Economy of Europe
During 2003 unless otherwise stated

Population:	710,000,000
GDP (PPP):	US$ $12. There are three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been 82 trillion (2006)
GDP/capita (PPP) :	$18,056
GDP /capita (Currency) :	$18,935
Annual growth of per capita GDP:	2. This article includes three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP at Purchasing power parity (PPP Per capita This article includes three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product Per capita at Nominal values, the 8% (2006)
Income of top 10%:	27. 5%
Millionaires:	2. 6 million (0. 3%)
Unemployment	8. Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. 8% (2006)
Estimated female income	56. Income, refers to consumption opportunity gained by an entity within a specified time frame which is generally expressed in monetary terms 7% of male
Most numbers are from the UNDP from 2002, some numbers exclude certain countries for lack of information. Statistics are for entire nations, not just the portions within Europe.
See also: Economy of the world - Economy of Africa - Economy of Asia - Economy of Europe - Economy of North America - Economy of Oceania - Economy of South America

The economy of Europe comprises more than 710 million people in 48 different states. The world economy can be evaluated in various ways depending on the model used and this valuation can then be represented in various ways (for example in 2006 US dollars) The economy of Africa consists of the Trade, Industry, and resources of the peoples of Africa. Economic development Ancient and medieval times Asia was relatively rich in the ancient times The economy of North America comprises more than 514 million people in 23 sovereign states and 15 dependent territories Economic Development Future As the worlds regions become increasingly interlinked to form trade blocs the future which entails Oceania could lead to either increased unity Economic development As of early 2007 South America is experiencing great economic development with Venezuela, Colombia, Argentina, Uruguay Like other continents, the wealth of Europe's states varies, although the poorest are well above the poorest states of other continents (except Australia) in terms of GDP and living standards. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The difference in wealth across Europe can be seen in a rough East-West divide. Whilst Western European states all have high GDPs and living standards, many of Eastern Europe's economies are still emerging from the collapse of the Soviet Union and former Yugoslavia. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: Throughout this article "Europe" and derivatives of the word are taken to include selected states that are geographically in Asia, bordering Europe - such as Azerbaijan and Cyprus.

Europe's largest national economy is that of Germany, which ranks third globally in nominal GDP, and fifth in purchasing power parity (PPP) GDP; and its second is that of the United Kingdom, which ranks fifth globally in nominal GDP and sixth in PPP GDP. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The purchasing power parity ( PPP) theory uses the long-term equilibrium Exchange rate of two currencies to equalize their Purchasing power. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located If the European Union was a country it would be the world's largest economy - see List of countries by GDP (PPP). The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in There are three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation

Contents 1 Economic development 1.1 Pre-1945: Industrial growth 1.2 1945-1990: The Cold War era 1.3 The rise of the EU 1.4 2004-2007: EU expansion 2 Regional variation 2.1 European Union 2.2 European Free Trade Association 2.3 European Economic Area 2.4 Commonwealth of Independent States 2.5 Central European Free Trade Agreement 3 Currency and Central Banks 4 Stock exchanges 5 Economic sectors 5.1 Agriculture and fishing 5.2 Manufacturing 5.3 Investing and banking 6 Global trade relations 7 See also 8 References

Economic development

Pre-1945: Industrial growth

Prior to World War II, Europe's major financial and industrial states were the United Kingdom, France and Germany. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain, had spread rapidly across Europe, and before long the entire continent was at a high level of industry. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the World War I had briefly led to the industries of some European states stalling, but in the run-up to World War II Europe had recovered well, and was competing with the ever increasing economic might of the United States of America. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

However, World War II caused the destruction of most of Europe's industrial centres, and much of the continent's infrastructure was laid to waste. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

1945-1990: The Cold War era

Following World War II, European Government was in tatters. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Many Western European governments moved to link their economies, laying the foundation for what would become the European Union. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in This meant a huge increase in shared infrastructure and cross-border trade. Trade is the willing exchange of goods, services, or both Trade is also called Commerce. Whilst these Western European states rapidly improved their economies, by the 1980s, the economy of the COMECON was struggling, mainly due to the massive cost of the Cold War. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The GDP and living standard of Eastern European states were also behind those of their Western neighbours. Even free-market Greece, situated in South-Eastern Europe, struggled due to geographical isolation from Western Europe. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία

The European Community grew from 6 original members following World War II, to 12 in this period. The emphasis placed upon resurrecting West Germany's economy led to it overtaking the UK as Europe's largest economy. West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located

The rise of the EU

When communism collapsed in Eastern Europe and the USSR around 1991, these states struggled to adapt to free-market systems. There was, however, a huge variation in degrees of success, with Central European states such as Hungary, Slovenia and Poland adapting reasonably quickly, whilst post-Soviet states such as Russia and Ukraine struggled to reform their crumbling infrastructures. Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe.

Western Europe was quick to develop economic ties with the newly democratic East. While the former Soviet states dealt with change, Yugoslavia descended into civil war.

Europe's largest economy, Germany, struggled upon unification in 1991 with former communist East Germany. The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state The Russian controlled Eastern part of the country had had much of its industrial infrastructure removed during the cold war, and for many years the West struggled to build the East up to an equal level.

Peace did not come to Yugoslavia for a decade, and by 2003, there were still many NATO and EU peacekeeping troops present in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Macedonia, and Kosovo. The North Atlantic Treaty The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan The Republic of Macedonia (Република War severely hampered economic growth, with only Slovenia making any real progress in the 1990s. Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west

The economy of Europe was by this time dominated by the EU, a huge economic and political organization with then 15 of Europe's states as full members. EU membership was seen as something to aspire to, and the EU gave significant support and aid to those Central and Eastern European states wishing to work towards achieving economies that met the entry criteria. During this time, 12 of the 15 members of the EU became part of the Eurozone, a currency union launched in 1999, whereby each member uses a shared currency, the Euro, which replaced their former national currencies. Euro Enlargement of the In economics a monetary union is a situation where several countries have agreed to share a single currency (also known as a unitary or common currency Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e Three states chose to remain outside the Eurozone and continue with their own currencies, namely Denmark, Sweden and the United Kingdom.

2004-2007: EU expansion

In early 2004, 10 mostly former communist states joined the EU in its biggest ever expansion, enlarging the union to 25 members, with another eight making associated trade agreements. Enlargement of the European Union is the process of expanding the European Union (EU through the accession of new member states. The acceding countries are bound to join the Eurozone and adopt the common currency Euro in the future. The process includes the European Exchange Rate Mechanism, of which some of these countries are already part. The European Exchange Rate Mechanism, ERM, was a system introduced by the European Community in March 1979 as part of the European Monetary System (EMS

Most European economies are in very good shape, and the continental economy reflects this. Conflict and unrest in some of the former Yugoslavia states and in the Caucasus states are hampering economic growth in those states, however. The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East

In response to the massive EU growth, in 2005 the Russian dominated Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) created a rival trade bloc to the EU, open to any previous USSR state, (including both the European and Asian states). 12 of the 15 signed up, with the three Baltic states deciding to align themselves with the EU. The Baltic states (Balti riigid Baltijas valstis Baltijos valstybės or Baltic countries are three countries in Northern Europe, all members of the Despite, this the three Caucasus states have said in the past they would one day consider applying for EU membership, particularly Georgia. Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between This is also true of the Ukraine since the Orange Revolution. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. The Orange Revolution (Помаранчева революція Pomarancheva revolyutsiya) was a series of Protests and political events that took place in Ukraine

Regional variation

West Europe, with a long history of trade, a free market system, and a high level of development in the previous century, has been wealthier and more stable than the East, even though the gap is converging due to higher growth rates in the East.

The poorest states are those that just emerged from communism and civil wars, namely those of the former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia excluding Slovenia. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based A civil war is a War between a State and domestic political actors that are in control of some part of the territory claimed by the state The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian But also West Europe itself presents some differences, especially between Northern countries (Scandinavia, UK, Ireland, most of Germany) and Southern countries.

European Union

The European Union or EU is a supranational union of 27 European states, the most recent acceding members being Romania and Bulgaria, who became full members in January 1, 2007. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in A supranational union, sometimes also called a supranational state is a group of countries that has some of the traits of a regional International organization Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. It has many activities, the most important being a common single market, consisting of a customs union, a single currency (adopted by 15 of the 27 member states), a Common Agricultural Policy and a Common Fisheries Policy. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e The Common Agricultural Policy ( CAP) is a system of European Union Agricultural subsidies and programmes The European Union also has various initiatives to co-ordinate activities of the member states.

The European Union has the largest economy in the world. The EU economy is expected to grow further over the next decade as more countries join the union - especially considering that the new States are usually poorer than the EU average, and hence the expected fast GDP growth will help achieve the dynamic of the united Europe. The economy of the European Union combines the economies of 27 member states and is generating an estimated nominal GDP of € 12581 billion ( $ It is estimated that the Eurozone will grow around 2. 6 per cent this year (2006) [1], on a par with other industrialized nations such as the United States at 2. 6% (Q2 2006) and 1. 6 (Q3 2006) [2].

The union has evolved over time from a primarily economic union to an increasingly political one. This trend is highlighted by the increasing number of policy areas that fall within EU competence: political power has tended to shift upwards from the Member States to the EU.

European Free Trade Association

The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) was established on 3 May 1960 as an alternative for European states that did not wish to join the European Union, creating a trade bloc with fewer central powers. The European Free Trade Association ( EFTA) is a European Trade bloc which was established on 3 May 1960 as an alternative for European states who were either Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A trade bloc is a large Free trade area formed by one or more Tax tariff and trade agreements

Today only Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein remain members of EFTA, as the other members have gradually left to join the EU.

European Economic Area

The European Economic Area (EEA) came into being on 1 January 1994 following an agreement between the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and the European Union (EU). The European Economic Area ( EEA) came into being on 1 January 1994 following an agreement between member states of European Free Trade Association (EFTAthe New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) It was designed to enable EFTA countries to participate in the European Single Market without having to join the EU.

In a referendum, Switzerland (ever keen on neutrality) chose not to participate in the EEA (although it is linked to the European Union by bilateral agreements similar in content to the EEA agreement), so the current members are the EU states plus Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.

A Joint Committee consisting of the non EU members plus the European Commission (representing the EU) has the function of extending relevant EU Law to the non EU members. The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive branch of the European Union.

Commonwealth of Independent States

The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is a confederation consisting of 12 of the 15 states of the former Soviet Union, (the exceptions being the three Baltic states). A confederation is a group of empowered states or communities usually created by treaty but often later adopting a common constitution The Baltic states (Balti riigid Baltijas valstis Baltijos valstybės or Baltic countries are three countries in Northern Europe, all members of the Although the CIS has few supranational powers, it is more than a purely symbolic organization and possesses co-ordinating powers in the realm of trade, finance, lawmaking and security. The most significant issue for the CIS is the establishment of a full-fledged free trade zone / economic union between the member states, to be launched in 2005. It has also promoted co-operation on democratization and cross-border crime prevention.

Central European Free Trade Agreement

The Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) is a trade bloc of former Communist countries in central and eastern Europe. Members As of 1 May 2007, the parties of the CEFTA agreement are Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia A trade bloc is a large Free trade area formed by one or more Tax tariff and trade agreements The countries that participated and the few that continue to participate in CEFTA have used this form of integration to help them prepare for full membership in the European Union.

Currency and Central Banks

The most common currency within Europe is the euro, the currency of the European Union. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e To join, each new EU member must meet certain criteria, when these are met their own currencies will be replaced by the euro. Becoming a member of the EU involves a pledge to work towards Eurozone membership, (except in the cases of the United Kingdom and Denmark who have opt-outs). Euro Enlargement of the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Currently, 15 of the 27 EU member states use the euro. Each EU member's central bank is part of the European System of Central Banks, and in addition, those that use the euro are part of the European Union's central bank, the European Central Bank. A central bank, reserve bank, or monetary authority is the entity responsible for the Monetary policy of a country or of a group of member states The European System of Central Banks ( ESCB) is composed of the European Central Bank (ECB and the national Central banks (NCBs of all 27 European The European Central Bank (ECB is one of the world's most important Central banks responsible for Monetary policy covering the 15 member countries of the

There are some non-EU members who have elected to use the euro as their national currency, either with or without specific agreements with the EU to do so, (those with agreements with the EU may mint their own euro coins). Linguistic The French overseas territories and departments of Mayotte and Réunion in the Indian Ocean, Guadeloupe and Martinique in the Caribbean and French Guiana in South America all use the euro, among many other islands in the Pacific, Caribbean and indeed around the globe that are ruled directly by European countries.

Some countries while maintaining their own national currency have pegged its value to the euro. In some of these countries, there is a fixed exchange rate between the national currency and the euro and in this case the currency is actually a submultiple of the euro. In other countries, the national currency's value fluctuates within a band (generally 15%) around a set rate. Currencies pegged to the euro include the currencies of Bulgaria, Estonia, Lithuania, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Cape Verde. Denmark, Latvia, and Slovakia have a foreign exchange band tied to the euro.

The CIS is also planning to introduce a single currency among its members.

Below is a list of the central banks and currencies of Europe, with exchange rates between each currency and both the euro and US dollars as of 17 November 2004. Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "

Country	Currency	Value in Euro	Value in USD	Central Bank
Albania	Lek	0. This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. The lek (plural lekë) is the Currency of Albania ( ISO 4217 currency code: ALL 008	0. 01	Bank of Albania
Andorra	Euro	-	1. The Bank of Albania (Banka e Shqipërisë is the Central bank of Albania based in Tirana. Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra ( Catalan: Principat d'Andorra) is a small Landlocked country in western Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e 5	(none de jure) / ECB de facto
Armenia	Dram	0. The European Central Bank (ECB is one of the world's most important Central banks responsible for Monetary policy covering the 15 member countries of the Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani The dram (Դրամ ISO 4217 code AMD) is the Monetary unit of Armenia. 002	0. 002	Central Bank of Armenia
Austria	Euro	-	1. The Central Bank of Armenia (Հայաստանի Կենտրոնական Բանկ is the Central bank of Armenia based in Yerevan. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e 5	Oesterreichische Nationalbank / ECB
Azerbaijan	Manat	0. The Oesterreichische Nationalbank (OeNB is the Central bank of the Republic of Austria and as such an integral part of both the European System of Central The European Central Bank (ECB is one of the world's most important Central banks responsible for Monetary policy covering the 15 member countries of the Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South The manat ( currency code: AZN is the Currency of Azerbaijan. 0002	0. 0002	National Bank of Azerbaijan
Belarus	Belarusian ruble	0. The National Bank of Azerbaijan (NBA Azərbaycan Milli Bankı is the Central bank of Azerbaijan, emitting Azerbaijani manat. Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east The ruble (рубель plural forms рублі and рублёў is the Currency of Belarus. 0004	0. 0005	National Bank of the Republic of Belarus
Belgium	Euro	-	1. The National Bank of the Republic of Belarus (Национальный банк Республики Беларусь is the Central bank of Belarus, located in the The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e 5	National Bank of Belgium / ECB
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Konvertibilna marka	0. The National Bank of Belgium ( Nationale Bank van België in Dutch, Banque nationale de Belgique in French, and Belgische Nationalbank The European Central Bank (ECB is one of the world's most important Central banks responsible for Monetary policy covering the 15 member countries of the Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan The konvertibilna marka ( Bosnian, Croatian and Latin-written Serbian, конвертибилна марка in Cyrillic-written Serbian, "convertible 5	0. 7	Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria	Lev	0. The Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Centralna Banka Bosne i Hercegovine is the Central bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina, located in the Capital city The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian The lev (лев plural bg лева левове / ''leva levove'' is the Currency of Bulgaria. 5	0. 7	Bulgarian National Bank
Croatia	Kuna	0. The Bulgarian National Bank (Българска народна банка Balgarska narodna banka) is the Central bank of the Republic of Bulgaria Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between The kuna is the Currency of Croatia ( ISO 4217 code HRK) The word "kuna" means " Marten " in Croatian 15	0. 2	Croatian National Bank
Cyprus	Euro	-	1. The Croatian National Bank (Hrvatska narodna banka HNB is the central Bank of the Republic of Croatia. Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e 5	Central Bank of Cyprus / ECB
Czech Republic	Czech koruna	0. The Central Bank of Cyprus ( Greek: Kεντρικη Τραπεζα της Κυπρου, Turkish: Kıbrıs Merkez Bankasi) is the Central The European Central Bank (ECB is one of the world's most important Central banks responsible for Monetary policy covering the 15 member countries of the The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, 03	0. 04	Czech National Bank
Denmark	Danish krone	0. The Czech National Bank (Česká Národní Banka ČNB is the Central bank and Financial market supervisor in the Czech Republic with its headquarters The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe The krone ( sign: kr; code: DKK) is the Currency of Denmark, including the autonomous provinces of Greenland 1	0. 2	Danmarks Nationalbank
Estonia	Kroon	0. Danmarks Nationalbank (in Danish often simply Nationalbanken) is the Central bank of Denmark. Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region The kroon ( sign: KR; code: EEK) is the Currency of Estonia. It is subdivided into 100 senti (singular sent 06	0. 08	Bank of Estonia
Finland	Euro	-	1. The Bank of Estonia (Eesti Pank is the Central bank of Estonia, which is a member of the European Union organisation and the European System of Central Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e 5	Bank of Finland / ECB
France	Euro	-	1. The Bank of Finland (Suomen Pankki Finlands Bank is the Central bank of Finland. The European Central Bank (ECB is one of the world's most important Central banks responsible for Monetary policy covering the 15 member countries of the This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e 5	Banque de France / ECB
Georgia	Lari	0. The Banque de France is the Central bank of France; it is linked to the European Central Bank (ECB The European Central Bank (ECB is one of the world's most important Central banks responsible for Monetary policy covering the 15 member countries of the Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between The lari ( Georgian: ლარი; ISO 4217:GEL is the Currency of Georgia. 4	0. 5	National Bank of Georgia
Germany	Euro	-	1. The National Bank of Georgia (საქართველოს ეროვნული ბანკი is the Central bank of the European state Georgia. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e 5	Deutsche Bundesbank / ECB
Greece	Euro	-	1. The Deutsche Bundesbank ( German for German Federal Bank) is the Central bank of the Federal Republic of Germany and as such part of the The European Central Bank (ECB is one of the world's most important Central banks responsible for Monetary policy covering the 15 member countries of the Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e 5	Bank of Greece / ECB
Hungary	Forint	0. The Bank of Greece ( Greek: "Τράπεζα της Ελλάδος" is the national Central bank of Greece, located in Athens The European Central Bank (ECB is one of the world's most important Central banks responsible for Monetary policy covering the 15 member countries of the Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The forint ( Currency code HUF) is the Currency of Hungary. It is divided into 100 Fillér, although fillér coins have not been 004	0. 005	Hungarian National Bank
Iceland	Icelandic króna	0. The Hungarian National Bank (Magyar Nemzeti Bank is the Central bank of Hungary Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( The króna (plural krónur) ( sign: kr; code: ISK) is the Currency of Iceland. 01	0. 02	Central Bank of Iceland
Ireland	Euro	-	1. The Central Bank of Iceland (Seðlabanki Íslands is the Central bank or reserve bank of Iceland. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e 5	Central Bank and Financial Services Authority of Ireland / ECB
Italy	Euro	-	1. The Central Bank and Financial Services Authority of Ireland (Banc Ceannais agus Údarás Seirbhísí Airgeadais na hÉireann is the financial services regulator of Ireland The European Central Bank (ECB is one of the world's most important Central banks responsible for Monetary policy covering the 15 member countries of the Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e 5	Banca d'Italia / ECB
Latvia	Lats	1. Banca d'Italia is the Central bank of Italy and part of the European System of Central Banks. The European Central Bank (ECB is one of the world's most important Central banks responsible for Monetary policy covering the 15 member countries of the Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. For common abbreviations see LAT (disambiguation The lats (plural lati, ISO 4217 currency code LVL or 428 is the 5	1. 9	Bank of Latvia
Liechtenstein	Swiss franc	0. The Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein) is a tiny doubly landlocked Alpine country in Western Europe, bordered by Switzerland The franc ( German: Franken, French and Romansh: franc, Italian: franco; code: CHF 7	0. 9	(none de jure) / Swiss National Bank de facto
Lithuania	Litas	0. The Swiss National Bank (SNB is the Central bank of Switzerland. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the The litas ( ISO currency code LTL symbolized as Lt plural litai or litų) is the currency of Lithuania. 29	0. 35	Lietuvos Bankas
Luxembourg	Euro	-	1. The Bank of Lithuania (Lietuvos Bankas is the Central bank of the Republic of Lithuania. Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e 5	Banque Centrale du Luxembourg / ECB
Macedonia	Macedonian denar	0. The Central Bank of Luxembourg (Banque Centrale du Luxembourg BCL is the Central bank of Luxembourg. The European Central Bank (ECB is one of the world's most important Central banks responsible for Monetary policy covering the 15 member countries of the The Republic of Macedonia (Република The denar (plural denari, Macedonian: денар and денари denar and denari, ISO 4217 code MKD is the Currency 02	0. 02	National Bank of the Republic of Macedonia
Malta	Euro	-	1. The National Bank of the Republic of Macedonia (Народна банка на Република Македонија Narodna Banka na Republika Makedonija NBRM is the Central Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e 5	Central Bank of Malta / ECB
Moldova	Moldovan leu	0. The Central Bank of Malta (Bank Ċentrali ta’ Malta was established on 17 April 1968. The European Central Bank (ECB is one of the world's most important Central banks responsible for Monetary policy covering the 15 member countries of the Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania The leu ( ISO 4217 code MDL is the Currency of Moldova. Like the Romanian leu, the Moldovan leu (pl 06	0. 08	National Bank of Moldova
Monaco	Euro	-	1. The National Bank of Moldova (Banca Naţională a Moldovei is the Central bank of the Republic of Moldova. For other uses see Monaco (disambiguation Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco ( French: Principauté de Monaco; Monégasque Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e 5	(none de jure) / ECB de facto
Montenegro	Euro	-	1. The European Central Bank (ECB is one of the world's most important Central banks responsible for Monetary policy covering the 15 member countries of the Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e 5	Central Bank of Montenegro(de jure) / ECB de facto
Netherlands	Euro	-	1. The Central Bank of Montenegro (Centralna Banka Crne Gore is the Central bank of Montenegro. The European Central Bank (ECB is one of the world's most important Central banks responsible for Monetary policy covering the 15 member countries of the The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e 5	De Nederlandsche Bank / ECB
Norway	Norwegian krone	0. De Nederlandsche Bank (DNB The Dutch Bank) is the Central bank of the Netherlands. The European Central Bank (ECB is one of the world's most important Central banks responsible for Monetary policy covering the 15 member countries of the Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional The krone ( sign: kr; code: NOK) is the Currency of Norway. The plural form is kroner. 1	0. 2	Norges Bank
Poland	Złoty	0. Norges Bank / Noregs Bank is the Central bank of Norway. Among other tasks it manages The Government Pension Fund of Norway, a Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The złoty (/ˈzwɔtɨ/, plural for numbers ending in 2 3 and 4 (except 12 13 and 14 złote /ˈzwɔtɛ/ plural for all other numbers złotych /ˈzwɔtɨx/ 26	0. 35	National Bank of Poland
Portugal	Euro	-	1. Narodowy Bank Polski ( NBP; the Polish National Bank) is the Central bank of Poland. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e 5	Banco de Portugal / ECB
Romania	Romanian leu	0. The Banco de Portugal is the Central bank of the Republic of Portugal. The European Central Bank (ECB is one of the world's most important Central banks responsible for Monetary policy covering the 15 member countries of the Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The leu ( plural lei; ISO 4217 code RON numeric code 946 is the currency of Romania. 29	0. 35	National Bank of Romania
Russia	Russian ruble	0. The National Bank of Romania (Banca Naţională a României BNR is the Central bank of Romania and was established in April 1880 Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The ruble or rouble (рубль rublʹ, plural ru рубли́ rubli; see note on English spelling and Russian plurals with numbers 03	0. 03	Central Bank of Russia
San Marino	Euro	-	1. The Bank of Russia (Банк России or the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Центральный банк Российской Федерации is the The Most Serene Republic of San Marino (Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino is a country in the Apennine Mountains. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e 5	Banca Centralle Della Republica Di San Marino [3] de jure / ECB de facto
Serbia1	Serbian dinar	0. The Central Bank of San Marino, ( Italian "Banca Centrale della Repubblica di San Marino", is the Central bank of San Marino. The European Central Bank (ECB is one of the world's most important Central banks responsible for Monetary policy covering the 15 member countries of the Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country The dinar (genitive plural dinara, Serbian: динар динара is the currency of Serbia. 01	0. 02	National Bank of Serbia
Slovakia	Slovak koruna	0. National Bank of Serbia (Народна банка Србије or Narodna banka Srbije) is the Central bank of the Republic of Serbia and as such its main Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million The Slovak koruna (slovenská koruna is the currency of Slovakia since February 8, 1993. 03	0. 03	National Bank of Slovakia
Slovenia	Euro	-	1. National Bank of Slovakia (Národná banka Slovenska NBS is the Central bank of Slovakia, which is a member of the European Union and the European Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e 5	Banka Slovenije / ECB
Spain	Euro	-	1. The Bank of Slovenia (Banka Slovenije is the Bank of issue and the Central bank of the Republic of Slovenia. The European Central Bank (ECB is one of the world's most important Central banks responsible for Monetary policy covering the 15 member countries of the Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e 5	Banco de España / ECB
Sweden	Swedish krona	0. The Bank of Spain (Banco de España is the national Central bank of Spain. The European Central Bank (ECB is one of the world's most important Central banks responsible for Monetary policy covering the 15 member countries of the "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. 1	0. 2	Sveriges Riksbank
Switzerland	Swiss franc	0. Sveriges Riksbank, or simply Riksbanken, is the Central bank of Sweden and the world's oldest central bank Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The franc ( German: Franken, French and Romansh: franc, Italian: franco; code: CHF 7	0. 9	Swiss National Bank
Turkey	Turkish new lira	0. The Swiss National Bank (SNB is the Central bank of Switzerland. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The new lira (yeni türk lirası is the Currency of Turkey. The de facto independent state of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus also 5	0. 7	Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Merkez Bankası
Ukraine	Hryvnia	0. The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (CBRT (Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası - "TCMB" is the central bank of Turkey and is founded as a joint stock Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. The hryvnia, sometimes hryvnya or (incorrectly hryvna or hrivna (гривня ˈɦrɪu̯nʲɑ sign: ₴, code: 2	0. 2	National Bank of Ukraine
United Kingdom	Pound sterling	1. National Bank of Ukraine (Національний банк України is the Central bank of Ukraine. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Pound Sterling ( symbol £; ISO code: GBP) subdivided into 100 pence (singular penny) is the Currency 5	2. 0	Bank of England
Vatican City	Euro	-	1. The Bank of England (formally the Governor and Company of the Bank of England) is a state-owned institution and the Central bank of the United Kingdom Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e 5	Vatican Bank de jure/ ECB de facto

¹ Whilst most of Serbia uses the Dinar, the Euro is the official currency in the autonomous Kosovo region and is the currency primarily used. The European Central Bank (ECB is one of the world's most important Central banks responsible for Monetary policy covering the 15 member countries of the

Table correct as of 17 July 2005

Stock exchanges

There are many stock exchanges within Europe. A stock exchange, share market or bourse is a Corporation or Mutual organization which provides "trading" facilities for Stock This is an active list of Stock exchanges Those Futures exchanges that also offer trading in securities besides trading in Futures contracts are listed both

• Pan-European:
  • Euronext
  • OMX
• Austria:
  • Wiener Börse
• Belgium:
  • Euronext Brussels
• Bosnia and Herzegovina
  • Sarajevo Stock Exchange
  • Banja Luka Stock Exchange
• Bulgaria:
  • Bulgarian Stock Exchange
• Croatia:
  • Zagreb Stock Exchange
  • Varaždin Stock Exchange
• Cyprus:
  • Cyprus Stock Exchange (CSE)
• Czech Republic:
  • Prague Stock Exchange (PSE)
• Denmark:
  • Copenhagen Stock Exchange (KFX) (part of OMX)
• Estonia:
  • Tallinn Stock Exchange (part of OMX)
• Faroe Islands:
  • Faroese Securities Market, in cooperation with Iceland Stock Exchange
• Finland:
  • Helsinki Stock Exchange (part of OMX)
• France:
  • Euronext Paris ("La Bourse de Paris") (CAC40)
• Georgia
  • Georgian Stock Exchange (GSE)
• Germany:
  • Frankfurt Stock Exchange (part of Deutsche Börse) (DAX)
• Greece:
  • Athens Stock Exchange (General)
• Hungary:
  • Budapest Stock Exchange (BSE)
• Iceland:
  • Iceland Stock Exchange (Kauphöll Íslands)
• Ireland:
  • Irish Stock Exchange (ISEQ)
• Italy:
  • Borsa Italiana
• Latvia:
  • Riga Stock Exchange (part of OMX)
• Lithuania:
  • Vilnius Stock Exchange (part of OMX)
• Luxembourg:
  • Luxembourg Stock Exchange
• Macedonia:
  • Macedonia Stock Exchange
• Malta:
  • Malta Stock Exchange
• Montenegro
  • Montenegro Stock Exchange
• Netherlands:
  • Euronext Amsterdam
• Norway:
  • Oslo Stock Exchange
• Portugal:
  • Euronext Lisbon
• Poland:
  • Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE)
• Romania:
  • Bucharest Stock Exchange (BVB - Bursa de Valori Bucureşti)
  • Rasdaq
• Russia:
  • Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange (MICEX)
  • RTS Stock Exchange
• Serbia:
  • Belgrade Stock Exchange (BELEX)
• Slovakia:
  • Bratislava Stock Exchange (BSSE)
• Slovenia:
  • Ljubljana Stock Exchange (LJSE)
• Spain:
  • Madrid Stock Exchange (IBEX 35)
• Sweden:
  • Nordic Growth Market
  • Stockholm Stock Exchange (part of OMX)
• Switzerland:
  • SWX Swiss Exchange
• Turkey Turkish Republic
  • Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE)
• Ukraine:
  • PFTS Ukraine Stock Exchange
  • Ukrainian Stock Exchange
• United Kingdom:
  • Alternative Investment Market (AIM)
  • London Stock Exchange (LSE) (FTSE)

Economic sectors

Agriculture and fishing

Europe's agricultural sector is general highly developed, especially in Western Europe. Euronext NV is a pan- European Stock exchange based in Paris and with subsidiaries in Belgium, France, Netherlands OMX AB ( A ktie' b' olaget O ptions' m' äklarna/Helsinki Stock E' x' change is a Swedish - Finnish Financial Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The Wiener Börse AG (also known as the Vienna Stock Exchange (WBAG is a Stock exchange in Vienna, Austria and one of the most established exchanges in The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The Brussels Stock Exchange (BSE (Bourse de Bruxelles Beurs van Brussel was founded in Brussels, Belgium by Napoleonic decree in 1801 Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan The Sarajevo Stock Exchange or SASE ( Bosnian: Sarajevska Berza) is a Stock exchange which operates in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina The Banja Luka Stock Exchange ( Pronounced: /ˌbaɲaˈluːka/ or BLSE ( Serbian Cyrillic: Бањалучка берза, Serbian Latin The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian The Bulgarian Stock Exchange - Sofia ( Bulgarian: Българска фондова борса - София Balgarska fondova borsa - Sofiya, abbreviated BSE Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between The Zagreb Stock Exchange or ZSE (Zagrebačka burza is a Stock exchange which operates in Zagreb, Croatia. The Varaždin Stock Exchange or VSE (Varaždinska burza was a Stock exchange which operated in Varaždin, Croatia. Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía The Cyprus Stock Exchange or CSE ( Greek: Χρηματιστήριο Αξιών Κύπρου or ΧΑΚ) is a Stock exchange located The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, The Prague Stock Exchange or PSE ( Czech: Burza cenných papírů Praha a The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe The Copenhagen Stock Exchange or CSE (Københavns Fondsbørs is an international marketplace for Danish Securities, including Shares, Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region The Tallinn Stock Exchange is a Stock exchange operating in Tallinn, Estonia. The Faroe Islands or Faeroe Islands or simply Faroe(s or Faeroes (Føroyar meaning " Sheep Islands" Færøerne Old Norse Virðisbrævamarknaður Føroya (the Faroese Securities Market was founded March 30, 2004. Iceland Stock Exchange (Kauphöll Íslands or ICEX was established in 1985 as a joint venture of several banks and brokerage firms on the initiative of the central Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. The Helsinki Stock Exchange ( Finnish: Helsingin Pörssi, Swedish: Helsingforsbörsen) is a Stock exchange located in This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Euronext Paris is France 's securities market formerly known as the Paris Bourse, which merged with the Amsterdam, Lisbon and Brussels The CAC 40 ( French: CAC quarante IPA /kakkaʁɑ̃t/ which takes its name from the Paris Bourse 's early automation system Cotation Assistée Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between The Georgian Stock Exchange (საქართველოს საფონდო ბირჟა literally "Georgian Stock Exchange Market" is the principal Stock exchange Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Frankfurt Stock Exchange ( FWB Frankfurter Wertpapierbörse) is a Stock exchange located in Frankfurt, Germany. Deutsche Börse AG ( (ˈdɔɪtʃə ˈbɶʁzə is a marketplace organizer for the trading of Shares and other securities. DAX 30 ( Deutscher Aktien IndeX 30, formerly Deutscher Aktien-Index 30 (German stock index is a Blue Chip Stock market index consisting of the Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The Athens Stock Exchange or ASE ( Greek: Χρηματιστήριο Αξιών Αθηνών or ΧΑΑ) is a Stock exchange Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The Budapest Stock Exchange (BSE was re-opened in 1990 with Headquarters in Budapest, Hungary. Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( Iceland Stock Exchange (Kauphöll Íslands or ICEX was established in 1985 as a joint venture of several banks and brokerage firms on the initiative of the central Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. The Irish Stock Exchange ( ISE) (Stocmhalartán na hÉireann is Ireland 's Stock exchange, formed through the merger of the Cork and Dublin exchanges both The Irish Stock Exchange ( ISE) (Stocmhalartán na hÉireann is Ireland 's Stock exchange, formed through the merger of the Cork and Dublin exchanges both Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Borsa Italiana Sp A, based in Milan, is Italy 's main Stock exchange. Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. The Riga Stock Exchange is a sole Stock exchange operating in Riga, Latvia. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the The Vilnius Stock Exchange (VSE is a Stock exchange established in 1993 operating in Vilnius, Lithuania. Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by The Luxembourg Stock Exchange (Bourse de Luxembourg is a Stock exchange based in Luxembourg City, in southern Luxembourg. The Republic of Macedonia (Република Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands The Malta Stock Exchange ( Borza ta' Malta in Maltese) is a small but active stock exchange based in Malta's capital Valletta Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! The Montenegro Stock Exchange ( MNSE) is a Stock exchange located in Podgorica, Montenegro. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands This entry is on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange before it merged into Euronext. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional The Oslo Stock Exchange ( Oslo Børs) serves as the main market for trading in the shares of Norwegian companies. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Euronext Lisbon is a Stock exchange in Lisbon, Portugal. It belongs to the NYSE Euronext group the first global stock exchange Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE Giełda Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie is a Stock exchange located in Warsaw, Poland. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The Bucharest Stock Exchange ( Bursa de Valori Bucureşti in Romanian) is a Stock exchange in Bucharest, Capital of Romania RASDAQ is a former stock market in Romania, now part of the Bucharest Stock Exchange. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending History MICEX started with currency auctions in November 1989 as an initiative by the Foreign trade and investment bank of the USSR. The Russian Trading System is a Stock market established in 1995 in Moscow, consolidating various regional trading floors into one exchange Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Belgrade Stock Exchange (BELEX (Beogradska Berza ad is a Stock exchange in Belgrade, Serbia. Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west The Ljubljana Stock Exchange is the principal Stock exchange in Slovenia. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Bolsa de Madrid (Madrid Stock Exchange is the largest and most international of Spain's four regional Stock exchanges located in Barcelona, Valencia "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The Stockholm Stock Exchange (Stockholmsbörsen is a Stock exchange located in Stockholm, Sweden. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation SWX Swiss Exchange is Switzerland 's Stock exchange, based in Zürich. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The Istanbul Stock Exchange ( ISE) ( Turkish: İstanbul Menkul Kıymetler Borsası, İMKB is the only corporation in Turkey for Securities Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. The PFTS Stock Exchange is the larger of Ukraine 's two main Stock exchanges (the other being the Ukrainian Stock Exchange) The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Alternative Investment Market (AIM is a sub-market of the London Stock Exchange, allowing smaller companies to float shares with a The London Stock Exchange or LSE is a Stock exchange located in London, England. The process of making Eastern Europe's agriculture more Western is well underway and is helped by the accession of Eastern European states to the EU. The agricultural sector in Europe is helped by the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), which provides farmers with a minimal price for their products and subsidizes their exports, which increases competitiveness for their products. The Common Agricultural Policy ( CAP) is a system of European Union Agricultural subsidies and programmes This policy is highly controversial as it hampers free trade worldwide (protectionism sparks protectionism from other countries and trade blocs: the concept of trade wars) and is violating the concept of fair trade. Free trade is a system in which the trade of goods and services between or within countries flows unhindered by government-imposed restrictions For the protectionist Australian political party from the 1880s to 1909 see Protectionist Party A trade war refers to two or more Nations raising or creating Tariffs or other Trade barriers on each other in retaliation for other trade barriers This means because of the protectionist nature of the CAP, agricultural products from developing countries are rendered incompetitive in both Europe (an important export market for developing countries) and on their home markets (as European agricultural products are dumped on developing countries' markets with help from European agricultural subsidies). Developing countries are countries that haven't reached Western-style standards of democratic government free market economy industrialization social programs and human rights guaranties This controversy surrounds every system of agricultural subsidies (the United States' policy of subsidizing farmers is also controversial). The CAP is also controversial because 40% of the EU's budget is spent on it, and because of the overproduction caused by it. This article is about the economic concept of overproduction For the musical term see Overproduction (music.

The Common Fisheries Policy is surrounded by an extensive system of rules (mainly consisting of quotas) to protect the environment from overfishing. The Common Fisheries Policy (CFP is the fisheries policy of the European Union. Individual fishing quotas (popularly abbreviated to IFQ) are one kind of catch share a means by which many governments have tried to regulate fishing Overfishing occurs when Fishing activities reduce fish stocks below an acceptable level Despite these rules, the cod is becoming increasingly rare in the North Sea. Cod is the common name for the Genus Gadus of Fish, belonging to the family Gadidae, and is also used in the common name of a variety The North Sea is a marginal, Epeiric sea of the Atlantic Ocean on the European Continental shelf. Strict fishing rules are the main reason for Norway and Iceland to stay out of the European Union (and out of the Common Fisheries Policy). Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( Price guarantees and subsidizations of fishermen are implemented in the same way as agricultural subsidies are.

Manufacturing

Europe has a thriving manufacturing sector, with a large part of the world's industrial production taking place in Europe. Most of the continent's industries are concentrated in Western Europe (mainly in the zone that comprises parts of the UK, the Benelux, western Germany, northeastern France, Switzerland, and northern Italy). The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Benelux is an economic union in Western Europe that includes three neighboring monarchies, '''Be'''lgium, the '''Ne'''therlands, and However, because of the higher wage level and hence production costs, Western Europe is suffering from deindustrialization and offshoring in the traditional (labour intensive) manufacturing sectors. A wage is a compensation workers receive in exchange for their labor. Deindustrialization (also spelled deindustrialisation) is a process of Social and Economic change caused by the removal or reduction of industrial Offshore may refer to oil and Natural gas production at sea see Oil platform. This means that manufacturing has become less important in Western Europe and that jobs are moved to cheaper regions (mainly China and Eastern Europe).

Eastern Europe has been industrialized since the early to mid 20th century but suffered from contraction in the 1990s when the inefficient heavy industry based manufacturing sector crippled after the collapse of communism and the introduction of the market economy. In the 21st century the manufacturing sector in Eastern Europe picked up because of the accession of Eastern European states to the EU and resulting accession to the European Common Market. This caused Western European firms to move jobs from their manufacturing sector to Eastern Europe (see above), which sparked Eastern European industrial growth and employment.

Some of the world's largest manufacturers are European, such as British Petroleum, Royal Dutch Shell, Daimler, Total, Volkswagen, Unilever and Philips. BP plc, previously known as British Petroleum, is the third largest global Energy company, a multinational oil company (" Oil major Royal Dutch Shell plc, commonly known simply as Shell, is a multinational oil company of Dutch and British origins Unilever is a Multi-national corporation, formed of Anglo - Dutch parentage that owns many of the world's Consumer product brands Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV ( Royal Philips Electronics Inc. The main products in European industry are automobiles, chemical goods, food, clothing and electronics.

Investing and banking

Europe has a well developed financial sector. Many European cities are financial centres with the City of London being the largest. For London as a whole see the main article London. The City of London is a geographically The European financial sector is helped by the introduction of the euro as common currency. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e This has made it easier for European households and firms to invest in companies and deposit money on banks in other European countries. Exchange rate fluctuations are now non-existent in the Eurozone. Euro Enlargement of the In Eastern Europe, the financial sector is somewhat less developed (mostly because of the communist legacy), but is rapidly developing towards Western European standards. The financial sector in Eastern Europe is helped by economic growth in the region and the commitment of Eastern European governments to achieve these high standards.

European banks are amongst the largest and most profitable in the world (Deutsche Bank, UBS, HSBC, Royal Bank of Scotland, HBOS, BNP Paribas, Unicredit, Banco Santander). Deutsche Bank AG (literally "German Bank" ˈdɔɪtʃə,) is an international Universal bank with a broad private clients franchise headquartered in HSBC Holdings plc ( (,,,) is a Public limited company incorporated in England and Wales, headquartered in London. The Royal Bank of Scotland plc ( Scottish Gaelic: Banca Rìoghail na h-Alba) is one of the retail banking subsidiaries of the Royal Bank of Scotland Group HBOS plc ( is a Banking and Insurance group in the United Kingdom, the Holding company for Bank of Scotland plc, which BNP Paribas () is one of the main Banks in Europe. It was created on 23 May 2000 through the merger of Banque Nationale de Paris (BNP and Paribas UniCredit SpA () is an Italy -based pan-European bank with over 40 million customers and operations in 22 countries Grupo Santander (,;;) is a banking group centered on Banco Santander, the largest bank in Spain, which originated in Santander, Cantabria

Global trade relations

The bulk of the EU's external trade is done with the United States of America, Brazil, China,^[1] India, Russia and non-member European states. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending

EU members are represented by a single official at the WTO.

The EU is involved in a few minor trade disputes. It had a long running dispute with the USA of allegedly unfair subsidies the US government gives to several companies, such as Boeing. The Boeing Company is a major Aerospace and defense corporation originally founded by William E There is also a dispute with China over textile exports, and the EU has a long running ban prohibiting arms trade with the Chinese. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National

See also

• Commonwealth of Independent States
• Euro
• Europe
• European Economic Area
• European Free Trade Area (EU, EFTA, CEFTA)
• European Free Trade Association
• European Union
• History of Europe
• Industrial Revolution
• List of European countries by GDP
• Oil price increases since 2003
• Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe statistics
• Regions of Europe
• John Grahl

References

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