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Grave of Quinet in Montparnasse cemetery, Paris
Grave of Quinet in Montparnasse cemetery, Paris

Edgar Quinet (February 17, 1803–March 27, 1875) was a French historian and intellectual. Montparnasse Cemetery ( French: Cimetière de Montparnasse) is a famous cemetery in the Montparnasse quarter of Paris, part of the Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori 1803 ( MDCCCIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. See also History An historian is an individual who studies and writes about History, and is regarded as an Authority on it An intellectual (from the adjective meaning "involving thought and reason" is a person who tries to use his or her Intelligence and analytical thinking,

Contents

Biography

Early years

Born at Bourg-en-Bresse, in the département of Ain. Bourg-en-Bresse (buʁkɑ̃bʁɛs Bôrg in Arpitan language) is a commune in eastern France, capital of the Ain In the context of the political and geographic organization of France and many of its former colonies a department (département depaʁtǝmɑ̃ is an Administrative division Ain (ɛ̃ Arpitan: En) is a department named after the Ain River on the eastern edge of France. His father, Jérôme Quinet, had been a commissary in the army, but being a strong republican and disgusted with Napoleon's 18 Brumaire coup, he gave up his post and devoted himself to scientific and mathematical study. The First Republic in France, officially the French Republic (République française was proclaimed on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. 18 Brumaire, the coup of 18 Brumaire or sometimes simply Brumaire refers to the Coup d'état by which General Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew Edgar, who was an only child, was usually alone, but his mother (Eugénie Rozat Lagis, who was an educated person with strong, albeit original, Protestant [1]religious views) exercised great influence over him.

He was sent to school first in Bourg and then in Lyon. ||-||} Lyon, also known as Lyons in English is a city in east-central France. His father wished him on leaving school to go into the army, and then enter a business career. However, Quinet was determined to engage in literature, and after a time got his way when he moved to Paris in 1820 [2]. .

His first publication, the Tablettes du juif errant ("Tablets of the Wandering Jew") ,which appeared in 1823, symbolized the progress of humanity [3] . Wandering Jew is a figure from medieval Christian folklore whose legend began to spread in Europe in the thirteenth century and became a fixture of Christian mythology He became impressed with German intellectual writing and undertook translating Johann Gottfried Herder's Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit ("Outlines of Philosophy of the History of Man") learnt German for the purpose, and published his work in 1827, and obtained through it considerable credit. Johann Gottfried von Herder ( August 25, 1744 December 18, 1803) was a German philosopher, Poet, and Literary Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages.

Early writings

At this time he was introduced to Victor Cousin, and made the acquaintance of Jules Michelet. Victor Cousin ( 28 November 1792 - 13 January 1867) was a French Philosopher. Jules Michelet ( 21 August 1798 &ndash 9 February 1874) was a French Historian. He had visited Germany and the United Kingdom before the appearance of his book. The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 Cousin obtained for him a position on a government mission to the Morea, in the Ottoman Empire, in 1829 (during the Greek War of Independence), and on his return he published in 1830 a book on La Grèce moderne ("Modern Greece"). Morea ( Greek: Μορέας or Μοριάς) was the name of the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece during the Middle Ages The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829 also commonly known as the Greek Revolution (Ελληνική Επανάσταση Elliniki Epanastasi; Ottoman Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία With Michelet he published a volume of works denouncing Jesuits and blaming them for religious, political and social troubles in 1843. He also became acquainted with and a lover of the works of Ralph Waldo Emerson in 1838. Quinet wrote several lectures praising Emerson’s works which were published with the title of “Le Christianisme et la Revolution Francaise” in 1945 [4].

Hopes of employment which he had after the July Revolution were frustrated by his reputation as a speculative republican. The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, saw the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Nonetheless, he joined the staff of the Revue des deux mondes, and for some years contributed to it numerous essays, the most remarkable of which was that on Les Épopées françaises du XIIème siècle, an early, although not the earliest, appreciation of the long-neglected chansons de geste. The Revue des Deux Mondes (Review of the Two Worlds is a monthly literary and cultural affairs Magazine published in the French language. The chansons de geste, Old French for "songs of Heroic deeds lineages" are the epic poems that appear at the dawn of French literature Ahasverus, his first major original work, appeared in 1833 - it is a singular prose poem. Ahasuerus ( Latin: Xerxes, Persian: Khashayarshah, commonly transliterated Achashverosh) is a name used several times in the This article refers to a poetic form For the competitive speech event see Prose & Poetry.

Shortly afterwards he married Minna More, a German girl with whom he had fallen in love some years before. Growing disillusioned with German thought due to the Prussian aggressive tactics [5], he visited Italy, and, besides writing many essays, produced two poems, Napoléon (1835) and Prométhée (1838), both written in verse and seen as inferior to Ahasverus published in 1833. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. In Greek mythology, Prometheus (Προμηθεύς "forethought" is a Titan known for his wily intelligence who stole Fire from Zeus In 1838 he published a strong reply to David Strauss' Leben Jesu, and in that year he received the Legion of Honour. David Friedrich Strauss (or Strauß; January 27 1808 &ndash February 8 1874 was a German theologian and writer In 1839 he was appointed professor of foreign literature at Lyon, where he began the highly influential course of lectures which formed the basis for his Génie des religions. Two years later he was transferred to the Collège de France, and the Génie des religions, published (1842), he sympathized with all religions but did not favor one above all [6]. The Collège de France is a higher education and research establishment ( Grand établissement) located in Paris, France, in the 5th arrondissement Year 1842 ( MDCCCXLII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common

Professorship

Quinet's Parisian professorship, which began in 1842, was notorious as the subject of polemics. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city His chair was that of Southern Literature, but, neglecting his proper subject, he chose, in conjunction with Michelet, to engage in a violent polemic with the Jesuits and with Ultramontanism. The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order Ultramontanism is a religious philosophy within the Catholic Church that places strong emphasis on the prerogatives and powers of the Pope. Two books bearing exactly these titles appeared in 1843 and 1844, and contained, as was usual with Quinet, the substance of his lectures. Year 1843 ( MDCCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Year 1844 ( MDCCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year

These lectures excited great debate and the author obstinately refused to return to literature-proper; consequently, in 1846, the government put an end to the lectures, a measure which was arguably approved by the majority of his colleagues. He was dismissed in 1846 by the Collège de France due to his adamant attacks on the Roman Catholic Church, exhalation of the revolution, and support for the oppressed nationalities of France and for supporting the theory that religion is a determining force in societies [7].

1848 Revolution

By this time Quinet was a pronounced republican, and something of a revolutionary. A revolution (from the Latin revolutio, "a turnaround" is a fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively He joined the rioters during the 1848 Revolution which overthrew King Louis-Philippe of France, and was elected by the département of Ain to the Constituent and then to the Legislative Assembly, where he affiliated with the extreme radical party. The February 1848 Revolution in France ended the reign of King Louis-Philippe, and led to the creation of the French Second Republic (1848-1852 List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below Louis Philippe ( 6 October 1773 &ndash 26 August 1850) was King of the French from 1830 to 1848 in what was known as the Ain (ɛ̃ Arpitan: En) is a department named after the Ain River on the eastern edge of France. A constituent assembly is a body elected with the purpose of drafting and in some cases adopting a Constitution. Legislative Assembly is the name given in some countries to either a Legislature, or to one of its chambers. For opposition to all forms of government social hierarchy or authority see Anarchism.

He had published in 1848 Les Révolutions d'Italie ("The Revolutions of Italy"), one of his main works. Th Italian Peninsula or Apennine Peninsula (Penisola italiana or Penisola appenninica) is one of the three Peninsulas of Southern Europe He wrote numerous pamphlets during the short-lived Second French Republic, attacked the Roman expedition with all his strength and was from the first an uncompromising opponent of Prince Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (Napoleon III). A pamphlet is an unbound Booklet (that is without a hard cover or binding) History Revolution of 1848 See also Mid-nineteenth century France The industrial population of the Faubourgs See also Roman Republic, Roman Republic (18th century The Roman Republic was a short-lived (four months state established on February 8 Bonaparte is a French family name of Italian origin Originally Buonaparte, this family claims numerous influential descendents including Corsican Napoléon III, also known as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (full name Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte) (20 April 1808 9 January 1873 was the first President

Exile

Quinet fled Louis Napoléon’s 1851 coup d’état to Brussels until 1858 and then fled to Veytaux, Switzerland until 1870 [8] . Veytaux is a municipality in the district of Vevey in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. His wife had died some time previously, and he now married Hermione Asachi (or Asaky), the daughter of Gheorghe Asachi, a Moldavian poet. Gheorghe Asachi or Asaki ( March 1, 1788 &ndash November 12, 1869) was a Moldavian born Romanian prose writer Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians In Brussels, Quinet lived for some seven years, during which he published Les Esclaves ("The Slaves", 1853), a dramatic poem, Marnix de Sainte-Aldégonde (1854), a study of the Reformer in which he emphasizes Sainte-Aldégonde's literary merit, and some other books.

In Veytaux, his literary output was greater than ever. In 1860, he published a unique volume, partly reflecting the style of Ahasverus, and entitled Merlin l'enchanteur (Merlin the Enchanter); in 1862, a Histoire de la campagne de 1815 ("History of the Campaign of 1815"), in 1865 an elaborate book on the French Revolution, in which the author depicts atrocities carried out by revolutionary forces (causing his rejection by many other partisans of republican ideas). The Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network ( MERLIN) is an Interferometer array of Radio telescopes spread across England and the The Hundred Days was the period between Napoleon Bonaparte 's return from exile on Elba to Paris on 20 March 1815 and the restoration The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an Many pamphlets date from this period, as does La Création (1870), a third book of the genre of Ahasverus and Merlin, but even vaguer - dealing with physical science rather than history, legend, or philosophy for the most part.

Return and final years

Quinet had refused to return to France to join the liberal opposition against Napoleon III, but returned immediately after the Battle of Sedan in the Franco-Prussian War. Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal The Battle of Sedan was fought during the Franco-Prussian War on 1 September 1870 The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the 1870 War ( 19 July, 1870 — 10 May, 1871 He was then restored to his professorship, and during the siege of Paris wrote vehemently against the Germans. The Siege of Paris, lasting from September 19, 1870 &ndash January 28, 1871, brought about French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification He was elected deputy to the National Assembly by the département of the Seine in 1871, and was one of the most obstinate opponents of the terms of peace between France and Germany. The French National Assembly. The other is the Senate ( “Sénat”) Seine was a département of France encompassing Paris and its immediate suburbs He continued to write till his death, which occurred at Versailles in 1875. Versailles (vɛʀsaj in French) formerly de facto capital of the kingdom of France, is now a wealthy suburb of Paris and is still an important

Le Siège de Paris et la défense nationale ("The Siege of Paris and the National Defence") appeared in 1871, La République ("The Republic") in 1872, Le Livre de l'exilé ("The Book of Exile") in the year of its author's death and after it. This was followed by three volumes of letters and some other work. Quinet had already in 1858 published a semi-autobiographical book called Histoire de mes idées ("History of My Ideas").

Personality

The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica on Quinet:

"His character was extremely amiable, and his letters to his mother, his accounts of his early life, and so forth, are likely always to make him interesting. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica He was also a man of great moral conscientiousness, and as far as intention went perfectly disinterested. As a writer, his chief fault is want of concentration; as a thinker and politician, vagueness and want of practical determination. His historical and philosophical works, though showing much reading, fertile thought, abundant facility of expression, and occasionally, where prejudice does not come in, acute judgment, are rather (as not a few of them were in fact) reported lectures than formal treatises. His rhetorical power was altogether superior to his logical power, and the natural consequence is that his work is full of contradictions. These contradictions were, moreover, due, not merely to an incapacity or an unwillingness to argue strictly, but also to the presence in his mind of a large number of inconsistent tastes and prejudices which he either could not or would not co-ordinate into an intelligible creed. Thus he has the strongest attraction for the picturesque side of medievalism and catholicity, the strongest repulsion for the restrictions which medieval and Catholic institutions imposed on individual liberty. Ancien Régime ( pronounced: /ɑ̃sjɛ̃ ʁeʒim/ refers primarily to the aristocratic social and political system established in He refused to submit himself to any form of positive orthodoxy, yet when a man like Strauss pushed unorthodoxy to its extreme limits Quinet revolted. Positivism is the Philosophy that the only authentic knowledge is knowledge that is based on actual sense experience David Friedrich Strauss (or Strauß; January 27 1808 &ndash February 8 1874 was a German theologian and writer

As a politician he acted with the extreme radicals, yet universal suffrage disgusted him as unreasonable in its principle and dangerous in its results. Universal suffrage (also universal adult suffrage, general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of the right to vote to His pervading characteristic, therefore, is that of an eloquent vagueness, very stimulating and touching at times, but as deficient in coercive force of matter as it is in lasting precision and elegance of form. He is less inaccurate in fact than Michelet, but he is also much less absorbed by a single idea at a time, and the result is that he seldom attains to the vivid representation of which Michelet was a master. "

Early editions

His numerous works appeared in a uniform edition of twenty-eight volumes (1877-79). His second wife, in 1870, published certain Mémoires d'exil, and Lettres d'exil followed in 1885. In that year Prof. George Saintsbury published a selection of the Lettres à ma mère (Letters to My Mother) with an introduction. George Edward Bateman Saintsbury ( October 23, 1845 - January 28, 1933) was an English writer and critic

References

  1. ^ The Fifteenth Edition of ‘Encyclopedia Britannica’
  2. ^ The Fifteenth Edition of ‘Encyclopedia Britannica’
  3. ^ The Fifteenth Edition of ‘Encyclopedia Britannica’
  4. ^ Chazin, Maurice (March 1933), “Quinet an Early Discource of Emerson”, PMLA 48, 1: 147-163
  5. ^ Barzun, Jaques (October 1974), “Romantic Historiography as a Political Force in France”, Journal of the History of Ideas 12, 3: 318-329
  6. ^ The Fifteenth Edition of ‘Encyclopedia Britannica’
  7. ^ The Fifteenth Edition of ‘Encyclopedia Britannica’
  8. ^ The Fifteenth Edition of ‘Encyclopedia Britannica’
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