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Eclipse 500

An Eclipse 500 takes off during flight test program at Mojave Airport. Note the straight wing design with small wingtip fuel tanks>
Type Very light jet
National origin United States
Manufacturer Eclipse Aviation
Maiden flight August 26, 2002
Introduction December 31, 2006
Status In production
Primary user DayJet
Produced 2001-
Number built 51+
Unit cost USD$2. see also List of very light jets A very light jet ( VLJ) previously known as a microjet, is by convention a small Jet aircraft The United States of America —commonly referred to as the An aerospace manufacturer is a company or individual involved in the various aspects of designing building testing selling and maintaining Aircraft, Aircraft parts Eclipse Aviation Corporation is the manufacturer of the Eclipse 500 and Eclipse 400 Very light jets (VLJs The maiden flight of an Aircraft is the first occasion on which an aircraft leaves the ground of its own accord Events 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Army at Manzikert. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. DayJet was an American commercial aviation operation that provided on-demand jet travel using Eclipse 500 Very Light Jets The company began operations The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been 15M[1]
Developed from Williams V-Jet II

The Eclipse 500 is a small six-seat business jet aircraft manufactured by Eclipse Aviation. The Williams V-Jet II was designed and built by Burt Rutan 's Scaled Composites for Williams International as a test bed and demonstrator aircraft for Business jet, private jet or colloquially bizjet is a term describing a Jet aircraft, usually of smaller size designed for transporting groups of Eclipse Aviation Corporation is the manufacturer of the Eclipse 500 and Eclipse 400 Very light jets (VLJs It is the second of a new class of business jets called Very Light Jets (VLJ), following the delivery of the first VLJ, the Cessna Citation Mustang in late 2006. see also List of very light jets A very light jet ( VLJ) previously known as a microjet, is by convention a small Jet aircraft WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout [2] The aircraft is powered by two lightweight Pratt & Whitney Canada PW610F turbofan engines in tail-mounted nacelles. The PW600 family of extremely small Turbofan engines is being developed by Pratt & Whitney Canada for use in Very light jets Designed with scalability in A turbofan is a type of Jet engine, similar to a Turbojet. It essentially consists of a Ducted fan with a smaller diameter turbojet engine The word nacelle is derived from the Old French nacele, which means a small Boat or Dinghy, which was in turn derived from the

Contents

Design and development

The production Eclipse 500 is the product of a conceptual design evolution which began with the Williams V-Jet II, which was designed and built by Burt Rutan's Scaled Composites in 1997 for Williams International to be used as a testbed and demonstrator for their new FJX-2 turbofan engine. The Williams V-Jet II was designed and built by Burt Rutan 's Scaled Composites for Williams International as a test bed and demonstrator aircraft for Elbert Leander "Burt" Rutan (born June 17, 1943 in Estacada Oregon) is an American aerospace engineer noted for his originality Scaled Composites (often abbreviated as Scaled) formerly the Rutan Aircraft Factory, is a company currently owned by Northrop Grumman that is located Williams International is a manufacturer of small Gas turbine engines based in Walled Lake Michigan, United States. The Williams FJ22 was a small Turbofan engine that was being developed by Williams International for Very light jet (VLJ aircraft applications A turbofan is a type of Jet engine, similar to a Turbojet. It essentially consists of a Ducted fan with a smaller diameter turbojet engine The aircraft and engine debuted at the 1997 Oshkosh Airshow. EAA AirVenture Oshkosh (formerly The EAA Annual Convention and Fly-In is an annual gathering of Aviation enthusiasts held each summer at Wittman Regional Airport

The V-Jet II was an all-composite structure with a forward-swept wing, a V-tail, each fin of which was mounted on the nacelle of one of the two engines. Williams had not intended to produce the aircraft, but it attracted a lot of attention, and Eclipse Aviation was founded in 1998 to further develop and produce the aircraft. Eclipse Aviation Corporation is the manufacturer of the Eclipse 500 and Eclipse 400 Very light jets (VLJs This is a list of Aviation -related events from 1998: Events Cirrus Aircraft successfully flight-tests the CAPS ballistic emergency

The prototype and only V-Jet II aircraft was obtained by Eclipse Aviation along with the program, and was donated to the Experimental Aircraft Association AirVenture museum in Oshkosh, Wisconsin in 2001. Eclipse Aviation Corporation is the manufacturer of the Eclipse 500 and Eclipse 400 Very light jets (VLJs Experimental Aircraft Association ( EAA) is an international organization of Aviation enthusiasts based in Oshkosh, Wisconsin. Oshkosh is a city in Winnebago County, Wisconsin, United States, located where the Fox River Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar.

Adaptation of V-Jet II design

Eclipse 500 flight test aircraft at Mojave
Eclipse 500 flight test aircraft at Mojave
Flight test aircraft at Mojave
Flight test aircraft at Mojave
Parked at Colorado Springs Airport
Parked at Colorado Springs Airport

Eclipse CEO Vern Raburn was one of the first business executives at Microsoft. Colorado Springs Airport On November 2 2007 Frontier Airlines announced that the carrier's new heavy-maintenance facility would be constructed at the airport Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational Computer technology Corporation, which rose to dominate the Home computer Subsequently, Bill Gates became a major stake-holder in the Eclipse project. If you would like to experiment with Wikipedia please copy The VLJ concept has been pursued by a number of manufacturers, and because the V-Jet II had been designed around one of the primary VLJ engines, Eclipse believed it was an ideal design to refine and market.

The airframe was significantly redesigned as an all-metal structure with a T-tail and straight wings. The main cabin shape is essentially all that was retained from the V-Jet II. It was recognized that for an aluminum structure to be cost effective, new manufacturing techniques would have to be developed. One of the primary processes used was friction stir welding, in which the skin and underlying aluminum structure are welded together rather than riveted, as traditional for aluminum aircraft. Friction-stir welding ( FSW) is a solid-state joining process (meaning the metal is not melted during the process and is used for applications Anti-corrosion bonding techniques were also developed. [3]

Besides materials processes, the general process of building the airframe was redesigned, with techniques taken from the automotive industry. Traditionally, aircraft structure is mounted in a jig, and the skin is riveted on to the outside of it. For the Eclipse 500, lessons were taken from composite airframe manufacturing, and the aluminum skin is first laid in a mold, and then the structure is built into it. The result is much more precise control of the aircraft's final shape, resulting in a cabin that is more robust and can be pressurized to a higher differential. In addition, the manufacturing techniques are designed so that one crew can assemble an airframe in a single shift. The complete interior is designed to be installed on a moving assembly line in 45 minutes.

Originally Eclipse selected a pair of Williams International EJ-2 engines (a production variant of the FJ22/FJX-2) for the Eclipse 500, but as the aircraft's weight increased, performance was not satisfactory. Pratt & Whitney Canada agreed to participate in the project, and modified the design of their PW615 engine, designating it the Pratt & Whitney Canada PW610F. Pratt & Whitney Canada ( PWC) is a Canadian Aircraft engine manufacturer The PW600 family of extremely small Turbofan engines is being developed by Pratt & Whitney Canada for use in Very light jets Designed with scalability in The prototype Eclipse 500 first flew with the Williams engines in 2002. This is a list of Aviation -related events from 2002: Events A depression in North American commercial aviation begins in the aftermath of [4] The redesign to incorporate the new engines resulted in a significant delay to the development program. The first flight of the Eclipse 500 with the new engines occurred on December 31, 2004. [5]

An Eclipse press release says that its aircraft is "the quietest jet aircraft" and that it is "quieter than virtually all multi engine turboprop and piston aircraft". [6]

Instrument Panel

The Eclipse 500 cockpit has glass cockpit technology and an integrated avionics package. A glass cockpit is an Aircraft cockpit that features electronic instrument displays. Problems with the original configuration have involved a re-design of the system. The first aircraft have the original system called Avio until the new Avio NG system is certified. The new avionics package was certified in December 2007 and older aircraft will be retrofited and all should be to the same standard by the end of 2008. [7]

Certification

USA

The Eclipse 500 received provisional type certification from the FAA on July 27, 2006, shortly after the aircraft's PW610F engine was certified by the Canadian authorities. The Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA) is an agency of the United States Department of Transportation with authority to regulate and oversee all aspects of Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. FAA Administrator Marion Blakey presented Raburn with the provisional certificate in a special ceremony at the 2006 Oshkosh Airshow. Marion Clifton Blakey (born March 26, 1948) was the 15th Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration.

Full certification was not granted at that time because the composite wing tip fuel tanks did not meet FAA lightning strike criteria. As a result, Eclipse started testing an improved wingtip fuel tank made from aluminium. Eclipse also started ramping up production of the 500, so aircraft could be released to customers once full certification was achieved.

Full type certification was eventually achieved on 30 September 2006. Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. At that point, in addition to the five flying prototypes, 23 aircraft were in production and two had already been completed. Full certification allows the 500 to be flown using IFR (instrument flight rules) with a single pilot throughout its operating envelope. Deliveries to customers can now start. However, some avionics functionality (e. g. GPS navigation, weather radar, etc) will not be available until some 6-12 months after the initial deliveries and will have to be retro-fitted into in-service aircraft.

The Eclipse 500 still has not obtained certification from the FAA to fly into "known icing conditions", which is a contractually required certification. The icing certification is now being delayed until June 2008. [8]

Eclipse has now received its FAA production certificate. [9] Eclipse did not receive its production certificate as expected in Q4 of 2006. This caused a delay in the delivery of its first plane. [10] Until the production certificate is granted, each airplane that rolls off the line must be individually inspected and certified airworthy by the FAA. On March 1, 2007, the Aero-News Network reprinted a letter that CEO Vern Raburn sent to Eclipse's potential customers notifying them that his company was continuing to experience production schedule delays. He provided a list of eight reasons for the delays. He also announced, "While it is impossible to predict the exact timing for the receipt of our Production Certificate (PC), we will keep you informed of our progress. "[11]

Europe

The Eclipse 500 is not currently certified in Europe and the company has not indicated a timeline for accomplishing that. [12]

Despite the fact that certification standards between the USA and Europe are harmonized and virtually identical, the European certification authority, European Aviation Safety Agency, has some concerns that must be addressed prior to European certification. European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA is an agency of the European Union (EU with offices in Cologne, Germany, which has been given specific regulatory [12] These include:

The aircraft may also require ACAS, something the company has indicated is not practical, due to a lack of antennae location. Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS is an ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization standard specified in ICAO Annex 10 Vol IV which provides pilots with a [13]

European analysts writing in Flight Global have indicated that it may be necessary for Eclipse to build a separate version of the aircraft to meet European certification requirements, something the company has indicated it is not planning to do. [13]

Modifications

In early December 2006 and in March 2007, Eclipse announced, in letters to customers a number of changes to the initial specifications, including:

  1. New fairings for the landing gear, wheel covers, and tail
  2. Control surface hinge covers
  3. Extended rudder and elevator, to eliminate gurney flaps
  4. Improved lower engine nacelle panel aerodynamics
  5. Extended wingtip fuel tanks (+12 US gal. A fairing is a structure whose primary function is to produce a smooth outline and reduce drag. The Gurney Flap (or wickerbill) is a small flat tab projecting from the Trailing edge of a wing on each side)
  6. Changes to engine FADEC software, to increase cruise thrust above 25000ft altitude
  7. Overall weight increase of 79 lbs with no change to full fuel payload or max useful load.

Together, these measures are expected to increase the cruise speed from 360 to 370kts TAS and increase NBAA IFR range from 1055 to 1125nm. All aircraft, including the already delivered initial deliveries, will be upgraded to this new standard. [14]

Production and marketing

From the beginning, the aircraft was intended to bring a new economy to small jet aircraft, and both cost of acquisition and ongoing operational costs were considered in the design of the plane. Eclipse is attempting to market the aircraft to a segment of general aviation that has not had a jet participating in the market, so it is directly competing with high-end piston and turboprop aircraft. Thus, Eclipse's marketing efforts are focusing on the plane's very low service costs and comprehensive maintenance and support program for customers. Being able to land at over 10,000 airports in the United States, Eclipse and other VLJ manufacturers hope that this would proliferate an air taxi role for their aircraft. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the An air taxi is a for-hire passenger or cargo aircraft which operates on an on-demand basis

Eclipse is reporting 2,700 total orders and options to order its Eclipse 500. The company initially advised customers and investors that they hoped to deliver 10 aircraft by the end of 2006[15], but as of March 2, 2006, Eclipse was still unable to obtain a production certificate, nor were they able to deliver even their second aircraft. The Eclipse has an initial cost of 1. 52 million USD for those that make a deposit before August 31, 2007. Starting September 1, 2007, Eclipse has announced a 5% price increase to 1. 595 million USD. [16] For comparison, the Cessna Citation Mustang, another VLJ, cost around 2. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout 62 million USD at launch in 2006.

Eclipse will offer the Jet Complete program, guaranteeing private owners a maintenance cost of $209 per flight hour for three years (if the aircraft is operated between 300 and 3,000 hours during that period). A similar Jet Complete Business program will cover charter operators.

On 30 May 2008 Eclipse announced that the price of the EA 500 was being increased to USD$2. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been 15M. The company indicted that lower than projected production volume had meant that expected efficiencies had not been realized, resulting in higher production costs. [1]

DayJet

DayJet is Eclipse's largest customer, with 1400 aircraft on order, for use in the air taxi role. DayJet was an American commercial aviation operation that provided on-demand jet travel using Eclipse 500 Very Light Jets The company began operations An air taxi is a for-hire passenger or cargo aircraft which operates on an on-demand basis [17] Aviation analysts remain somewhat doubtful whether the company's aggressive sales and production targets will be feasible. [18]

On 6 May 2008 DayJet announced that it is scaling back its operations, laying off 100-160 employees in all segments of the company and selling or leasing out 16 of its current fleet of 28 Eclipse 500s. DayJet founder and CEO Ed Iacobucci indicated that the company needs USD$40M to reach profitability, but that the current economic climate has not permitted the company to raise that amount. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been Iacobucci has stated that the company has proven that the operational concept is sound, but that the current fleet of 28 Eclipse 500s needs to be quickly expanded to 50 aircraft to attain profitability. [17][19]

With 1400 Eclipse 500s on order out of a current order book of about 2500 aircraft DayJet represents 58% of all Eclipses ordered. [17][19]

Deliveries

Although Raburn told customers in late November of 2006 that he anticipated delivering 10 aircraft before the end of the year, his company was only able to get a single copy of its jet delivered on December 31, 2006. [15] The official delivery ceremony occurred on January 4, 2007, when the keys were handed over to its co-owners, David Crowe, an owner-pilot and the shared-jet cooperative group, Jet Alliance. [20]

On April 19, 2007, it was reported that Eclipse had delivered a total of six Eclipse 500 aircraft, including three to DayJet. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. DayJet was an American commercial aviation operation that provided on-demand jet travel using Eclipse 500 Very Light Jets The company began operations [21]

Eclipse has announced previously that it intends to build 4 aircraft per day in 2008. Eclipse revised those plans in a June 2007 letter to Eclipse depositors stating that Eclipse would be building 1 aircraft per day in August 2007, 2 aircraft per day in April 2008 and 3 aircraft per day in December 2008. As of September 24, 2007 according to the FAA registry database, Eclipse had delivered a total of 44 aircraft (12 of those aircraft were delivered to DayJet) with 6 delivered in August and 11 delivered in September.

Specifications

Original cockpit layout of prototype aircraft
Original cockpit layout of prototype aircraft
Engine inlet, with inset to show relative size of this small turbofan engine
Engine inlet, with inset to show relative size of this small turbofan engine

Data from Eclipse Aviation[22]

General characteristics

Performance

Avionics

See also

Related development

Comparable aircraft



References

  1. ^ a b Niles, Russ (May 2008). The Maximum Takeoff Weight or Maximum Takeoff Mass of an Aircraft is the maximum weight at which the pilot of the aircraft is allowed to attempt to take off The PW600 family of extremely small Turbofan engines is being developed by Pratt & Whitney Canada for use in Very light jets Designed with scalability in A turbofan is a type of Jet engine, similar to a Turbojet. It essentially consists of a Ducted fan with a smaller diameter turbojet engine In Aviation, V-speeds or Velocity-speeds are standard terms used to define Airspeeds important or useful to the operation of Aircraft, such For other uses see Stall. In Aerodynamics, a stall is a sudden reduction in the lift forces generated by an Airfoil The maximal total range is the distance an Aircraft can fly between Takeoff and Landing, as limited by fuel capacity in powered aircraft or cross-country In Aeronautics, a ceiling is the maximum Density altitude an aircraft can reach under a set of conditions A primary flight display or PFD is a modern aircraft instrument dedicated to flight information A Multi-function display (MFD is a small screen ( CRT or LCD) in an Aircraft surrounded by multiple buttons that can be used to display information The Williams V-Jet II was designed and built by Burt Rutan 's Scaled Composites for Williams International as a test bed and demonstrator aircraft for WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Phenom 100 is a Very Light Jet (VLJ developed by Brazilian aircraft manufacturer Embraer. Eclipse Goes Ahead With Single, Hikes Price Of Twin. Retrieved on 2008-06-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks
  2. ^ Cessna Beats Out Eclipse In First VLJ delivery. AVWeb (2006-11-23). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of Retrieved on 2006-11-29. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe
  3. ^ "An Inside Look at Eclipse" Eclipse Aviation press release (last accessed November 29, 2006)
  4. ^ Eclipse 500 Jet Achieves First Flight (2002-08-26). See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Army at Manzikert. Retrieved on 2007-04-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans.
  5. ^ Eclipse Aviation Completes Two Successful Flights of First Eclipse 500 Certification Flight Test Aircraft (2004-12-31). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Retrieved on 2007-04-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans.
  6. ^ Eclipse Press release (last accessed April 10, 2007)
  7. ^ Eclipse certificates new avionics, secures new financing (December 21, 2007). Retrieved on 2007-12-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies
  8. ^ Eclipse News (last accessed 3/18/2008)
  9. ^ Eclipse Aviation Receives Production Certificate (2007-04-26). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Retrieved on 2007-04-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans.
  10. ^ Glenn Pew Eclipse Addresses Delays And Performance Guarantees AVWeb December 6, 2006
  11. ^ Vern Raburn Eclipse 500 Production Schedule Slips Due To Several Issues Aero-News Network, March 2, 2007
  12. ^ a b c d e f Niles, Russ (May 2008). Eclipse European Certification Question. Retrieved on 2008-05-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus.
  13. ^ a b c Reed Business Information (May 2008). EBACE 2008: EASA could force major changes to Eclipse VLJ. Retrieved on 2008-05-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus.
  14. ^ Vern Raburn, Letter to Eclipse Customers, March 26, 2007, Reprinted by AVWeb
  15. ^ a b Raburn, Vern. "Eclipse Aviation Customer/Investor Update 11-27-06", AVweb, 2006-11-27. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont Retrieved on 2006-11-29. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe  
  16. ^ New Mexico Business Weekly, Eclipse raises jet's price, reveals new products, July 25, 2007
  17. ^ a b c Niles, Russ (May 2008). DayJet Announces Layoffs. Retrieved on 2008-05-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance.
  18. ^ Bill Cox VLJs Turn Short Final Pilot Journal, Sept/Oct 2005 issue. (last accessed Nov. 29, 2006)
  19. ^ a b Niles, Russ (May 2008). DayJet Cuts Jets And Staff. Retrieved on 2008-05-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen
  20. ^ "Company second in U.S to deliver light jets", Associated Press, 2007-01-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. Retrieved on 2007-01-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate.  
  21. ^ Eclipse 500 makes European debut at Aero 2007. Flightglobal. com.
  22. ^ Eclipse Aviation - Specifications. Retrieved on 2006-11-29. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe


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