Economic geography - Citizendia

Economic geography is the study of the location, distribution and spatial organization of economic activities across the Earth. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 The subject matter investigated is strongly influenced by the researcher's methodological approach. Neoclassical location theorists, following in the tradition of Alfred Weber, tend to focus on industrial location and use quantitative methods. Location theory is concerned with the geographic location of economic activity it has become an integral part of Economic geography, Regional science, and Spatial Alfred Weber ( July 30 1868 &ndash May 2 1958) was a German Economist, Sociologist and Theoretician Since the 1970s, two broad reactions against neoclassical approaches have significantly changed the discipline: Marxist political economy, growing out of the seminal work of David Harvey; and the new economic geography which takes into account social, cultural, and institutional factors in the spatial economy. David Harvey is the name of David Harvey (footballer (born 1948 David Harvey (geographer and social theorist (born 1935

Economic geography is usually regarded as a subfield of the discipline of geography, although recently economists such as Paul Krugman and Jeffrey Sachs have pursued interests that can be considered part of economic geography. Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena Paul Robin Krugman ( born February 28 1953 is an American Economist, Columnist, Author, and Intellectual. Jeffrey David Sachs (born November 5, 1954, in Detroit Michigan) is an American Economist and Director of the Earth Institute ^[1] Krugman has gone so far as to call his application of spatial thinking to international trade theory the "new economic geography", which directly competes with an approach within the discipline of geography that is also called "new economic geography". The name geographical economics has been suggested as an alternative. ^[2]

Given the variety of approaches, economic geography has taken to many different subject matters, including: the location of industries, economies of agglomeration (also known as "linkages"), transportation, international trade and development, real estate, gentrification, ethnic economies, gendered economies, core-periphery theory, the economics of urban form, the relationship between the environment and the economy (tying into a long history of geographers studying culture-environment interaction), and globalization. The term economies of agglomeration is used in Urban economics to describe the benefits that firms obtain when locating near each other Core-periphery theory is based on the notion that as one region or state expands in economic prosperity it must engulf regions nearby to ensure ongoing economic and political success Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones This list is by no means exhaustive.

1 Areas of Study
- 1.1 Approaches to study
2 Subdivision
3 History of economic geography
4 References
5 Further reading
6 Scientific Journals
7 See also

Areas of Study

Economic geography research focuses on the study of spatial aspects of economic activities on various scales. The distance to the city (or Central business district) as a marketplace with demand for products plays a significant role in economic decisions of firms while other factors such as access to the sea and the presence of raw materials like oil affects the economic conditions of countries. A central business district ( CBD) is the commercial and often geographic heart of a city Singapore, for example, occupies a key position as a seaport, while the wealth of Saudi Arabia depends almost entirely on oil. Singapore ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit

One of the main topics in contemporary economic geography is globalization which greatly influences location, distribution and character of economic activities around the world. Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones States and their borders play less significant role as many countries tend to eliminate the effects of borders and deepen the mutual cooperation on the global scale. Border regions that are often economically marginal and underdeveloped are also better cooperating with each other. The best example is the creation of European Union. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Significant characteristics is also the occurrence of large business clusters that are forming around the world. A business cluster is a geographic concentration of interconnected Businesses suppliers and associated institutions in a particular field

Approaches to study

Theoretical economic geography focuses on building theories about spatial arrangement and distribution of economic activities.
Historical economic geography examines history and the development of spatial economic structure. Historical geography is the study of the human, physical, fictional, theoretical and "real" geographies of the past
Regional economic geography examines the economic conditions of particular regions or countries of the world. Regional geography is a study of regions throughout the world in order to understand or define the unique characteristics of a particular region which consists of natural as well as It deals with economic regionalisation as well.
Critical economic geography is approach from the point of view of contemporary critical geography and its philosophy. The development of critical geography can be seen as one of the four major turning points in the history of geography (the other three being Environmental determinism, The development of critical geography can be seen as one of the four major turning points in the history of geography (the other three being Environmental determinism,
Behavioral economic geography examines the cognitive processes underlying spatial reasoning, locational decision making, and behavior of firms^[3] and individuals. Behavioral geography is an approach to Human Geography that examines human behavior using a disaggregate approach

Subdivision

Thematically economic geography can be divided into these subdisciplines:

'Geography of agriculture'
'Geography of industry'
'Internet Geography'
'Geography of services'
'Geography of transportation'
and others

However, their areas of study may overlap with another geographical sciences or may be considered on their own. Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena

History of economic geography

In the history of economic geography there were many influences coming mainly from economics and geographical sciences. Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena

First traces of the study of spatial aspects of economic activities on Earth can be found in Strabo's Geographika written almost 2000 years ago. Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. This has recently been challenged, however, by seven Chinese maps of the State of Qin dating to the 4th century BC. Cartography or mapmaking (in Greek chartis = map and graphein = write has been an integral part of the human story for a long time (maybe 8000 years Qín or Ch'in ( Wade-Giles) (秦 ( 778 BC - 207 BC) was a State during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods

During the period known in geography as environmental determinism notable (though later much criticized) influence came from Ellsworth Huntington and his theory of climatic determinism. Environmental determinism, also known as climatic determinism or geographical determinism, is the view that the physical environment rather than social conditions Ellsworth Huntington (1876 &ndash 1947 was a professor of Geology and Climatology and Economics at Yale University during the early 20th century Climatic determinism or Environmental determinism is an aspect of Economic geography.

Valuable contributions came from location theorists such as Johann Heinrich von Thünen or Alfred Weber. Johann Heinrich von Thünen ( 24 June 1783 - 22 September 1850) was a prominent nineteenth century economist. Alfred Weber ( July 30 1868 &ndash May 2 1958) was a German Economist, Sociologist and Theoretician Other influential theories were Walter Christaller's Central place theory, the theory of core and periphery. Walter Christaller (1893 &ndash 1969 was a German Geographer whose principal contribution to the discipline is Central Place Theory, first published Central place theory is a geographical theory that seeks to explain the size and spacing of human settlements

Fred K. Schaefer's article Exceptionalism in geography: A Methodological Examination published in American journal Annals (Association of American Geographers) and his critique of regionalism had a big impact on economic geography. Fred K Schaefer ( Berlin, 7 July 1904 - USA, 6 June 1953) was a geographer. The article became a rallying point for the younger generation of economic geographers who were intent on reinventing the discipline as a science. Quantitative methods became prevailing in research. Well-known economic geographers of this period are William Garrison, Brian Berry, Waldo Tobler, Peter Haggett, William Bunge and others. William Louis Garrison (born 1924 is an American Geographer and Transportation analyst currently a professor emeritus at the University of California Berkeley Brian Joe Lobley Berry (born 1934 is a British-American Human geographer. Waldo Tobler (born 1930) is an influential American - Swiss Geographer and Cartographer. Peter Haggett, CBE ScD FBA (b January 24, 1933) is an eminent British Geographer and academic Professor Emeritus William Wheeler Bunge Jr (born 1928 La Crosse, Wisconsin is the American Geographer active mainly as a quantitative geographer and spatial theorist

Contemporary economic geographers tend to specialize in areas such as location theory and spatial analysis (with the help of geographic information systems), market research, geography of transportation, land or real estate price evaluation, regional and global development, planning, Internet geography, and emano-practituton geography and erastomarkenotation geography

References

^ in Gordon L. Location theory is concerned with the geographic location of economic activity it has become an integral part of Economic geography, Regional science, and Spatial In Statistics, spatial analysis or spatial statistics includes any of the formal techniques which study entities using their Topological, Geometric Clark, Meric S. Gertler, and Maryann P. Feldman: The Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-823410-4.
^ Steven Brakman, Harry Garretsen, Charles van Marrewijk. An Introduction to Geographical Economics.
^ Schoenberger, E. (2001): Corporate autobiographies: the narrative strategies of corporate strategists. Journal of Economic Geography 1, 277-98.

Scientific Journals

Economic Geography - founded and published quarterly at Clark University since 1925
Journal of Economic Geography - published by Oxford University Press since 2001
Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsgeographie - The German Journal of Economic Geography published since 1956. Clark University is a private University and Liberal arts college in Worcester Massachusetts.
Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie (TESG) - Published by The Royal Dutch Geographical Society (KNAG) since 1948. The Royal Dutch Geographical Society, or Koninklijk Nederlands Aardrijkskundig Genootschap (KNAG in Dutch, is an organization of geographers

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