Repúblika Demokrátika Timór Lorosa'e República Democrática de Timor-Leste Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: Unidade, Acção, Progresso (Portuguese: "Unity, Action, Progress")
Anthem: Pátria
Capital (and largest city)		Dili 8°34′S, 125°34′E
Official languages		Tetum and Portuguese1
Demonym		East Timorese
Government		Parliamentary republic
-	President	José Ramos-Horta
-	Prime Minister	Xanana Gusmão
Independence		from Portugal²
-	Declared	November 28, 1975
-	Recognized	May 20, 2002
Area
-	Total	15,410 km² (158th) 5,743 sq mi
-	Water (%)	negligible
Population
-	July 2005 estimate	1,115,000 (155th)
-	Density	64/km² (132nd) 166/sq mi
GDP (PPP)		2005 estimate
-	Total	$2. The flag of East Timor (also known as Timor-Leste) was adopted in 2002. The coat of arms of East Timor (officially Timor-Leste was introduced on 18 January 2007 under the Law 02/2007 A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's "Pátria" ("Fatherland" in Portuguese) is the National anthem of the Democratic Republic of East Timor. The following are the' Demographics of East Timor from the CIA World Factbook 2002 Dili, also spelled Díli, is the Capital and largest city of Timor Leste (formerly called East Timor. An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory Tetum (also Tetun) is an Austronesian language, a National language and one of the two Official languages of East Timor. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a People or the inhabitants of a place For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A parliamentary republic or parliamentary constitutional republic is a form of a Republic which operates under a Parliamentary system of government East Timor is an emerging democratic State. Its current president is José Ramos-Horta. José Manuel Ramos-Horta ( Portuguese: ʒu'zɛ 'ʁɐmuz 'oɾtɐ GCL (born 26 December 1949) is the second President The Prime Minister of East Timor is the Head of government in East Timor. Kay Rala Xanana Gusmão GCL (born José Alexandre Gusmão, on June 20 1946 is a former militant who was the first President of East Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. To help compare Orders of magnitude of different geographical regions  Areas between 10000 km² and 100000 km² are listed here This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by total area. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. In Mathematics, a percentage is a way of expressing a number as a Fraction of 100 ( per cent meaning "per hundred" In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology List of countries by population in 2005|List of countries by population in 1907This is a list of countries ordered according to Population. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume List of countries and dependencies by Population density in inhabitants/km² The purchasing power parity ( PPP) theory uses the long-term equilibrium Exchange rate of two currencies to equalize their Purchasing power. 18 billion (206)
-	Per capita	$800 (188)
HDI (2007)		0. There are three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head with Per meaning 'through' or 'by' This article includes three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP at Purchasing power parity (PPP Per capita The Human Development Index ( HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of Life expectancy, Literacy, Educational attainment, and GDP 514 (medium) (150th)
Currency		U.S. Dollar³ (USD)
Time zone		(UTC+9)
Internet TLD		.tl4
Calling code		+670
1	Indonesian and English are recognised by the Constitution as "working languages". This is a list of countries by Human Development Index as included in the United Nations Development Program 's Human Development Report 2007 A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been ISO 4217 is the International standard describing three-letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established A country This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E Indonesian or Bahasa Indonesia, based on the Riau version of Malay language, was declared the official language with the declaration of English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States A working language (also procedural language) is a Language that is given a unique legal status in a Supra -national company society state or other body
2	Indonesia invaded East Timor on December 7, 1975 and left in 1999. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
3	Centavo coins also used. East Timor centavo coins were introduced in East Timor in 2003 for use alongside US Dollar Banknotes and Coins which had been introduced
4	.tp is being phased out.

East Timor (officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste) is a country in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco, and Oecussi-Ambeno, an exclave on the northwestern side of the island, within Indonesian West Timor. Timor is an Island at the south end of the Malay Archipelago, north of the Timor Sea. Atauro Island (also Pulau Atauro, Ataúro) is a small island situated 25km north of Dili, East Timor, on the extinct Wetar segment of the Jaco (also sometimes written as Jako) is an island in the Lesser Sunda Islands. Oecussi-Ambeno ( Tetum: Oe-Kusi Ambenu, also variously Ocussi, Oekussi, Oekusi, Okusi, Oé-Cusse) is a district The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. West Timor is the Indonesian portion of the island of Timor and forms part of the province of Nusa Tenggara Timur, (NTT or East Nusa Tenggara The small country of 15,410 km²^[1] (5,400 sq mi) is located about 640 km (400 mi) northwest of Darwin, Australia.

East Timor was colonized by Portugal in the 16th century, and was known as Portuguese Timor until Portugal's decolonization of the country. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Portuguese Timor was the name of East Timor when it was under Portuguese control In late 1975 East Timor declared its independence but was invaded and occupied by Indonesia later that year, and declared that country's 27th province the following year. Belligerent military occupation occurs when the control and authority over a territory passes to a hostile army. In 1999, following the United Nations-sponsored act of self-determination, Indonesia relinquished control of the territory and East Timor became the first new sovereign state of the twenty-first century on May 20, 2002. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security This list of sovereign states, alphabetically arranged gives an overview of States around the world with information on the extent of their Sovereignty. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. East Timor is one of only two predominantly Roman Catholic countries in Southeast Asia, the other being the Philippines. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP

At US$800,^[2] the per capita GDP (purchasing power parity adjusted) of East Timor is one of the lowest in the world. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head with Per meaning 'through' or 'by' The purchasing power parity ( PPP) theory uses the long-term equilibrium Exchange rate of two currencies to equalize their Purchasing power. Its Human Development Index (HDI), however, corresponds to a medium degree of human development and places East Timor 142nd among the world's states. The Human Development Index ( HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of Life expectancy, Literacy, Educational attainment, and GDP This is a list of countries by Human Development Index as included in the United Nations Development Program 's Human Development Report 2007

Contents 1 Etymology and naming issues 2 History 2.1 Early history 2.2 Portuguese colonization 2.3 Indonesian occupation 2.4 Independence 2.5 Crisis and change 3 Politics 3.1 Government departments 4 Districts, subdistricts, and sucos 5 Geography 6 Economy 7 Demographics 7.1 Religion 7.2 Languages 7.3 Culture 8 Sports 8.1 International sports associations 8.2 Participation in international events 9 Public holidays 10 See also 10.1 Lists 11 Notes and references 12 Bibliography 13 External links

Etymology and naming issues

"Timor" derives from timur, the word for "east" in Indonesian and Malay (hence the Indonesian Timor Timur) which became Timor in Portuguese and entered English as Portuguese Timor. Indonesian or Bahasa Indonesia, based on the Riau version of Malay language, was declared the official language with the declaration of The Malay language ( ISO 639-1 code MS is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other ethnic groups who reside in the Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Lorosa'e is also the word for "east" in Tetum, literally "rising sun".

The official names under the Constitution is República Democrática de Timor-Leste in Portuguese (pron. IPA: [tiˈmoɾ ˈlɛʃtɨ]), which is almost universally used within the country, and in Tetum, Repúblika Demokrátika Timór Lorosa'e, which is infrequently used and is not standard across the many Tetum dialects. Following independence, the government requested the official name in all languages be Timor-Leste, but this has not been commonly adopted within English-speaking countries worldwide, where "East Timor" is the common usage. The Indonesian name Timor Timur, abbreviated as Timtim, is now less widely used, with the Indonesian government and media now using Timor Leste. Indonesian or Bahasa Indonesia, based on the Riau version of Malay language, was declared the official language with the declaration of

The official short form names of countries worldwide are set by the International Organisation for Standardization (ISO). The ISO 3166-1 official short name in English and all other languages is Timor-Leste. Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below --> ISO 3166-1, as part of the ISO 3166 standard The ISO definition is adopted by the United Nations,^[3] the national standards organisations of France (AFNOR), the United States of America (ANSI), Britain (BSI), Germany (DIN) and Sweden (SIS) and is universally used by international NGOs. Association française de Normalisation ( AFNOR) is the French national organization for Standardization and is that country's ISO member body Deutsches Institut für Normung eV ( DIN; in English, the German Institute for Standardization) is the German national organization for Timor–Leste is used as a matter of protocol by the departments of foreign affairs of almost all countries for example, the USA Department of State^[4] and the European Union,^[5] notable exceptions being Australia, which uses "East Timor".

The ISO name gives rise to the standard three letter country code TLS and two letter country code TL as in the country’s internet domain name. ISO 3166 is a three-part Geographic coding standard for coding the names of countries and Dependent areas and the principal subdivisions ISO 3166 is a three-part Geographic coding standard for coding the names of countries and Dependent areas and the principal subdivisions The old two letter country code, TP, is gradually being phased out.

History

Part of History of East Timor
Early history (pre-1515)
Portuguese Timor (1515–1975)
Indonesian invasion (1975)
Indonesian occupation (1975 - 1999)
Vote for independence (1999)
Transition to independence (1999 - 2002)
Contemporary East Timor (2002–present)
2006 crisis
Timeline
[Edit this template]

Main article: History of East Timor

Early history

Main article: Pre-colonial Timor (pre-1515)

The island of Timor was originally populated as part of the human migrations that have shaped Australasia more generally. East Timor is a small country in Southeast Asia It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco Timor is an island in South East Asia. Geologically considered a Continental crustal fragment, it lies alongside the Sunda shelf, and is the Portuguese Timor was the name of East Timor when it was under Portuguese control See also Indonesian occupation of East Timor Indonesia invaded East Timor in 1975 following the Carnation Revolution in Portugal, which led to Portugal's Indonesia occupied East Timor from December 1975 to October 1999 The 1999 East Timorese crisis began with attacks by anti-independence militants on civilians and expanded to general violence throughout the country, centred in the capital The United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET provided an interim civil administration and a peacekeeping mission in the territory of East Timor, The 2006 East Timorese crisis began as a conflict between elements of the Military of East Timor over discrimination within the military and expanded to general violence throughout East Timor is a small country in Southeast Asia It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco Timor is an island in South East Asia. Geologically considered a Continental crustal fragment, it lies alongside the Sunda shelf, and is the Australasia is a Region of Oceania: New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, and neighbouring Islands in the Pacific It is believed that descendants from at least three waves of migration still live in the country. The East Timorese are primarily of Melanesian races, with a population of 680,000 by the time of the Portuguese withdrawal in 1975. Melanesia (from Greek: μέλας black, νῆσος island) means "islands of the black-skinned people" The first were related to the principal indigenous groups of New Guinea and Australia, and arrived before 40,000 years ago. New Guinea, located just north of Australia, is the world's second largest island, having become separated from the Australian mainland when the area now known For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Around 3000 BC, Austronesians migrated through to Timor, and are possibly associated with the development of agriculture on Timor. Thirdly, proto-Malays arrived from south China and north Indochina. Proto Malay, also known as Melayu Asli or Melayu Purba in the Malay language, is an ethnic group in Malaysia. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Indochina, or the Indochinese Peninsula, is a region in Southeast Asia. ^[6] The mountainous nature of the country meant that these groups remained separate, and explains why there is so much linguistic diversity in East Timor today. The Lingua franca and national language of East Timor is Tetum, an Austronesian language influenced by Portuguese, with which

Timor was incorporated into Chinese and Indian trading networks of the fourteenth century as an exporter of aromatic sandalwood, slaves, honey and wax. for the film industry in India see Cinema of Karnataka Sandalwood is the name for several fragrant Woods and their Essential As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Honey is a sweet and Viscous fluid produced by Honey bees (and some other species and derived from the nectar of Flowers According to the Wax has traditionally referred to a substance that is secreted by Bees ( Beeswax) and used by them in constructing their Early European explorers report that the island had a number of small chiefdoms or princedoms in the early sixteenth century. One of the most significant is the Wehale kingdom in central Timor, with its capital at Laran, West Timor, to which the Tetum, Bunaq and Kemak ethnic groups were aligned. In Etruscan mythology, Laran was the god of War. In art he was portrayed as a naked young man with a Helmet and a Spear. The Bunak (also known as Bunaq, Buna', Bunake) are an ethnic group that live in the mountainous region of central Timor, split between the political The Kemak ( Portuguese: Quémaque, also known as Ema) are an ethnic group numbering 50000 in north-central Timor island

Portuguese colonization

Main article: Portuguese Timor

The Portuguese were the first Europeans to colonize the Malay archipelago when they arrived in the sixteenth century. Portuguese Timor was the name of East Timor when it was under Portuguese control The Portuguese people (os Portugueses literally the Portuguese) are the Ethnic group or Nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west The Malay Archipelago is a name given to the Archipelago located between mainland Southeastern Asia ( Indochina) and Australia. ^[7] They established outposts in the (now Indonesian) Maluku Islands and Timor and surrounding islands. The Maluku Islands (also known as the Moluccas, Moluccan Islands, the Spice Islands or simply Maluku) are an Archipelago During the House of Habsburg's rule over Portugal (1580-1640), all surrounding outposts were lost and eventually came under Dutch control by the mid-seventeenth century. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Effective European occupation of a small part of the territory only began after 1769, when the city of Dili, the capital of so-called Portuguese Timor, was founded. Dili, also spelled Díli, is the Capital and largest city of Timor Leste (formerly called East Timor. Portuguese Timor was the name of East Timor when it was under Portuguese control ^[8] In the nineteenth century, the Netherlands gained a foothold on the western half of the island West Timor, and formally received it in 1859 through the Treaty of Lisbon. West Timor is the Indonesian portion of the island of Timor and forms part of the province of Nusa Tenggara Timur, (NTT or East Nusa Tenggara The definitive border was established by the Hague Treaty of 1916, and it remains the international boundary between the successor states East Timor and Indonesia. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia.

For the Portuguese, East Timor remained little more than a neglected trading post until the late nineteenth century. Investment in infrastructure, health, and education was minimal. Sandalwood remained the main export crop with coffee exports becoming significant in the mid-nineteenth century. for the film industry in India see Cinema of Karnataka Sandalwood is the name for several fragrant Woods and their Essential In places where Portuguese rule was asserted, it tended to be brutal and exploitative. At the beginning of the twentieth century, a faltering home economy prompted the Portuguese to extract greater wealth from its colonies which met Timorese resistance. ^[9]

In late 1941, Portuguese Timor was briefly occupied by Dutch and Australian troops in an attempt to preempt a Japanese invasion of the island. The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku The Portuguese Governor protested the occupation, and Dutch forces returned to the Dutch side of the island. ^[10] The Japanese landed and drove the small Australian force out of Dili, and the mountainous interior became the scene of a guerrilla campaign, known as the Battle of Timor. Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc The Battle of Timor (1942–43 occurred on the island of Timor, in the Pacific theatre of World War II. Waged by Allied forces and Timorese volunteers against the Japanese, the struggle resulted in the deaths of between 40,000 and 70,000 Timorese. In general allies are people groups or nations that have joined together in an association for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose Following the end of the war, Portuguese control was reinstated.

The process of decolonization in Portuguese Timor began in 1974, following the change of government in Portugal in the wake of the Carnation Revolution. Decolonization refers to the undoing of Colonialism, the establishment of governance or authority through the creation of settlements by another country or jurisdiction Portuguese Timor was the name of East Timor when it was under Portuguese control The Carnation Revolution (Revolução dos Cravos was an almost bloodless military-led pro-democratic Coup d'état, started on April 25, 1974, in Lisbon Owing to political instability and more pressing concerns over the decolonisation of Angola and Mozambique, Portugal effectively abandoned East Timor and it unilaterally declared itself independent on November 28, 1975. Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola Pronounced ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɨ ɐ̃ˈgɔlɐ Repubilika ya Ngola is a country in south-central Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique (Moçambique or República de Moçambique, ʁɛ'publikɐ d musɐ̃'bik is a country in southeastern Africa This article is about declarations of independence in general For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Nine days later, it was invaded and occupied by Indonesian forces before the declaration could be internationally recognized.

Indonesian occupation

Main article: Indonesian occupation of East Timor

See also: Indonesian invasion of East Timor

As political parties began to form and emerge inside the country, the Indonesian military headed an operation that backed Apodeti, a pro-Indonesian party that encouraged divisions between the pro-independence parties of East Timor. Indonesia occupied East Timor from December 1975 to October 1999 See also Indonesian occupation of East Timor Indonesia invaded East Timor in 1975 following the Carnation Revolution in Portugal, which led to Portugal's The Armed Forces of Indonesia ( Indonesian: Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI, formerly Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia, best known by This led to a brief civil war in 1975 as well as a series of attacks across borders. Indonesia alleged that the East Timorese FRETILIN party, which received some vocal support from the People's Republic of China, was communist. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. The Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor ( Portuguese: Frente Revolucionária de Timor-Leste Independente or FReTiLIn) is a Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Fearing a Communist domino effect in Southeast Asia—and in the wake of its South Vietnam campaign—the United States,^[11] along with its ally Australia, supported the pro-Western Indonesian government's actions. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based This article is about chain reactions. For the political theory, see Domino Theory. "RVN" redirects here RVN is also the former callsign of a TV station in Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings The UN Security Council had a unanimous vote for Indonesia to stop its invasion and to withdraw immediately from East Timor’s borders, and was blocked by the United States from imposing any economic sanctions or other means of enforcing this mandate.

The territory was declared the twenty-seventh province of Indonesia in July 1976. Its nominal status in the UN remained that of a "non-self-governing territory under Portuguese administration. "

Indonesian rule in East Timor was often marked by extreme violence and brutality; estimates of the number of East Timorese who died during the occupation vary from 60,000 to 200,000,^[12] A detailed statistical report prepared for the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor cited a lower range of 102,800 conflict-related deaths in the period 1974-1999, namely, approximately 18,600 killings and 84,200 'excess' deaths from hunger and illness. The Commission for Reception Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor (more commonly known by its Portuguese acronym CAVR Comissão de Acolhimento Verdade e Reconciliação ^[13]

The East Timorese guerrilla force, Falintil, fought a campaign against the Indonesian forces from 1975 to 1999, some members being trained in Portugal by Portuguese special forces. Falintil (or FALINTIL) originally began as the military wing of the Fretilin political party of East Timor. The Dili Massacre proved a turning point for the East Timorese cause internationally, and a burgeoning East Timor solidarity movement grew in Portugal, Australia, and the United States. The Santa Cruz massacre (also known as the Dili massacre) was the shooting of East Timorese pro-independence demonstrators in the Santa Cruz cemetery East Timor is a small country in Southeast Asia It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco

Independence

See also: Transitional period (East Timor)

Following a UN-sponsored agreement between Indonesia, Portugal and the United States and a surprise decision by the Indonesian President B. J. Habibie, a UN-supervised popular referendum was held on August 30, 1999 to choose between Special Autonomy within Indonesia and independence. The United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET provided an interim civil administration and a peacekeeping mission in the territory of East Timor, Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie (born June 25, 1936) more commonly known simply as Rudi Habibie or B J Habibie, was the third President of Indonesia The East Timor special autonomy referendum was a Referendum (officially termed a “popular consultation” was held throughout East Timor on the 30th Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) 78. 5% of voters chose independence, but violent clashes, instigated primarily by elements within the Indonesian military and aided by Timorese pro-Indonesia militias led by Eurico Guterres, broke out soon afterwards. Pro-Indonesia militias (also pro-Indonesian militias) were East Timorese paramilitary militia groups that formed to show loyalty to the Indonesian government Eurico Barros Gomes Guterres (born 1971 is a pro- Indonesian or anti-independence militia terrorist recruited by the Indonesian military A peacekeeping force (INTERFET, led by Australia) intervened to restore order. The International Force for East Timor (INTERFET was a multinational Peacekeeping taskforce mandated by the United Nations to address the humanitarian and security The militias fled across the border into Indonesian West Timor, from which sporadic armed raids were attempted. As these raids were repelled and international moral opinion forced Indonesia to withdraw tacit support, the militias dispersed. INTERFET was replaced by a UN force of International Police, the mission became known as UNTAET, and the UNTAET Crime Scene Detachment was formed to investigate alleged atrocities. The United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET provided an interim civil administration and a peacekeeping mission in the territory of East Timor, The UNTAET Crime Scene Detachment was the common title for an Elite investigative unit created in the war torn and newly liberated country of East Timor in November UNTAET was headed by the late Sérgio Vieira de Mello as UN Transitional Administrator from December 1999 to May 2002. Sérgio Vieira de Mello ( March 15 1948 &ndash August 19 2003) was an illustrious Brazilian United Nations (UN On December 2, 1999 De Mello established the National Consultative Council (NCC), a political body consisting of 11 East Timorese and four UNTAET members charged with overseeing the decision-making process during the transition period leading to independence. Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) However, UNTAET experienced difficulties initially in establishing its credibility amongst the Timorese leadership, leading to street violence. An important workshop on March 1, 2000 brought the Timorese and UN leadership group together to tease out a revised strategy, and identify institutional needs. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. The Timorese delegation was lead by José Ramos-Horta, and included Mari Alkatiri. José Manuel Ramos-Horta ( Portuguese: ʒu'zɛ 'ʁɐmuz 'oɾtɐ GCL (born 26 December 1949) is the second President Mari Bim Amude Alkatiri (born 26 November 1949) was the first Prime Minister of an internationally-recognized East Timor. The outcome was an agreed blueprint for a joint administration with executive powers, including leaders of the National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction (CNRT), led by future president Xanana Gusmão. National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction (Conselho Nacional de Reconstrução do Timor CNRT is a political party in East Timor founded by former Kay Rala Xanana Gusmão GCL (born José Alexandre Gusmão, on June 20 1946 is a former militant who was the first President of East Further details were worked out in a conference in May 2000. De Mello presented the new blueprint to a donor conference in Lisbon^[14] , on June 22, 2000, and to the UN Security Council on June 27, 2000^[15] . Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. On July 12, 2000, the NCC adopted a regulation establishing a Transitional Cabinet of four East Timorese and four UNTAET representatives. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ^[16] . The revamped joint administration successfully laid the institutional foundations for independence, and on September 27, 2002, East Timor joined the United Nations. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar.

Crisis and change

Main article: 2006 East Timorese crisis

In April 2006, riots broke out in Dili following rivalry within the military and police; 40 people were killed and over 20,000 fled their homes. The 2006 East Timorese crisis began as a conflict between elements of the Military of East Timor over discrimination within the military and expanded to general violence throughout Fighting between pro-government troops and disaffected Falintil troops broke out in May 2006. ^[17] Upon the invitation of the Prime Minister, Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, and Portugal sent troops to Timor, attempting to quell the violence. ^[18] On 26 June, Prime Minister Mari Alkatiri resigned as Prime Minister, following an ultimatum from President Xanana Gusmão that he would resign if Alkatiri did not. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. Kay Rala Xanana Gusmão GCL (born José Alexandre Gusmão, on June 20 1946 is a former militant who was the first President of East ^[19] José Ramos-Horta was appointed as Alkatiri's successor on July 8, 2006. José Manuel Ramos-Horta ( Portuguese: ʒu'zɛ 'ʁɐmuz 'oɾtɐ GCL (born 26 December 1949) is the second President Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000 Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ^[20] In April 2007, Gusmão declined another presidential term. In the build-up to the April 2007 presidential elections there were renewed outbreaks of violence in February and March 2007. The 2007 East Timorese presidential election involved two separate votes José Ramos-Horta was inaugurated as President on May 20, 2007 following his election win in the second round. José Manuel Ramos-Horta ( Portuguese: ʒu'zɛ 'ʁɐmuz 'oɾtɐ GCL (born 26 December 1949) is the second President East Timor is an emerging democratic State. Its current president is José Ramos-Horta. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ^[21] Gusmão was sworn in as Prime Minister on August 8, 2007. Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. President Ramos-Horta was critically injured in an assassination attempt on February 11, 2008 in a failed coup apparently perpetrated by Alfredo Reinado, a renegade soldier who died in the attack. Rebel East Timorese soldiers invaded the homes of the President and Prime Minister of East Timor on February 11, 2008, leading to the shooting Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Alfredo Alves Reinado (1967 &ndash February 11 2008 sometimes spelled Reinhado, was a former Major in the Military of Timor-Leste, the Prime Minister Gusmão also faced gunfire separately but escaped unharmed. The Australian government immediately sent reinforcements to East Timor to keep order. ^[22]

Politics

Main article: Politics of East Timor

The Head of state of the East Timor is the President of East Timor, who is elected by popular vote for a five-year term. Politics of East Timor takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic Republic, whereby the Prime Minister of East Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state East Timor is an emerging democratic State. Its current president is José Ramos-Horta. Although the role is largely symbolic, the president does have veto power over certain types of legislation. Following elections, the president appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as the Prime Minister of East Timor. A coalition is an alliance among individuals during which they cooperate in joint action, each in their own Self-interest. The Prime Minister of East Timor is the Head of government in East Timor. As head of government, the prime minister presides over the Council of State or cabinet. This article focuses on the cases where the Head of Government is a separate office from the Head of State A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of Government, typically representing the executive branch.

The unicameral Timorese parliament is the National Parliament or Parlamento Nacional, whose members are elected by popular vote to a five-year term. Unicameralism is the practice of having only one legislative or Parliamentary chamber The National Parliament of East Timor (Parlamento Nacional de Timor-Leste is the unicameral national legislature in East Timor. The number of seats can vary from a minimum of fifty-two to a maximum of sixty-five, though it exceptionally has eighty-eight members at present, due to this being its first term of office. The East Timorese constitution was modelled on that of Portugal. The country is still in the process of building its administration and governmental institutions.

Government departments

• Policia Nacional de Timor-Leste (police)
• East Timor Ministry for State and Internal Administration
• Civil Aviation Division of Timor Leste
• Immigration Department of Timor Leste http://www.migracao.gov.tl

Districts, subdistricts, and sucos

Main articles: Districts of East Timor, Subdistricts of East Timor, and Sucos of East Timor

East Timor is divided into thirteen administrative districts:

1. East Timor is divided into thirteen administrative Districts ref>Data from 2004 census The districts of East Timor are divided into 65 subdistricts with one designated as the capital The subdistricts of East Timor are subdivided into 443 sucos and 2336 towns villages and hamlets Lautém 2. Lautém ( Tetum: Lautein) is one of the districts of East Timor, on the eastern end of the island of Timor. Baucau 3. Baucau ( Tetum: Baukau) is a district of East Timor on the northern coast in the eastern part of the country Viqueque 4. Viqueque ( Tetum: Vikeke) is the largest of the districts of East Timor. Manatuto 5. Manatuto is one of the districts of East Timor, located in the central part of the country Dili 6. Dili is the name of one of the 13 districts of East Timor, which includes the national capital Dili. Aileu 7. Aileu is an administrative district of East Timor. It has a population of 36889 (Census 2004) and an area of 729 km² Manufahi 8. Manufahi is one of the districts of East Timor. It has a population of 44235 (2004 census and an area of 1325 km² Liquiçá 9. Liquiçá ( Tetum: Likisá) is one of the districts of East Timor. Ermera 10. Ermera is one of the districts of East Timor, located in the west-central part of the country Ainaro 11. Ainaro is one of 13 administrative districts of East Timor, in the southwest part of the country Bobonaro 12. The Bobonaro district (Distrito Bobonaro is one of 13 administrative districts within the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste commonly known as East Timor. Cova-Lima 13. Cova-Lima is a district of East Timor, in the Southwest part of the country Oecussi-Ambeno

The districts are subdivided into 65 subdistricts, 443 sucos and 2,336 towns, villages and hamlets. Oecussi-Ambeno ( Tetum: Oe-Kusi Ambenu, also variously Ocussi, Oekussi, Oekusi, Okusi, Oé-Cusse) is a district ^[23]

Geography

Main article: Geography of East Timor

Located in South East Asia,^[24] the island of Timor is part of the Malay archipelago, and is the largest and easternmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. This article describes the Geography of East Timor.; Location Southeast Asia, northwest of Australia in the Lesser Timor is an Island at the south end of the Malay Archipelago, north of the Timor Sea. The Malay Archipelago is a name given to the Archipelago located between mainland Southeastern Asia ( Indochina) and Australia. The Nusa Tenggara (lit Southeast Islands or Lesser Sunda Islands, are a group of Islands in the middle-south part of the Malay Archipelago. To the north of the mountainous island are the Ombai Strait and Wetar Strait, to the south the Timor Sea separates the island from Australia, while to the west lies the Indonesian Province of East Nusa Tenggara. The Ombai Strait (Selat Ombai is the strait which separates the Alor Archipelago from the islands of Wetar, Atauro, and Timor in the Lesser The Wetar Strait (Selat Wetar separates the eastern part of the island of Timor from the island of Wetar. The Timor Sea (Laut Timor Portuguese: Mar Timor) is a sea bounded to the north by the island of Timor, to the east by the Arafura Sea, ||-||-||}The Province ( Indonesian: provinsi or propinsi) is the highest tier of local government subnational entity in Indonesia. East Nusa Tenggara ( Nusa Tenggara Timur) is a province of Indonesia, located in the eastern portion of the Lesser Sunda Islands, including The highest point of East Timor is Mount Ramelau (also known as Mount Tatamailau) at 2,963 meters (9,721 ft). Mount Ramelau is the highest mountain in East Timor at 2963 metres Mount Ramelau is the highest mountain in East Timor at 2963 metres

The local climate is tropical and generally hot and humid, characterised by distinct rainy and dry seasons. Climate encompasses the temperatures humidity rainfall atmospheric particle count and numerous other meteorogical factors in a given region over long periods of The capital, largest city and main port is Dili, and the second-largest city is the eastern town of Baucau. Baucau is the second-largest city in East Timor, after Dili, the capital which lies 122 km away

The easternmost area of Timor-Leste consists of the Paitchau Range and Iralalaro area. This area has been proposed as to be the first conservation area in Timor-Leste as it contains the last remaining Tropical Dry forested area within the country as well as hosts a number of unique plant and animal species and is sparsely populated. ^[25]

Economy

Main article: Economy of East Timor

Prior to and during colonization, Timor was best known for its sandalwood. The Economy of East Timor is one of the world's poorest in part due to decades of both neglect and misaligned economic priorities under Portuguese and subsequent for the film industry in India see Cinema of Karnataka Sandalwood is the name for several fragrant Woods and their Essential

In late 1999, about 70% of the economic infrastructure of East Timor was destroyed by Indonesian troops and anti-independence militias, and 260,000 people fled westward. The Armed Forces of Indonesia ( Indonesian: Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI, formerly Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia, best known by From 2002 to 2005, an international program led by the United Nations, manned by civilian advisers, 5,000 peacekeepers (8,000 at peak) and 1,300 police officers, substantially reconstructed the infrastructure. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security By mid-2002, all but about 50,000 of the refugees had returned.

One promising long-term project is the joint development with Australia of petroleum and natural gas resources in the waters southeast of Timor. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Natural gas is a Gaseous Fossil fuel consisting primarily of Methane but including significant quantities of Ethane, Propane, The Portuguese colonial administration granted concessions to Oceanic Exploration Corporation to develop the deposits, however, this was curtailed by the Indonesian invasion in 1976. The resources were divided between Indonesia and Australia with the Timor Gap Treaty in 1989. Officially known as the Treaty between Australia and the Republic of Indonesia on the zone of cooperation in an area between the Indonesian province of East Timor and Northern Australia ^[26] The treaty established guidelines for joint exploitation of seabed resources in the area of the "gap" left by then-Portuguese Timor in the maritime boundary agreed between the two countries in 1972. ^[27] Revenues from the "joint" area were to be divided 50%-50%. Woodside Petroleum and ConocoPhillips began development of some resources in the Timor Gap on behalf of the two governments in 1992. Woodside Petroleum Limited is an Australian Petroleum exploration and production company ConocoPhillips Company ( is an international energy corporation with its headquarters located in Houston Texas.

East Timor inherited no permanent maritime boundaries when it attained independence, repudiating the Timor Gap Treaty as illegal. A provisional agreement (the Timor Sea Treaty, signed when East Timor became independent on 20 May 2002) defined a Joint Petroleum Development Area (JPDA), and awarded 90% of revenues from existing projects in that area to East Timor and 10% to Australia. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ^[28] The first significant new development in the JPDA since Timorese independence is the largest petroleum resource in the Timor Sea, the Greater Sunrise gas field. Its exploitation was the subject of separate agreements in 2003 and 2005. Only 20% of the field lies within the JPDA and the rest in waters not subject to the treaty (though claimed by both countries). The initial, temporary agreement gave 82% of revenues to Australia and only 18% to East Timor. ^[29]

The Government of East Timor has sought to negotiate a definite boundary with Australia at the halfway line between the countries, in accordance with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( UNCLOS) also called the Law of the Sea Convention or the Law of the Sea treaty is the international agreement that resulted The Government of Australia preferred to establish the boundary at the end of the wide Australian continental shelf, as agreed with Indonesia in 1972 and 1991. The continental shelf is the extended perimeter of each Continent and associated Coastal plain, which is covered during interglacial periods such Normally a dispute such as this could be referred to the International Court of Justice or the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea for an impartial decision,^[30] but the Australian government had withdrawn itself from these international jurisdictions (solely on matters relating to maritime boundaries) shortly before Timorese independence. See also International Commission of Jurists The International Court of Justice (known colloquially as the World Court or ICJ; Cour The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS is an Intergovernmental organization created by the mandate of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of ^[31] Nevertheless, under public and diplomatic pressure, the Australian government offered instead a last-minute concession on Greater Sunrise gas field royalties alone. ^[32] On July 7, 2005, an agreement was signed under which both countries would set aside the dispute over the maritime boundary, and East Timor would receive 50% of the revenues (estimated at A$26 billion or about US$20 billion over the lifetime of the project^[33]) from the Greater Sunrise development. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Australian dollar ( sign: $; code: AUD) is the Currency of the Commonwealth of Australia, including Christmas The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been Other developments within waters claimed by East Timor but outside the JPDA (Laminaria-Corallina and Buffalo) continue to be exploited unilaterally by Australia, however. ^[34]

In 2007 bad harvest lead to a deaths in several parts of Timor-Leste. In November 2007 eleven subdistricts still needed food supply by international aid. ^[35]

East Timor also has a large and potentially lucrative coffee industry, which sells organic coffee to numerous Fair Trade retailers and on the open market. CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom Fair trade is an organized Social movement and market-based approach to empowering developing country producers and promoting sustainability

Currently three foreign banks have a branch in Dili: Australia's ANZ, Portugal's Banco Nacional Ultramarino, and Indonesia's Bank Mandiri. The Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited () commonly called ANZ, is the fourth largest Bank in Australia, after the National Australia Banco Nacional Ultramarino ('bɐ̃ku nɐsiu'naɫ uɫtɾɐmɐ'ɾinu; National Overseas Bank was a Portuguese Bank with operations throughout the world especially Bank Mandiri (IDX: BMRI is the largest bank in Indonesia in term of assets loans and deposits

There are no Patent Laws in East Timor. ^[36]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of East Timor

The population of East Timor is about one million. The following are the' Demographics of East Timor from the CIA World Factbook 2002 It has grown considerably recently, because of a high birth rate, but also because of the return of refugees. The population is especially concentrated in the area around Dili.

The Timorese are called Maubere collectively by some of their political organizations, an originally derogatory name turned into a name of pride by Fretilin. The Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor ( Portuguese: Frente Revolucionária de Timor-Leste Independente or FReTiLIn) is a They consist of a number of distinct ethnic groups, most of whom are of mixed Malayo-Polynesian and Melanesian/Papuan descent. The Austronesian people or Austronesian-speaking people, are a population group present in Oceania and Southeast Asia who speak or had ancestors who spoke The largest Malayo-Polynesian ethnic groups are the Tetum^[37] (or Tetun) (100,000), primarily in the north coast and around Dili; the Mambae (80,000), in the central mountains; the Tukudede (63,170), in the area around Maubara and Liquiçá; the Galoli (50,000), between the tribes of Mambae and Makasae; the Kemak (50,000) in north-central Timor island; and the Baikeno (20,000), in the area around Pante Macassar. Tetum (also Tetun) is an Austronesian language, a National language and one of the two Official languages of East Timor. For the Indian metropolis see Mumbai The Mambai (also Mambae, Manbae) are an ethnic group in East Timor Tocodede (also known as Tukude, Tokodede, Tokodé, and Tocod) is one of the languages of East Timor, spoken by about 65000 people Maubara is a village in East Timor and is a subdistrict of the district of Liquiçá, just west of the city of Liquiçá. Liquiçá ( Tetum: Likisá) is a coastal city in East Timor, 32 km to the west of Dili, the national capital Galoli (also known as Galole) is an ethnic group in East Timor with a population of about 50000 primarily along the northern coast of the district of Manatuto For the Indian metropolis see Mumbai The Mambai (also Mambae, Manbae) are an ethnic group in East Timor Makasae (also known as Makassai, Macassai, Ma'asae, Makasai, Makalero and Maklero) is a Papuan language The Atoni (also known as the Atoin Meto or the Dawan) are an ethnic group on Timor, in Indonesian West Timor and the East Timorese Pante Macassar (also known as Pante Makasar) is a city on the north coast of East Timor, 281 km to the west of Dili, the nation's capital The main tribes of predominantly Papuan origin include the Bunak (50,000), in the central interior of Timor island; the Fataluku (30,000), at the eastern tip of the island near Lospalos; and the Makasae, toward the eastern end of the island. The Bunak (also known as Bunaq, Buna', Bunake) are an ethnic group that live in the mountainous region of central Timor, split between the political Fataluku (also known as Dagaga, Dagoda', Dagada) is a Papuan language spoken by approximately 30000 people of Fataluku ethnicity in the Lospalos (sometimes mistakenly written Los Palos) is a city in East Timor, 248 km to the east of Dili, the national capital Makasae (also known as Makassai, Macassai, Ma'asae, Makasai, Makalero and Maklero) is a Papuan language In addition, like other former Portuguese colonies where interracial marriage was common, there is a smaller population of people of mixed Timorese and Portuguese origin, known in Portuguese as mestiços. The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta Interracial marriage occurs when two people of differing racial groups marry, often creating Multiracial children Mestizo is a Spanish term that was coined during the Spanish Empire to refer to people of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry in Latin The East Timorese mestiço best-known internationally is José Ramos-Horta, the spokesman for the resistance movement in exile, and now President of East Timor. José Manuel Ramos-Horta ( Portuguese: ʒu'zɛ 'ʁɐmuz 'oɾtɐ GCL (born 26 December 1949) is the second President East Timor is an emerging democratic State. Its current president is José Ramos-Horta. Mário Viegas Carrascalão, Indonesia's appointed governor between 1987 and 1992, is also a mestiço. East Timor also has a small Chinese minority, most of whom are Hakka. The Hakkas ( Hakka language: Hak-kâ; Mandarin Chinese: Kèjiā) are a subgroup of the Han Chinese people who live predominantly Most left after the Indonesian invasion, with most moving to Australia although many Sino-Timorese have returned, including Pedro Lay, the Minister for Infrastructure. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.

Religion

Main article: Religion in East Timor

Upon independence, East Timor became one of only two predominantly Roman Catholic countries in Asia (along with the Philippines). The overwhelming majority of the population of East Timor is Catholic, and the Catholic Church is the dominant religious institution The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP The population predominantly identifies as Roman Catholic (97%), though local animist traditions have a persistent and strong influence on the culture. Animism (from Latin anima ( Soul, Life) commonly refers to a religious belief that Souls or Spirits exist in Animals Religious minorities include Muslims (1%) (including former Prime Minister Mari Alkatiri) and Protestants (1%) (including Taur Matan Ruak, Commander of the Falintil-FDTL). A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion The Prime Minister of East Timor is the Head of government in East Timor. Mari Bim Amude Alkatiri (born 26 November 1949) was the first Prime Minister of an internationally-recognized East Timor. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Brigadier-General Taur Matan Ruak ( Tetum for "Two Sharp Eyes" is the Commander of the Falintil-FDTL the Military of East Timor. The Falintil-Forças de Defesa de Timor Leste ( Tetum: Forcas Defesa Timor Lorosae English: Timor Leste Defence Force) or FALINTIL-FDTL (often Smaller Hindu (0. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. 5%), Buddhist (0. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices 1%) and traditional animist minorities make up the remainder^[38][39][40]. Church membership grew considerably under Indonesian rule, as Indonesia's state ideology Pancasila does not recognize traditional beliefs and requires all citizens to believe in God. Pancasila, (pronounced panʧaˈsila is the official philosophical foundation of the Indonesian state Although the struggle was not about religion, as a deep-rooted local institution the Church not only symbolized East Timor's distinction from predominantly Muslim Indonesia, but also played a significant role in the resistance movement, as personified by Bishop Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, the 1996 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo SDB, GCL (born February 3, 1948) is a Roman Catholic Bishop who received together with The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor ^[41] The constitution acknowledges the Church's role among the East Timorese people although it also stipulates a secular state that guarantees freedom of religion to everyone.

Languages

Main article: Languages of East Timor

East Timor's two official languages are Portuguese, and Tetum, which belongs to the Austronesian family of languages spoken throughout South East Asia. The Lingua franca and national language of East Timor is Tetum, an Austronesian language influenced by Portuguese, with which Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Tetum (also Tetun) is an Austronesian language, a National language and one of the two Official languages of East Timor. ^[42] The predominant form of Tetum, known as Tetun-Dili, grew out of the dialect favored by the colonizers at Dili, and thus has considerable Portuguese influence, but other dialects of Tetum are also widely used in the country, including Tetun-Terik which is spoken along the southwestern coast. Dili, also spelled Díli, is the Capital and largest city of Timor Leste (formerly called East Timor. Indonesian and English are defined as working languages under the Constitution in the Final and Transitional Provisions, without setting a final date. Another fifteen indigenous languages are spoken: Bekais, Bunak, Dawan, Fataluku, Galoli, Habun, Idalaka, Kawaimina, Kemak, Lovaia, Makalero, Makasai, Mambai, Tokodede, and Wetarese. Fataluku (also known as Dagaga, Dagoda', Dagada) is a Papuan language spoken by approximately 30000 people of Fataluku ethnicity in the Kawaimina is a Syllabic abbreviation used to refer to four similar dialects of East Timor, specifically Kairui, Waimaha, Midiki Makasae (also known as Makassai, Macassai, Ma'asae, Makasai, Makalero and Maklero) is a Papuan language For the Indian metropolis see Mumbai The Mambai (also Mambae, Manbae) are an ethnic group in East Timor Tocodede (also known as Tukude, Tokodede, Tokodé, and Tocod) is one of the languages of East Timor, spoken by about 65000 people Wetarese is the language of Wetar, an island in the south Moluccas, Indonesia, as well as the nearby islands Liran and Atauro, the

Under Indonesian rule, the use of Portuguese was banned, but it was used by the clandestine resistance, especially in communicating with the outside world. The language, along with Tetum, gained importance as a symbol of resistance and freedom and was adopted as one of the two official languages for this reason, and as a link to nations in other parts of the world. It is now being taught and promoted widely with the help of Brazil, Portugal, and the Latin Union, although its prominence in official and public spheres has been met with some hostility from younger Indonesian-educated Timorese. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Latin Union is an International organization of nations that use a Romance language.

According to the 2006 UN Development Report (using data from official census), under 5%^[43] of the Timorese population is proficient in Portuguese. However, the validity of this report has been questioned by members of the Timorese National Institute of Linguistics,^[44] which maintains that Portuguese is spoken by up to 25% of Timorese, with the number of speakers more than doubling in the last five years. Along with other local languages, Tetum remains the most common means of communication between ordinary Timorese, while Indonesian is still widely used in the media and school from high school to university. A large proportion of words in Tetum are derived from Portuguese, but it also shares many Malay-derived words with Indonesian. Many Indonesian words are still in common use in Tetum and other Timorese languages, particularly numbers.

East Timor is a member of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), also known as the Lusophone Commonwealth, and a member of the Latin Union. The Community of Portuguese Language Countries ( Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa, pron. A Lusophone (or lusophone) is someone who speaks the Portuguese language natively or by adoption It is the only independent state in Asia with Portuguese as an official language, although this is also one of the official languages of China's Special Administrative Region of Macau. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES A special administrative region or SAR may be;People's Republic of China Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, present-day For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics.

Culture

Main article: Culture of East Timor

See also: Music of East Timor

The culture of East Timor reflects numerous influences, including Portuguese, Roman Catholic, and Malay, on the indigenous Austronesian and Melanesian cultures of Timor. The Culture of East Timor reflects numerous cultural influences including Portuguese, Roman Catholic and Malay, on the indigenous Austronesian East Timor 's music reflects its history under the control of both Portugal and Indonesia, who have imported music like Gamelan and Fado. The Austronesian people or Austronesian-speaking people, are a population group present in Oceania and Southeast Asia who speak or had ancestors who spoke Melanesia (from Greek: μέλας black, νῆσος island) means "islands of the black-skinned people" Legend has it that a giant crocodile was transformed into the island of Timor, or Crocodile Island, as it is often called. East Timorese culture is heavily influenced by Austronesian legends, although the Catholic influence is also strong.

Illiteracy is still widespread, but there is a strong tradition of poetry. Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão, for example, is a distinguished poet. As for architecture, some Portuguese-style buildings can be found, along with the traditional totem houses of the eastern region. These are known as uma lulik (sacred houses) in Tetum, and lee teinu (houses with legs) in Fataluku. Craftsmanship is also widespread, as is the weaving of traditional scarves or tais.

Sports

International sports associations

East Timor has joined many international sport associations, including the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The IOC board has granted full recognition to the East Timorese Olympic Committee (COTL). The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games The IOC had allowed a mainly symbolic four-member team to take part in the 2000 Sydney Games under the Olympic flag as "Independent Olympic Athletes. " The Federação de Timor-Leste de Atletismo has joined the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF). The International Association of Athletics Federations ( IAAF) is the international governing body for the sport of athletics. The Federação de Badminton de Timor-Leste joined the International Badminton Federation (IBF) in April 2003. The East Timor Cycling Federation has joined the Union Cycliste Internationale. The East Timor Cycling Federation is the national governing body of cycle racing in East Timor. Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI is a Cycling association that oversees competitive cycling events internationally The Confederação do Desporto de Timor Leste has joined the International Weightlifting Federation. East Timor is also a full member of the International Table-Tennis Federation (ITTF). In September 2005, East Timor's national football team joined FIFA. The Timor-Leste national football team is the national team of Timor-Leste and is controlled by the Federaçao Futebol Timor-Leste. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (French for International Federation of Association Football)

Participation in international events

East Timor has taken part in several sporting events. Although the athletes came back with no medals, East Timorese athletes had the opportunity to compete with other Southeast Asian athletes in the 2003 Southeast Asian Games held in Vietnam in 2003. The 22nd Southeast Asian Games were held in Hanoi, Vietnam from 5 December - 13 December 2003. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Most of their equipment was lent by the other nations competing. In the 2003 ASEAN Paralympics Games, also held in Vietnam, East Timor won a bronze medal. The Paralympic Games are a multi-sport event for athletes with physical and sensorial disabilities In the Athens 2004 Olympic Games, six athletes participated in three sports: athletics, weightlifting and boxing). The 2004 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad, was an International Multi-sport event which was celebrated

On East Timor's performance in the 22nd SEA Games in 2003, karate coach Austo Aparício remarked, "This was an opportunity for our athletes to gain experience. The 22nd Southeast Asian Games were held in Hanoi, Vietnam from 5 December - 13 December 2003. ( or is a martial art developed in the Ryukyu Islands from indigenous fighting methods and Chinese Kenpō. Coach (baseball|Coach (basketball|Coach (ice hockeyIn Sports a coach or manager is an individual involved in the direction instruction and training of the operations East Timor is still young, so it has lots of financial problems. " He also commented on his team's karate performance, "We are fairly good at karate and we can make sure that we win a medal in the Philippines in 2005. " East Timor went on to win three medals in Arnis at the 2005 Southeast Asian Games. The Arnis tournament at the 2005 Southeast Asian Games was held on December 1, 2005 to December 4, 2005

East Timor was also one of the competing nations in the first Lusophony Games, winning a bronze medal in the women's volleyball competition (finishing third out of three teams), despite the fact the team had lost all its three games. The 1st Lusophony Games (1os Jogos da Lusofonia) were held in the Macau Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of The Lusophony Games (Jogos da Lusofonia is a multinational Multi-sport event organized by the ACOLOP, which involves athletes coming from Lusophone

Public holidays

East Timor now has public holidays that commemorate historic events in the liberation struggle, as well as those associated with Catholicism and Islam. Lists of holidays The words holiday or vacation have related meanings in different English-speaking countries and continents but will usually refer to one of They are defined in Timor-Leste Law no. 10/2005PDF (16. 7 KiB). A kibibyte (a contraction of ki lo bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, established by the International

Date	Name	Notes
January 1	New Year's Day
date varies	Eid al-Adha
March-April	Good Friday
May 1	Labour Day
May 20	Independence Restoration Day	Anniversary of transfer of sovereignty from the United Nations transitional government, 2002
May-June	Corpus Christi
August 30	Popular Consultation Day	Anniversary of the Popular Consultation, 1999
November 1	All Saints' Day
November 2	All Souls' Day
November 12	National Youth Day	Anniversary of the Santa Cruz massacre, 1991
November 28	Proclamation of Independence Day	1975
date varies	Idul Fitri
December 7	National Heroes' Day	Anniversary of Indonesian invasion of East Timor, 1975
December 8	Immaculate Conception
December 25	Christmas Day

In addition, the law defines "official commemorative dates" which are not considered holidays but could be subject to time off from work:

Date	Name
February-March	Ash Wednesday
March-April	Holy Thursday
May-June	Ascension Day
June 1	International Children's Day
August 20	Day of the Armed Forces for the National Liberation of Timor-Leste (FALINTIL)
November 3	National Women's Day
December 10	International Human Rights Day

See also

Communications in East Timor Foreign relations of East Timor Organization in East Timor Great Timor Indonesia Timor Leste Defence Force

Scouting in East Timor Sports in East Timor Timor Transport in East Timor West Timor

Lists

• List of East Timor-related topics
• List of cities in East Timor
• List of East Timorese people

Notes and references

Bibliography

• Cashmore, Ellis (1988). A kibibyte (a contraction of ki lo bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, established by the International Dictionary of Race and Ethnic Relations. New York: Routledge. ASIN B000NPHGX6
• Charny, Israel W. The Amazon Standard Identification Number ( ASIN) is a unique identification number assigned by Amazon Encyclopedia of Genocide Volume I. Denver: Abc Clio.
• Dunn, James (1996). East Timor: A People Betrayed. Sydney: ABC Books.
• Levinson, David. Ethnic Relations. Denver: Abc Clio.
• Rudolph, Joseph R. Encyclopedia of Modern Ethnic Conflicts. Westport: Greenwood P, 2003. 101-106.
• Shelton, Dinah. Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. Thompson Gale.
• Taylor, John G. (1999). East Timor: The Price of Freedom. Australia: Pluto Press. ISBN 1856498409.

External links

• Wikimedia Atlas of East Timor

Government

• Timor-Leste.gov Official government site

Other

• East Timor travel guide from Wikitravel

Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide.

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