgh Central is a constituency of the Scottish Parliament ( Holyrood) Edinburgh Pentlands is a constituency of the Scottish Parliament ( Holyrood) Edinburgh South is a constituency of the Scottish Parliament ( Holyrood) Edinburgh West is a constituency of the Scottish Parliament ( Holyrood) Musselburgh, in East Lothian, is included in the sixth, Edinburgh East and Musselburgh. This article is about Musselburgh in Scotland For Musselburgh in New Zealand see Suburbs of Dunedin Musselburgh is the largest settlement in East Lothian ( Lodainn an Ear in Gaelic) is one of 32 Unitary council areas in Scotland, and a lieutenancy Area. Edinburgh East and Musselburgh is a constituency of the Scottish Parliament ( Holyrood)
Boundaries date from 1999, and the creation of the Scottish Parliament itself. The Scottish Parliament election 1999 was the first General election of the Scottish Parliament, with voting taking place on May 6, 1999.
Parliament of the United Kingdom
In elections to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (Westminster), the city area is divided between five first past the post constituencies, all entirely within the city area, and each electing one Member of Parliament (MP): Edinburgh South, Edinburgh West, Edinburgh South West, Edinburgh North and Leith, and Edinburgh East. The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. Edinburgh South is a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, first used in the general election of 1885 Edinburgh West is a Burgh constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom ( Westminster) first used in the Edinburgh South West is a Scottish constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom ( Westminster) first used Edinburgh North and Leith is a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom ( Westminster) first used in Edinburgh East is a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
Boundaries date from 2005. Results Overview For events leading up to the date of the election see article Pre-election day events of the United Kingdom general
Twin and Partner cities
Edinburgh is twinned[33] with several cities across the world:
Twin cities
- Aalborg, Denmark (1991)
- Dunedin, New Zealand (1974)
- Florence, Italy (1964)
- Kiev, Ukraine (1989)
- Munich, Germany (1954)
- Nice, France (1958)
- San Diego, United States (1977)
- Vancouver, Canada (1977)
- Xi'an, China (1985)
Partner cities
Friendship link
- Kyoto Prefecture, Japan (1994)
Transport
Edinburgh is a major transport hub in east central Scotland, with arterial road and rail routes that connect the city to the rest of Scotland and with England. Aalborg ( IPA ˈʌlb̥ɒːˀ is a city in Denmark. Its population as of 2006 is 121540 making it the fourth largest in the country after Copenhagen, The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Dunedin (dəˈneɪdɪn) Ōtepoti in Maori is the second-largest city in the South Island of New Zealand, and the principal city of the region of New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Nice (nis Niçard Occitan: Niça norm or Nissa, Italian: Nizza or Nizza Marittima, Greek This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Vancouver (vænˈkuːvɚ is a coastal Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page UserEl_C --> Xi'an ( Postal map spelling: Sian is the Capital of the Shaanxi province in the China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland WikipediaWikiProject Japanese prefectures for guidelines --> is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kinki region of the island of Honshū For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Edinburgh constitutes a major transport hub in east central Scotland and as such is at the centre of a multi- Modal transport network comprising road rail and air communications For the nearby road bridge see Forth Road Bridge. The Forth Bridge is a cantilever Railway Bridge over the Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland It is connected to the north of Scotland by the famous feats of engineering, the Forth Bridge and the Forth Road Bridge. For the nearby road bridge see Forth Road Bridge. The Forth Bridge is a cantilever Railway Bridge over the The Forth Road Bridge is a Suspension bridge in east central Scotland
Buses
Most public transport trips in Edinburgh are taken by bus, with Lothian Buses and First Bus operating an extensive system connecting most parts of the city, suburbs and surrounding city region. Lothian Buses Plc is the largest municipal bus company in the United Kingdom and the largest provider of Bus services in Edinburgh, FirstGroup plc ( is a Scottish Transport company operating in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, Canada, USA The term city region has been in use since about 1950 by Urbanists, Economists and Urban planners to mean not just the administrative area of a recognisable
Trams
Following a vote in the Scottish Parliament in June 2007,[34] preliminary construction work (such as the diversion of utilities) has now started on the Edinburgh Tram Network, a light rapid transit tram line to connect Edinburgh Airport and Granton via the city centre and Leith Walk. The Scottish Parliament ( Scottish Gaelic: Pàrlamaid na h-Alba; Scots: Scottish Pairlament) is the devlolved national unicameral Edinburgh Trams is a project to build a new Tramway in Edinburgh, where local public transport has been limited to buses since the closing of the city’s original For specific light rail systems many of which use the words "light rail" as part of their name see List of light-rail transit systems. Edinburgh Airport is located in Edinburgh, Scotland, and was the busiest Airport in Scotland in 2007 handling 9047558 passengers Another loop may connect the city centre and the northern waterfront areas of Leith and Granton – areas which are undergoing major regeneration and redevelopment. Formerly a municipal Burgh, Leith (Lìte is a district in the north of the city of Edinburgh at the mouth of the Water of Leith and is the port Granton is an area in the north of Edinburgh, Scotland. Granton forms part of Edinburgh's waterfront along the Firth of Forth, and is historically an industrial Despite the reservations of First Minister Alex Salmond and the SNP minority Government, the project was voted through by the other parties in the Parliament. Alexander Elliot Anderson "Alex" Salmond, (ˈsamənd is the First Minister of Scotland, heading a minority Scottish Government.
Rail
Edinburgh Waverley is the main railway station for the city. Edinburgh Airport is located in Edinburgh, Scotland, and was the busiest Airport in Scotland in 2007 handling 9047558 passengers Edinburgh Waverley railway station, commonly referred to as just " Waverley " locally is the main Railway station in the Scottish capital It is on the East Coast Main Line and is a through-station as well as a terminus for many services to and from London Kings Cross operated by NXEC and to London Euston operated by Virgin Trains and First ScotRail, as well as services from within Scotland operated by First ScotRail. The East Coast Main Line ( ECML) is the electrified high-speed railway link between London and Edinburgh connecting Yorkshire, North East King's Cross station is a major railway terminus opened in 1852 National Express East Coast is the name under which the Train operating company NXEC Trains Ltd operates the InterCity East Coast rail franchise which Euston station (official name London Euston) is a major Railway station to the north of central London in the London Borough of Camden Virgin Trains is a Train operating company in the United Kingdom, which currently provides services from London Euston to the North West First ScotRail is the Brand under which FirstGroup runs its Railway franchise to operate all domestic Passenger services within Haymarket Station is a smaller station located to the west of the city centre. Haymarket railway station is in Haymarket, Edinburgh, Scotland. The rail network in the city has expanded in recent years with the opening of Crossrail, from Newcraighall and Musselburgh in the east, to Curriehill, Edinburgh Park and Dalmeny in the west. Newcraighall is a suburb of Edinburgh, located in the southeast of the Scottish capital This article is about Musselburgh in Scotland For Musselburgh in New Zealand see Suburbs of Dunedin Musselburgh is the largest settlement in Curriehill is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. Edinburgh Park is a Business park located in South Gyle, Edinburgh, Scotland. Dalmeny is a village and parish within the Edinburgh council area of Scotland. The network is set to expand further with a new parkway station being constructed at Gogar for Edinburgh Airport and the electrification of the Haymarket - Edinburgh Park/Airport section in connection with the Airdrie - Bathgate Rail Link. Edinburgh Airport is located in Edinburgh, Scotland, and was the busiest Airport in Scotland in 2007 handling 9047558 passengers Edinburgh and the East of Scotland's rail network are controlled from Edinburgh Signalling Centre, which with 240 route miles (470 track miles) has the largest control area in Europe. This will increase on completion of the Bathgate - Airdrie and Edinburgh - Galashiels rail lines which will also be controlled from Edinburgh.
Airport
Edinburgh is served by Edinburgh Airport (EDI), located about 8 miles (13 km) to the west of the city, with scheduled connections to many cities in Europe and an expanding international long-haul route network, including daily flights to New York (JFK and Newark) and summer services to Toronto. Edinburgh Airport is located in Edinburgh, Scotland, and was the busiest Airport in Scotland in 2007 handling 9047558 passengers Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario Construction of an underground rail link to the airport had been due to commence in 2007 and be operational by 2009, however the project was amended by the SNP government in September 2007,[35] in favour of a surface interchange at a new station at Gogar to the proposed Edinburgh Tram Network. Proposed services Though the exact timetable had not been finalised the following service pattern was expected to have been implemented Edinburgh-Glasgow - 2 trains Edinburgh Trams is a project to build a new Tramway in Edinburgh, where local public transport has been limited to buses since the closing of the city’s original
Cycling
Attempts to make Edinburgh more "cycle friendly" have been made, particularly by Spokes, the Lothian Cycle Campaign. Some cyclists remain unconvinced that the promise of a "Model Cycle-Friendly City"[36] has been achieved.
World-record holder
In April 2008 Mark Beaumont, from New Town, Edinburgh, broke the world record for the fastest circumnavigation of the globe by bicycle, completing his ride in only 194 days and 17 hours. The New Town, a central area of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, is often considered to be a masterpiece of city planning and is a UNESCO [37][38] BBC Scotland produced a four part documentary titled "The Man Who Cycled The World". [39]
Thefts
Cycle thefts are common in the city, with an average of five bikes being stolen every day. [40] Ian Maxwell, a member of Spokes Lothian Cycle Campaign, said: "We've seen a massive increase in cycling in Edinburgh over the last ten years and, unfortunately, with that trend comes an inevitable rise in thefts. Overall, though, with tens of thousands of cyclists, the numbers are still relatively low. The figures underline the problem of lack of secure parking facilities for bikes. They can be difficult to find. Cyclists need to take the appropriate precautions. These are opportunist thieves who move quickly and disappear on their newly acquired getaway vehicle. "[40]
Safety
Lothians roads are the most dangerous in Scotland for cyclists, with 165 cyclists a year being hospitalised. [41] One common complaint is that cycle lanes are often placed inside bus lanes on some of the major roads in central Edinburgh, such as Princes Street and Lothian Road. Princes Street is one of the major thoroughfares in central Edinburgh, Scotland, and its main shopping street The A702 is a major road in Scotland, that runs from Edinburgh to St [42] This irritates bus drivers, who are limited by the slow speed of cyclists, and therefore feel compelled to perform unsafe vehicle manoeuvres like tailgating only inches behind cyclists, and overtaking when the outer lane is occupied so the bus cannot actually move around the cyclist safely, thus squeezing the cyclist between the bus and pavement. Tailgating is the practice of driving on a road too closely behind another vehicle such as less than the travel distance in two seconds or equivalently one vehicle-length [42] It is also common for cars and other vehicles to be parked in cycle lanes, forcing cyclists to weave in and out of lanes of traffic, to the irritation of other drivers.
Several cyclists have been killed in Edinburgh. In September 2004, a 28 year old man was killed by the driver of a Vauxhall Vectra at the junction of Marchmont Road and Melville Drive. [43] In April 2008, a male cyclist was killed in a collision with a truck on the junction between West Richmond Street and Nicolson Street. [44][45] The deceased was identified as Dr Iain Wilson, 35 years old, and an award winning neuroscientist who worked at the University of Edinburgh. A neuroscientist is an individual who studies the scientific field of Neuroscience or any of its related sub-fields The University of Edinburgh (Oilthigh Dhùn Èideann founded in 1582 is a renowned centre for teaching and research in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. [46][47] A female student cyclist was killed in a collision with a bus on Marchmont Road in the late 90s.
Disputes
Pedicabs are a common form of transport for weekend revellers, with the number operating in Edinburgh growing from only 2 in 2000 to 60 by 2008. The cycle rickshaw, being a small-scale local means of transport is also known by a variety of other names such as rickshaw, pedicab, bugbug, cyclo [48] This has led to a growing number of complaints from taxi cab drivers, who resent the competition. In one dispute, a pedicab cyclist was reported to have been attacked by a group of three taxi drivers, who kicked and headbutted him. [48] In other cases, taxi drivers have thrown cigarette butts at pedicab cyclists, and in one case, threatened a cyclist with a Taser stun gun (possession of such a device is illegal in Scotland). A Taser is an Electroshock weapon that uses Electro-Muscular Disruption (EMD technology to cause neuromuscular incapacitation or NMI and strong muscle contractions [48]
Cycling in certain public parks, like walkways across the Meadows, is currently illegal. This article describes the park in Edinburgh For the place in Florida see The Meadows Florida. [49] Under the Land Reform Act of 2003, park paths may be opened up to cyclists, but concerns have been expressed that cyclists may run pedestrians over. Peng Lee Yap, chairman of Friends of the Meadows, said "While this is clearly a difficult issue, it was felt that the positive way forward is the approach of Spokes to improve cyclists' behaviour. "[49] In late 2007 Spokes Lothian group launched their "Bike Polite" campaign to encourage cyclists to be more considerate. [50]
Park and Ride
A new park and ride site was opened on February 3, 2008 at Sheriffhall, in addition to facilities at Ingliston, Riccarton, Fife and Newcraighall. Park and ride (or incentive parking) facilities are Public transport stations that allow commuters and other people wishing to travel into Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Ingliston is an area in the west of Edinburgh, Scotland. It is south of Edinburgh Airport and home to the Royal Highland Showground, although Riccarton is an area in Edinburgh 's Green Belt, in Scotland. Fife ( Gaelic: Fìobha) is a Council area of Scotland, situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth, with inland Newcraighall is a suburb of Edinburgh, located in the southeast of the Scottish capital
For all other park and ride information visit: The National Park and Ride Directory
Congestion
Traffic congestion, especially at peak times, is viewed as a problem. The rise in car use in the city caused commuting trips to grow by 72% in Edinburgh between 1981 and 2001. [51] Various initiatives have been put in place to combat this, with "Greenways", dedicated bus lanes on primary routes into the city centre with strict traffic regulations, have been initiated in recent years. A bus lane or bus only lane is a lane on a road restricted to Buses and generally used to speed up public transport otherwise held up by traffic congestions Improvements to the bus network have included guided busways in the west of the city and major improvements to bus services, such as clearer ticketing arrangements and better provision of bus stops. Guided buses are Buses steered for part or all of their route by external means usually on a dedicated track. In 2005 Edinburgh Council's proposed congestion charging scheme was overwhelmingly rejected in a referendum. The Edinburgh congestion charge (also known as Edinburgh road tolls) was a proposed scheme of Congestion pricing for Scotland 's capital city
Education
Universities and colleges
The University of Edinburgh was founded by Royal Charter in 1583,[52] and is the fourth oldest university in Scotland, after St Andrews, Glasgow and Aberdeen. The University of Edinburgh (Oilthigh Dhùn Èideann founded in 1582 is a renowned centre for teaching and research in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. Robert Adam ( 3 July 1728 &ndash 3 March 1792) was a Scottish neoclassical Architect, Interior designer Old College is a building of the University of Edinburgh. It is located on South Bridge and presently houses parts of the University's administration the University The University of Edinburgh School of Law, founded in 1707 is a school within the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, dedicated to research and teaching in The University of Edinburgh (Oilthigh Dhùn Èideann founded in 1582 is a renowned centre for teaching and research in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. The following is a list of universities in Scotland, detailing the year of foundation the location and other information The University of St Andrews is the oldest University in Scotland and third oldest in the English-speaking world, having been founded between The University of Glasgow (Oilthigh Ghlaschu was founded in 1451 in Glasgow, Scotland and along with its contemporary institutions the University of St Andrews The University of Aberdeen is an Ancient university founded in 1495, in Old Aberdeen, Scotland. The Old College on South Bridge opened in the 1820s. Old College is a building of the University of Edinburgh. It is located on South Bridge and presently houses parts of the University's administration the University As the institution continued to expand, new buildings were constructed around George Square, where the heart of the university remains, and the King's Buildings campus in southern Edinburgh. The King's Buildings are a campus of the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, and contains most of the schools within the College of Science and Engineering excepting A third campus at Little France was established in 2002. Little France is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. Development of the University's estate continues on all three campuses in the 21st century.
The Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh and the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh were established by Royal Charter, in 1506 and 1681 respectively. The Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, traces its origins to 1505 when the Barber Surgeons of Edinburgh was formally The Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (RCPE was established in the 17th century The Trustees Drawing Academy of Edinburgh was established in 1760,[53] an institution that became the Edinburgh College of Art in 1907. Edinburgh College of Art (ECA is an art school in Edinburgh, Scotland, providing Tertiary education in art and design disciplines for over two thousand
In the 1960s Heriot-Watt University and Napier Technical College were established. Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh, Scotland, is the eighth-oldest higher education institution in the United Kingdom, although it only received Heriot-Watt traces its origins to 1821, when a school for technical education of the working classes was opened. Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types Heriot-Watt continues to have a strong reputation in engineering, and is based at Riccarton, in the west of the city. Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and Riccarton is an area in Edinburgh 's Green Belt, in Scotland.
Napier College, renamed Napier Polytechnic in 1986, gained university status in 1992. Napier University has several campuses in the south and west of the city, including the former Craiglockhart Hydropathic (of Siegfried Sassoon and Wilfred Owen fame) and Merchiston Tower (the family home of John Napier). Napier University is a University in Edinburgh, Scotland. History Napier University was opened as Napier Technical College Craiglockhart Hydropathic, now known as Craiglockhart Campus, is a building with surrounding grounds in Craiglockhart, Edinburgh, Scotland Siegfried Loraine Sassoon, CBE MC ( 8 September 1886 &ndash 1 September 1967) was an English poet and Author Wilfred Edward Salter Owen MC (18 March 1893 &ndash 4 November 1918 was an English Poet and Soldier, regarded by many as one of the leading Merchiston Castle or Merchiston Tower was probably built by Alexander Napier the second Laird of Merchiston around 1454 For other people with the same name see John Napier (disambiguation. The University contains several specialised research centres (including the Centre for Timber Engineering, the International Teledemocracy Centre and a large business school. The Centre for Timber Engineering is part of Napier University, a University in Edinburgh, Scotland. The International Teledemocracy Centre (ITC is based at Napier University Edinburgh Scotland. A business school is a university-level institution that confers degrees in Business Administration In 2005 the University secured Skillset Screen Academy status for its film courses and now operates (in conjunction with Edinburgh College of Art) the Screen Academy Scotland, one of six accredited centres in the UK. The Screen Academy Scotland is a collaboration between Napier University and Edinburgh College of Art. [54]
Queen Margaret University was founded in 1875 as a women's college, and today specialises in healthcare, theatre, media, hospitality and business. Queen Margaret University (formerly Queen Margaret University College and Queen Margaret College) is a Modern University located in Musselburgh
Other colleges offering further education in Edinburgh include Telford College, opened in 1968, and Stevenson College, opened in 1970. Edinburgh's Telford College, named after Thomas Telford, the great Scottish civil engineer was established in 1968 Basil Paterson offers courses in languages and teaching. The Scottish Agricultural College also has a campus in south Edinburgh. The Scottish Agricultural College ("SAC" provides agricultural education advice consultancy and research services to rural communities and industries in Scotland
Schools
Edinburgh schools include Donaldson's College and the Royal Blind School, Scotland’s national residential and day schools for deaf and blind students, both of which serve Scotland and the north east of England. List of schools in Edinburgh is a list of Schools in the City of Edinburgh Council area of Scotland. Donaldson's College, in Linlithgow is Scotland 's national school for the Deaf, dedicated to teaching deaf students and those suffering from other language The Royal High School is considered to be the oldest school in Scotland. The Royal High School (RHS of Edinburgh can trace its roots back to 1128 and is one of the oldest schools in Scotland.
Edinburgh also has several independent schools including: Stewart's Melville College, The Mary Erskine School, George Heriot's School, Merchiston Castle School, George Watson's College, St George's School For Girls Loretto School, Edinburgh Academy, and Fettes College. Stewart's Melville College ("Stew Mel" or "SMC" is an Independent school (also known as a private school in Edinburgh The Mary Erskine School, popularly known simply as "Mary Erskine" or "MES" for short is an all girls independent secondary school in Edinburgh George Heriot's School is an independent primary and secondary School on Lauriston Place in Edinburgh, Scotland, with Merchiston Castle School is a private boarding school located in the village of Colinton in Edinburgh, Scotland. George Watson's College is a leading co-educational independent Day school in Scotland, situated on Colinton Road in the Merchiston area Loretto School is an independent school in Scotland, founded in 1827. The Edinburgh Academy is an Independent school. It is self-governed and financed though it remains subject to inspection by Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education Fettes College is an independent boarding and Day school in Edinburgh, Scotland.
Health
Hospitals in Edinburgh include the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, which includes Edinburgh University Medical School, and the Western General Hospital, which includes a large cancer treatment centre. The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh is both a scientific institution and a tourist attraction The following is a partial list of currently operating Hospitals in Scotland. The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, often colloquially referred to as Edinburgh Royal Infirmary or ERI, established in 1729 is the oldest Voluntary hospital The Western General Hospital (often abbreviated to simply "The Western General" at Crewe Road Edinburgh, Scotland is part of NHS Lothian, a There is one private hospital, Murrayfield Hospital, owned by Spire Healthcare. The Royal Infirmary is the main Accident & Emergency hospital not just for Edinburgh but also Midlothian and East Lothian, and is the headquarters of NHS Lothian, making it a centric focus for Edinburgh and its hinterland. The Royal Edinburgh Hospital specialises in mental health, it is situated in Morningside. The Royal Edinburgh Hospital is a Psychiatric hospital in Edinburgh, Scotland. The Royal Hospital for Sick Children is located in Sciennes Road; it is popularly known as the 'Sick Kids'.
Religious communities
Christianity
The Church of Scotland claims the largest membership of any religious denomination in Edinburgh. St Mary's Cathedral or the Cathedral Church of Saint Mary the Virgin is a Cathedral of the Scottish Episcopal Church in Edinburgh, Scotland The Church of Scotland (Eaglais na h-Alba known informally by its Scots language name The Kirk, is the National church of Scotland. Its most important and historical church is St Giles' Cathedral; others include Greyfriars Kirk, Barclay Church, Canongate Kirk and St Andrew's and St George's Church. A prominent feature of the Edinburgh skyline St Giles' Cathedral or the High Kirk of Edinburgh is a Church of Scotland place of worship decorating the Greyfriars Kirk, today Greyfriars Tolbooth & Highland Kirk, is a Parish Kirk ( church) of the Church of Scotland in central Edinburgh Barclay Church (not to be confused with Dalmuir Barclay Church) is a parish church of the Church of Scotland in the Presbytery of Edinburgh The Kirk of the Canongate - or Canongate Kirk - serves the Parish of Canongate in Edinburgh 's Old Town, in Scotland St Andrew's and St George's Church serves Edinburgh 's New Town, in Scotland. In the south east of the city is the 12th century Duddingston Kirk. Duddingston Kirk is a Parish Church in the Church of Scotland, located adjacent to Holyrood Park in Duddingston Village, on the east side of the City of Edinburgh The Church of Scotland Offices are located in Edinburgh, as is the Assembly Hall and New College on The Mound. The Church of Scotland offices are located in the centre of Edinburgh (in the New Town) at 121 George Street Edinburgh EH2 4YN The Assembly Hall is located between the Lawnmarket and The Mound in Edinburgh, Scotland. New College Edinburgh was opened in 1846 as a college of the Free Church of Scotland, later of the United Free Church of Scotland, and from the 1930s has been the
The Roman Catholic Church also has a sizeable presence in the city. Its notable structures include St Mary's Cathedral at the top of Leith Walk, the Sacred Heart of Jesus, St Patrick's, St. The Cathedral Church of Saint Mary in Edinburgh is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh. Columba's, St. Peter's and Star of the Sea. The Catholic community in Edinburgh is part of the Archdiocese of St Andrews and Edinburgh, which is led by Keith Cardinal O'Brien, considered to be the leader of the Catholic Church in Scotland. Keith Michael Patrick Cardinal O'Brien (born March 17, 1938 in Ballycastle, County Antrim, Northern Ireland) is the current
The Free Church of Scotland (Reformed and Presbyterian) has congregations on the Royal Mile and Crosscauseway; its offices and training college are located on the Mound. The Scottish Episcopal Church is part of the Anglican Communion. The Scottish Episcopal Church (Eaglais Easbaigeach na h-Alba is a Christian denomination in Scotland and a member of the Anglican Communion, although it Its centre is the resplendent St Mary's Cathedral, Palmerston Place in the west end. St Mary's Cathedral or the Cathedral Church of Saint Mary the Virgin is a Cathedral of the Scottish Episcopal Church in Edinburgh, Scotland
In addition, there are a number of independent churches situated throughout the city; these churches tend to have a high percentage of student congregants and include Destiny Church, Charlotte Chapel, Carrubbers Christian Centre and Bellevue Chapel. A prominent feature of the Edinburgh skyline St Giles' Cathedral or the High Kirk of Edinburgh is a Church of Scotland place of worship decorating the Charlotte Baptist Chapel is a church in Rose Street in central Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. Carrubbers Christian Centre is a church on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh, Scotland. Bellevue Chapel is a church in Rodney Street in Canonmills, Edinburgh, Scotland.
Other faiths
Edinburgh Central Mosque - Edinburgh's main mosque and Islamic Centre is located on Potterow on the city's southside, near Bristo Square. Edinburgh Central Mosque (officially known as the King Fahd Mosque and Islamic Centre of Edinburgh) is located on Potterrow near the University of Edinburgh central A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger It was opened in the late 1990s and the construction was largely financed by a gift from King Fahd of Saudi Arabia. King Fahd bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud, Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, ( 1921 - August 1, 2005) was the King of the Kingdom The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi [55] The first recorded presence of a Jewish community in Edinburgh dates back to the late 17th century. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Edinburgh's Orthodox synagogue is located in Salisbury Road, which was opened in 1932 and can accommodate a congregation of 2000. Orthodox Judaism is the formulation of Judaism that adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonized A synagogue (from Greek: grc συναγωγή transliterated synagogē, "assembly" he בית כנסת beit knesset, "house of A Liberal congregation also meets in the city.
Notable residents
Many famous people in the past and present have been born in Edinburgh, resident in the city, or connected to it in some way. This list contains famous or notable people (or groups who have either been born or based in Edinburgh, Scotland. Famous authors of the city include Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the creator of Sherlock Holmes, Ian Rankin, author of the Inspector Rebus series of crime thrillers, J. K. Rowling, the author of Harry Potter, who wrote her first book in an Edinburgh coffee shop (Nicolson's Cafe[56][57] as well as the Elephant's House) and Adam Smith, economist, born in Kirkcaldy, and author of The Wealth of Nations. Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle, DL (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930 was an Anglo-Scottish Author most noted for his stories about the Sherlock Holmes is a famous fictional detective of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries who first appeared in Publication in 1887 Ian Rankin OBE, DL, (born 28 April 1960 in Cardenden, Fife) is a Scottish Crime writer. Detective Inspector John Rebus is the protagonist in the Inspector Rebus series of Detective novels by the Scottish writer Ian Rankin, 10 of Joanne "Jo" Rowling OBE (born 31 July 1965 who writes under the Harry Potter is a series of seven Fantasy novels written by British author J Adam Smith ( baptised 16 June 1723 – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of Political economy. Kirkcaldy (kɪrˈkɔːdi Cathair Chaladain) is a town and former Royal burgh in Fife, on the east coast of Scotland. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations is the Magnum opus of the Scottish economist Adam Smith.
Edinburgh has been home to the actor Sir Sean Connery, famed as the first cinematic James Bond;[58] Ronnie Corbett, a comedian and actor, best known as one of The Two Ronnies;[59] and Dylan Moran, the Irish comedian. Sir Thomas Sean Connery (born August 25 1930) is an Academy Award - Golden Globe - and BAFTA Award -winning Scottish James Bond 007 is a Fictional character created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve Novels and two Short story Ronald Balfour "Ronnie" Corbett, OBE (born 4 December 1930) is a British Actor and Comedian, born in Scotland The Two Ronnies was a British Sketch show that aired on BBC 1 from 1971 to 1987 Dylan Moran (born 3 November 1971) is a BAFTA and Perrier Award -winning Irish Comedian, Actor and Famous city artists include the portrait painters Sir Henry Raeburn, Sir David Wilkie and Allan Ramsay. Sir Henry Raeburn ( 4 March, 1756 - 8 July, 1823) was a Scottish Portrait painter. Sir David Wilkie may refer to Sir David Wilkie (artist (1785-1841 Scottish painter Sir David Wilkie (surgeon (1882-1938 British Allan Ramsay (13 October 1713 &ndash 10 August 1784 was a Scottish portrait- painter. Historians such as Douglas Johnson and Arthur Marwick had roots here. Douglas Johnson (1925-2005 a British Historian, was born in Edinburgh in 1925 Arthur John Brereton Marwick, ( 29 February, 1936 &ndash 27 September, 2006) was a Professor in History.
The city has produced or been home to musicians that have been extremely successful in modern times, particularly Ian Anderson, frontman of the band Jethro Tull; Wattie Buchan, lead singer and founding member of punk band The Exploited; Shirley Manson, lead singer for the band Garbage; The Proclaimers, a musical ensemble of two brothers; the Bay City Rollers; Boards of Canada and Idlewild. Ian Scott Anderson, MBE (born 10 August 1947 in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland) is a Scottish Singer Jethro Tull are a British rock group formed in 1967-1968 Their music is marked by the distinctive vocal style and lead Flute work of front man Walter "Wattie" Buchan ( July 24, 1960, Edinburgh) is the Frontman for the Hardcore punk / Crossover thrash band The Exploited is a punk band from the second wave of UK punk, formed in 1979 Shirley Ann Manson (born 26 August 1966 is a Scottish Musician, Actress, and the lead vocalist of the band Garbage. Garbage is an American rock group formed in Madison, Wisconsin, in 1994 The Proclaimers are a Scottish band composed of identical twins Charlie and Craig Reid (born March 5, 1962) The Bay City Rollers were a Scottish Pop/rock band of the 1970s Boards of Canada (BoC are a Scottish Electronic music duo consisting of brothers Michael Sandison (born June 1, 1970) and Marcus Eoin Sandison Idlewild are a Scottish rock band originally based in Edinburgh.
Edinburgh is the hometown of the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Tony Blair, who was born in the city and attended Fettes College;[60] Robin Harper the co-convener of the Scottish Green Party; and John Witherspoon, the only clergyman to sign the United States Declaration of Independence, and later president of Princeton University. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom Anthony Charles Lynton "Tony" Blair (born 6 May 1953 is a British Politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2 May 1997 to Fettes College is an independent boarding and Day school in Edinburgh, Scotland. Robin Harper is a Scottish Politician. He is co-convener of the Scottish Green Party, and Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP for the The Scottish Green Party (Pàrtaidh Uaine na h-Alba is the Green party of Scotland. John Witherspoon ( February 15, 1723 &ndash November 15, 1794) was a signatory of the United States Declaration of Independence The United States Declaration of Independence is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4 1776 announcing that the thirteen American colonies then Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. [61]
Scotland has a rich history of science and Edinburgh has its fair share of famous names. James Clerk Maxwell, the founder of the modern theory of electromagnetism, was born here and educated at the Edinburgh Academy, as was the telephone pioneer Alexander Graham Bell. James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 &ndash 5 November 1879 was a Scottish mathematician and theoretical physicist. Electromagnetism is the Physics of the Electromagnetic field: a field which exerts a Force on particles that possess the property of The Edinburgh Academy is an Independent school. It is self-governed and financed though it remains subject to inspection by Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout [62] Other names connected to the city include Max Born, physicist and Nobel laureate; Charles Darwin, the biologist who discovered natural selection; David Hume a philosopher, economist and historian; James Hutton, regarded as the "Father of Geology"; John Napier inventor of logarithms;[63] and Ian Wilmut the geneticist involved in the cloning of Dolly the sheep just outside Edinburgh. Max Born (11 December 1882 &ndash 5 January 1970 was a German Physicist and Mathematician who was instrumental in the development of Quantum The Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobelpriset i fysik is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Charles Robert Darwin (February 12 1809 &ndash April 19 1882 was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all Species of life Natural selection is the process by which favorable Heritable traits become more common in successive Generations of a Population of David Hume (26 April 1711 25 August 1776 Scottish Philosopher, Economist, and Historian is an important figure in Western philosophy James Hutton MD (3 June 1726 OS (14 June 1726 NS) Edinburgh 26 March 1797 was a Scottish Geologist, Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit For other people with the same name see John Napier (disambiguation. In Mathematics, the logarithm of a number to a given base is the power or Exponent to which the base must be raised in order to produce Prof Sir Ian Wilmut OBE (born July 7 1944) is an Scottish Embryologist and is currently one of the leaders of the Queen's Medical Dolly was a ewe ( July 5, 1996 – February 14, 2003) that was the first Animal to be cloned from an adult
Sister cities
Edinburgh has several sister cities:
Munich, Germany. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. 
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Florence, Italy. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest 
Dunedin, New Zealand. Dunedin (dəˈneɪdɪn) Ōtepoti in Maori is the second-largest city in the South Island of New Zealand, and the principal city of the region of New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island 
Vancouver, Canada. Vancouver (vænˈkuːvɚ is a coastal Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page 
San Diego, California. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. 
Xi'an, China. UserEl_C --> Xi'an ( Postal map spelling: Sian is the Capital of the Shaanxi province in the Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES 
Kiev, Ukraine. Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. 
Aalborg, Denmark. Aalborg ( IPA ˈʌlb̥ɒːˀ is a city in Denmark. Its population as of 2006 is 121540 making it the fourth largest in the country after Copenhagen, The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe 
Ordu, Turkey. Ordu (Κοτύωρα Cotyora, Armenian Orti) is a Port on the Black Sea coast of Turkey and the capital city of Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches
See also
- Areas of Edinburgh
- Dean Cemetery
- Duke of Edinburgh
- Economy of Edinburgh
- Edinburgh congestion charge
- Edinburgh Waterfront
- Edinburgh Zoo
- EH postal area
- Fresh Air (Edinburgh)
- Lothian and Borders Police
- National Archives of Scotland
- Politics in Edinburgh
- Scottish Enlightenment
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
- Timeline of Edinburgh history
- Transport in Edinburgh
References
- ^ Edinburgh Facts. Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, is divided into areas that generally encompass a park (sometimes known as " links " a main local street (i Dean Cemetery is a famous Cemetery in Dean Village in Edinburgh, Scotland. The Duke of Edinburgh is a Dukedom associated with Edinburgh, Scotland. Edinburgh, as the capital of Scotland, is usually regarded as one of the twin engines of the Scottish Economy alongside Glasgow. The Edinburgh congestion charge (also known as Edinburgh road tolls) was a proposed scheme of Congestion pricing for Scotland 's capital city Edinburgh Waterfront is a redevelopment of parts of Edinburgh along the shores of the Firth of Forth in Leith and Granton. Edinburgh Zoo, formally the Scottish National Zoological Park, is a non-profit Zoological park located in Edinburgh, the capital city of The, also known as the Edinburgh Postcode area, is a group of postal districts around Balerno, Bathgate, Bo'ness, Bonnyrigg For the US radio show on NPR see Fresh Air. Fresh Air is the alternative music student radio station serving Edinburgh Scotland Lothian and Borders Police is the Police service for the Scottish Council areas of the City of Edinburgh, East Lothian, Midlothian Based in the capital Edinburgh, the National Archives of Scotland (NAS are the National archives of Scotland. The politics of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, are evident in the deliberations and decisions of the city council of Edinburgh, in elections to the council The Scottish Enlightenment was the period in 18th century Scotland characterised by an outpouring of intellectual and scientific accomplishments The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh is both a scientific institution and a tourist attraction This article is intended to show a Timeline of the history of Edinburgh, Scotland, up to the present day Edinburgh constitutes a major transport hub in east central Scotland and as such is at the centre of a multi- Modal transport network comprising road rail and air communications Retrieved on 2007-07-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death
- ^ Conservation in Edinburgh. The City of Edinburgh Council. Retrieved on 2007-05-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ Overseas Visitors to the UK - Top Towns Visited 2005. VisitBritain. Retrieved on 2007-01-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted
- ^ a b Gardens of the 'Gododdin' Craig Cessford Garden History, Vol. 22, No. 1 (Summer, 1994), pp. 114-115 doi:10. 2307/1587005
- ^ Scottish Vernacular Dictionary
- ^ [1][2]
- ^ Stoppard, Tom. Jumpers, Grove Press, 1972, p. 69.
- ^ ORBIS LATINUS: Letter A
- ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_place_names_in_the_British_Isles
- ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivas_Schola_Regia
- ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_High_School_(Edinburgh)
- ^ Pharmaceutical Latin Abbreviations
- ^ The Cambridge Companion to Ben Jonson, retrieved 17 April 2007
- ^ Marmion A Tale of Flodden Field by Walter Scott, retrieved 17 April 2007
- ^ Donald Campbell (2003). Edinburgh: A cultural and literary history. Oxford: Signal Books. ISBN 1-902669-73-8.
- ^ The Story of Leith XXXIII. How Leith was Governed
- ^ Mid Year Population Estimates, 2006. General Register Office for Scotland, 2006. Retrieved on 2008-01-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy.
- ^ City Comparisons Table. Edinburgh City Council. Retrieved on 2007-01-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted
- ^ Napier University Edinburgh. Graduate Prospects. Retrieved on 2007-03-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow.
- ^ A Vision for Capital Growth. City of Edinburgh Council (2006). Retrieved on 2007-03-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow.
- ^ Excavations within Edinburgh Castle by Stephen T. Driscoll & Peter Yeoman, Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Monograph Series no. The Society of Antiquaries of Scotland is the senior Antiquarian body in Scotland, with its headquarters collections archive and lecture theatre in the Royal 12 1997
- ^ Stuart Piggott (1982). Stuart Ernest Piggott CBE ( 28 May, 1910 &ndash 23 September, 1996) was a British Archaeologist most well known for his work Scotland before History. Edinburgh University Press. Edinburgh University Press is a University publisher that is part of the University of Edinburgh in Edinburgh, Scotland. ISBN 0-85224-470-3.
- ^ Holyrood Park Geology. Department of Geography, University of Edinburgh. Retrieved on 2007-07-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold
- ^ John McLeod: Composer
- ^ Zoo Beginnings. Edinburgh Zoo website. Retrieved on 2007-06-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history
- ^ Animals & Conservation. Edinburgh Zoo website. Retrieved on 2008-01-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon.
- ^ Edinburgh City Council. Major Development Projects 2006. Retrieved on 2007-04-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date)
- ^ Aura Sabadus. "Edinburgh's business focus proves a world beater for economic growth", The Scotsman, 2006-05-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place Retrieved on 2007-04-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date)
- ^ Edinburgh City of Learning. Learning Towns and Cities. Retrieved on 2007-03-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow.
- ^ Industry/employment profile. Scottish Enterprise. Retrieved on 2007-03-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow.
- ^ Information for Journalists. Edinburgh Brand. Retrieved on 2007-03-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow.
- ^ 2004 Festival Economic Impact Study results. Edinburgh Festival Fringe (14 October 2005). Retrieved on 2007-03-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow.
- ^ Twin and Partner Cities. City of Edinburgh Council. Retrieved on 2008-03-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem.
- ^ BBC NEWS | Scotland | Edinburgh and East | Climbdown after transport defeat
- ^ "It's £30m down the drain", The Scotsman. Retrieved on 2007-10-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule
- ^ CyclingEdinburgh.info. Retrieved on 2008-01-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC
- ^ "Made it! Scots cyclist Mark Beaumont sets round-the-world record", The Scotsman, 2008-02-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor
- ^ "Round-the-world cyclist plans new challenge... without the bike", The Scotsman, 2008-02-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland
- ^ "Pedalling Around; the site that followed Mark Beaumont on his race around the world", BBC Scotland.
- ^ a b Alen McEwen. "Warning for Edinburgh cyclists as gangs steal five bikes a day", The Scotsman, 2008-04-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in
- ^ "Six cyclists suffer head injuries each month in Lothians", The Scotsman, 2008-04-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland.
- ^ a b Alan Roden. "Bus drivers 'put lives at risk'", The Scotsman, 2007-01-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy.
- ^ "CYCLIST DIES IN ROAD ACCIDENT, EDINBURGH", Lothian and Borders Police, 2004-09-08. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz
- ^ "Cyclist dies in truck collision", BBC News, 2008-04-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans.
- ^ "Cyclist dragged under wheels of lorry dies in horror accident", The Scotsman, 2008-04-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans.
- ^ "Family tribute to 'kind' cyclist", BBC News, 2008-05-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.
- ^ "Family of tragic cyclist pays tribute to 'fantastic guy'", Edinburgh Evening News, 2008-05-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.
- ^ a b c "Rickshaw driver 'hit by cabbie'", Tollcross Online, 2007-12-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev
- ^ a b Alan Roden. "Meadows ban on cyclists 'is illegal'", Edinburgh Evening News, 2008-03-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates
- ^ "'Be polite' message to cyclists", BBC News, 2007-11-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi
- ^ City traffic congestion warning. BBC News (22 February 2006). Retrieved on 2007-03-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow.
- ^ University of Edinburgh Historical Tour. Retrieved on 2007-04-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date)
- ^ Trustees Academy School of Art, Edinburgh. Retrieved on 2007-04-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor.
- ^ Skillset Screen Academy Network. Retrieved on 2007-04-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date)
- ^ Financing the project. Edinburgh Islamic Centre. Retrieved on 2007-03-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow.
- ^ Stephen McGinty (16 June 2003). The JK Rowling story. Scotsman. com. Retrieved on 2007-03-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow.
- ^ Rosalind Gibb & John Gibson (10 October 2006). Plaque spells out Harry's birthplace. Scotsman. com. Retrieved on 2007-03-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow.
- ^ Connery: Bond and beyond. BBC News (21 December 1999). Retrieved on 2007-03-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow.
- ^ Hannah Stephenson (4 November 2006). I won't say goodnight yet.... Scotsman. com. Retrieved on 2007-03-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow.
- ^ Blair's birthplace is bulldozed in Edinburgh. Scotsman. com (9 August 2006). Retrieved on 2007-03-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow.
- ^ W. Frank Craven (1978). John Witherspoon. Princeton University Press. Retrieved on 2007-03-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow.
- ^ Alexander Graham Bell. University of Toronto. Retrieved on 2007-03-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow.
- ^ J J O'Connor and E F Robertson (April 1998). John Napier. University of St Andrews. Retrieved on 2007-03-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow.
External links
- City of Edinburgh Council
- Edinburgh Tourist Information
- Edinburgh travel guide from Wikitravel
- Map sources for Edinburgh
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