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Map of East Jerusalem.
Map of East Jerusalem.

East Jerusalem refers to the part of Jerusalem captured by Jordan in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and subsequently by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Background Suez Crisis aftermath The Suez Crisis of 1956 represented a military defeat but a political victory for Egypt It includes Jerusalem's Old City and some of the holiest sites of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, such as the Temple Mount, Western Wall, Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The Old City (העיר העתיקה HaIr HaAtika, البلدة القديمة al-Balda al-Qadimah) is a 0 Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Temple Mount ( הַר הַבַּיִת, Har haBáyit) also called the Noble Sanctuary ( الحرم القدسي الشريف, al-haram The Western Wall (הכותל המערבי translit: HaKotel HaMa'aravi) sometimes referred to as the Wailing Wall or simply the Kotel (lit Al-Aqsa Mosque ( Arabic:المسجد الاقصى /æl'mæsdʒɪd æl'ɑqsˁɑ/ {{Audio|ArAqsaMosque The Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Sanctum Sepulchrum also called the Church of the Resurrection, ( Greek: Ναός της Αναστάσεως Naos tis Anastaseos The term "East Jerusalem" may refer to either the area under Jordanian rule between 1949-67 which was incorporated into the municipality of Jerusalem after 1967, covering some 70 km² (27 sq mi) or the territory of the pre-1967 Jordanian municipality, covering 6. 4 km² (2 sq mi).

Following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Jerusalem was divided into two parts - the western portion, populated primarily by Jews, came under Israeli sovereignty, while the eastern portion, populated mainly by Arabs, came under Jordanian rule. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Arabs living in such western Jerusalem neighbourhoods as Katamon or Malha were forced to leave; the same fate befell Jews in the eastern areas, including the Old City and the City of David. Katamon (קטמון is a neighbourhood in south-central Jerusalem, Israel. Malha (מלחה) is a Neighborhood in southwest Jerusalem, Israel situated between Patt and Kiryat Hayovel. The Old City (העיר העתיקה HaIr HaAtika, البلدة القديمة al-Balda al-Qadimah) is a 0 The City of David, also known as the Ophel (העופל perhaps meaning "fortified hill" is the name of the narrow Promontory beyond the southern The only eastern area of the city that remained in Israeli hands throughout the 19 years of Jordanian rule was Mt. Scopus, where the Hebrew University is located, which formed an enclave during that period and therefore is not considered part of East Jerusalem. Mount Scopus ( Hebrew הַר הַצּוֹפִים ( Har HaTzofim) Arabic جبل المشارف Ǧabal al-Mašārif, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים الجامعة العبرية في القدس abbreviated HUJI) is Following the 1967 Six-Day War, the eastern part of Jerusalem came under Israeli rule and was merged with the western municipality, together with several neighbouring West Bank villages. Background Suez Crisis aftermath The Suez Crisis of 1956 represented a military defeat but a political victory for Egypt In November 1967, the United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 was passed, calling for Israel to withdraw "from territories occupied in the recent conflict". United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 (S/RES/242 was adopted unanimously by the UN Security Council on November 22, 1967 In 1980, the Knesset passed the Jerusalem Law which declared that "Jerusalem, complete and united, is the capital of Israel"[1], however, without specifying boundaries. For Beit Knesset a Jewish Place of worship, see Synagogue. The Knesset (כנסת lit The Jerusalem Law is a common name of Basic Law Jerusalem Capital of Israel passed by the Knesset on July 30, 1980 (17th This declaration was not recognised internationally.

Part of Israeli-Palestinian conflict
and Arab-Israeli conflict series
Israeli-Palestinian peace process
      Israel
      The West Bank, the Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights1
Negotiating parties
Palestinians
Israel
History of the peace process

Camp David Accords • Madrid Conference • Oslo Accords • Oslo II • Hebron Agreement • Wye River Memorandum • Sharm e-Sheikh memorandum • Camp David 2000 Summit • Taba Summit • Road map • Annapolis Conference
Primary negotiation concerns

Antisemitic incitements • Status of Jerusalem • Israeli settlements • Israeli West Bank barrier • Jewish state • Palestinian political violence • Palestinian refugees • Palestinian state • Places of worship
Palestinian flag     Current Leaders     Flag of Israel

Mahmoud Abbas • Salam Fayyad

Ehud Olmert • Shimon Peres
International brokers

Diplomatic Quartet  · Arab League  · Egypt
Flag of the United Nations Flag of Europe Flag of Russia Flag of the United States Flag of the League of Arab States Flag of Egypt
Other proposals

Beirut Summit • Elon Peace Plan • Lieberman Plan • Geneva Accord • Hudna • Israel's unilateral disengagement plan and Realignment plan • Projects working for peace • Peace Valley plan

1 The Golan Heights are not part of Israeli-Palestinian track

v • d • e

Contents

History

Jordanian Rule

Main article: Occupation of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan

Jerusalem was designated an international city under the 1947 UN Partition Plan. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The West Bank (الضفة الغربية, הגדה המערבית Hagadah Hamaaravit) also referred to in Israel as " Judea and Samaria The Gaza Strip (قطاع غزة, רצועת עזה Retzu'at 'Azza) is a coastal strip of land along the Mediterranean Sea, bordering Egypt on the south-west Borders of Israel The Golan Heights ( الجولان al-Jawlān, הגולן ha-Golan) is a strategic Plateau and mountainous Palestinian people or Palestinians ( الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni; الفلسطينيون, al-filasTīnīyyūn For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The Camp David Accords were signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on September 17, The Madrid Conference was hosted by the government of Spain and co-sponsored by the USA and the USSR Israeli-Palestinian conflict The Oslo Accords, officially called the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements or Declaration of Principles Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip or Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement, or simply the Interim Agreement, also known as Oslo 2 (or Protocol Concerning the Redeployment in Hebron, also known as The Hebron Protocol or Hebron Agreement, began January 7 and was concluded from January The Wye River Memorandum was a political agreement negotiated to implement the earlier Interim Agreement of 28 September 1995 brokered by the United States between The Middle East Peace Summit at Camp David of July 2000 took place between United States President Bill Clinton, Israeli Prime Minister The Taba summit (also known as Taba Summit, Taba Talks, Taba Conference, Taba, or permanent status talks at Taba) were talks between The "road map" for peace is a Plan to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict proposed by a " quartet " of international entities the For the revolutionary legislature of the Colony of Maryland see Annapolis Convention (1774-1776. Jewish exodus from Arab lands|Islam and Antisemitism|Anti Jewish Arabism Oxymoronic, as Israel has De facto control over all of Jerusalem. However there are many differing legal and diplomatic positions on Jerusalem. Israeli settlements are communities inhabited by Israelis in territory that was captured as a result of Jordanian attacks during the 1967 Six-Day War. West bank walljpg|thumb|Aerial view looking east from the Israeli side The terms " Jewish state " and " homeland of the Jewish people " are used to describe the State of Israel and refer to its status as a Nation-state Palestinian political violence or Palestinian terrorism refers to acts of violence committed for political reasons by Palestinians Palestinian groups that support Proposals for a Palestinian state (دولة فلسطين refer to the proposed establishment of an independent state for the Palestinian people in the Gaza Strip, which is currently Mahmoud Abbas (محمود عباس (born March 26, 1935) also known by the kunya Abu Mazen (ابو مازن was elected President Dr Salam Fayyad (سلام فياض b 1952 is a Palestinian politician who on June 15, 2007, was appointed the Prime Minister of the Palestinian Ehud Olmert (אהוד אולמרט ɛˈhud ˈolmeʁt born September 30, 1945) is the 12th and current Prime Minister of Israel and the former leader (שמעון פרס born Szymon Perski on August 2 1923, is the ninth President of the State of Israel. The Quartet on the Middle East, sometimes called the Diplomatic Quartet or Madrid Quartet or simply the Quartet, is a foursome of nations and International The Arab League ( الجامعة العربية) officially called the League of Arab States ( جامعة الدول العربية This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The Beirut Summit (also known as the Arab Summit Conference) was a meeting of the Arab League in Beirut, Lebanon in March 2002 to The Elon Peace Plan (now "The Israeli Initiative", formerly "The Right Road to Peace") is a solution for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict The Lieberman Plan proposed May 2004, also known in Israel as the "Populated-Area Exchange Plan" was proposed by Avigdor Lieberman, the leader of the This article is about the proposal for peace between Israel and Palestine Hudna (هدنة is an Arabic term meaning " Truce " or " Armistice " as well as "calm" or "quiet" coming Israel's unilateral disengagement plan ( Hebrew: תוכנית ההתנתקות Tokhnit HaHitnatkut or תוכנית ההינתקות Tokhnit HaHinatkut in The realignment plan (תוכנית ההתכנסות (originally dubbed the "convergence plan" was formulated and introduced to the Israeli public by prime minister Projects that work to foster peaceful and productive co-existence between Israelis and Arabs (including Palestinians fall into various categories The Valley of Peace initiative is an effort to promote economic cooperation between Israelis and Palestinians. Borders of Israel The Golan Heights ( الجولان al-Jawlān, הגולן ha-Golan) is a strategic Plateau and mountainous The West Bank and East Jerusalem were occupied by Jordan (formerly Transjordan) for a period of nearly two decades (1948&ndash1967 starting Corpus separatum is Latin for "separated body" The 1947 UN Partition Plan used this term to refer to a proposed internationally administered zone to include The United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine or United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181 was a plan approved by the General Assembly on November 29 It was not part of either the proposed Jewish or Arab states.

During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the western part of Jerusalem was captured by Israel, while East Jerusalem (including the Old City) was captured by Jordan. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The 1948 Arab-Israeli War came to an end with the signing of the 1949 Armistice Agreements. The 1949 Armistice Agreements are a set of agreements signed during 1949 between Israel and its neighbors Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan [2]

Upon its capture, the Jordanians immediately expelled all the Jewish residents of the Jewish Quarter. For the article on Jewish Quarters throughout the Jewish diaspora, see Jewish Quarter (diaspora The Jewish All the main synagogues were destroyed, and the Jewish Quarter was bulldozed. The Hurva Synagogue, (, translit: Beit ha-Knesset ha-Hurba) located in the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem The ancient Jewish cemetery on Mount of Olives was desecrated, and the tombstones there were used for construction and paving roads. The Mount of Olives (also Mount Olivet, جبل الزيتون الطور Jebel az-Zeitun הר הזיתים Har HaZeitim; is a mountain ridge in east Jordan also destroyed the Jewish villages of Atarot and Neve Yaakov just north of Jerusalem (their sites became Jerusalem neighborhoods after 1967). Atarot (עטרות was a Moshav in the British Mandate of Palestine, north of Jerusalem along the highway to Ramallah. Neve Yaakov also Neve Ya'aqov, (נווה יעקב (lit Jacob's Oasis is a neighbourhood at the northeastern tip of Jerusalem.

East Jerusalem absorbed some of the refugees from West Jerusalem's Arab neighborhoods that came under Israeli rule. Thousands of Arabs were settled in the previously Jewish areas of Jerusalem. [2]

In 1950 East Jerusalem, along with the rest of the West Bank, was annexed by Jordan. The West Bank (الضفة الغربية, הגדה המערבית Hagadah Hamaaravit) also referred to in Israel as " Judea and Samaria However, the annexation of the West Bank was recognized only by the United Kingdom, which did not recognize the annexation of East Jerusalem. The West Bank (الضفة الغربية, הגדה המערבית Hagadah Hamaaravit) also referred to in Israel as " Judea and Samaria The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located During the period of Jordanian rule, East Jerusalem lost much of its importance, as it was no longer a capital, and losing its link to the coast diminished its role as a commercial hub. It even saw a population decrease, with merchants and administrators moving to Amman. Amman (ɑˈmɑːn sometimes spelled Ammann ( Arabic عمان ʿAmmān) is the Capital city of the Hashemite Kingdom On the other hand, it maintained its religious importance, as well as its role as a regional center. Reaffirming a 1953 statement, Jordan in 1960 declared Jerusalem its second capital. [3] The USA (and other powers) protested this plan, and stated it could not "recognize or associate itself in any way with actions which confer upon Jerusalem the attributes of a seat of government . . . " [4]

During the 1960s Jerusalem saw economic improvement and its tourism industry developed significantly, and its holy sites attracted growing numbers of pilgrims, but Israelis of all religions were not allowed into East Jerusalem. Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel A pilgrim is one who undertakes a Pilgrimage, literally 'far afield' [5]. Jews were not allowed access to the Mount of Olives, Western Wall and other holy sites, in contravention of the 1949 Armistice Agreements. The 1949 Armistice Agreements are a set of agreements signed during 1949 between Israel and its neighbors Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan [2]

The Kendall Town Scheme was commissioned by the Jordanian government in 1966 to link East Jerusalem with the surrounding towns and villages, integrating them into a metropolitan area. A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central This plan was not implemented, as East Jerusalem came under Israeli rule the following year.

Israeli Rule

During the Six-Day War of 1967 Israel captured the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and eventually incorporated 6. Background Suez Crisis aftermath The Suez Crisis of 1956 represented a military defeat but a political victory for Egypt 4 km² (2 sq mi) of Jordanian Jerusalem and 64 km² (25 sq mi) of the nearby West Bank into the municipality of Jerusalem, including several villages and lands from neighboring villages and towns. [6] This move excluded many of East Jerusalem's suburbs and divided several villages.

Under Israeli rule, members of all religions were largely granted access to their holy sites, with the Muslim Waqf maintaining control of the Temple Mount and Muslim holy sites there. A waqf ( plural, awqāf; vakıf wæqəf is an inalienable religious endowment in Islam, typically devoting a building or plot of land for Muslim The old Mughrabi Quarter (Morrocan) neighborhood in front of the Western Wall was demolished and replaced with a large open air plaza. The Moroccan Quarter or Mughrabi Quarter ( Arabic حارة المغاربة Harat al-Maghariba) was an 800 year old neighborhood in the southeast corner The Western Wall (הכותל המערבי translit: HaKotel HaMa'aravi) sometimes referred to as the Wailing Wall or simply the Kotel (lit The Jewish Quarter, destroyed in 1948, was rebuilt and resettled by Jews. For the article on Jewish Quarters throughout the Jewish diaspora, see Jewish Quarter (diaspora The Jewish

With the stated purpose of preventing infiltration during the Second Intifada, Israel decided to surround Jerusalem's eastern perimeter with a security barrier. West bank walljpg|thumb|Aerial view looking east from the Israeli side The structure has separated East Jerusalem neighborhoods from the West Bank suburbs, some of which are under the jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority. The separation barrier has raised much criticism, and the Israeli Supreme Court has ruled that the alignment of sections of the barrier (including East Jerusalem sections) must be amended. The Supreme Court ( Hebrew: בית המשפט העליון Beit haMishpat ha'Elyon) is at the head of the court system in the State of Israel.

In the January 25, 2006 Palestinian Legislative Elections, 6,300 East Jerusalem Arabs were registered and permitted to vote locally. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. On January 25 2006, elections were held for the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC the legislature of the Palestinian National Authority All other residents had to travel to West Bank polling stations. Hamas won four seats and Fatah two, even though Hamas was barred by Israel from campaigning in the city. Fewer than 6,000 residents were permitted to vote locally in the prior 1996 elections.

Demographics

See also: Demographics of Jerusalem

The population of East Jerusalem as of 2006 was 428,304, comprising 59. Founded around 3000 BCE the Old City of Jerusalem is divided into Muslim, Christian, Jewish, and Armenian quarters. 5% of Jerusalem's residents. Of these, 181,457 (42%) are Jews, (comprising 39% of the Jewish population of Jerusalem), 229,004 (53%) are Muslim (comprising 99% of the Muslim population of Jerusalem and 13,638 (3%) are Christian (comprising 92% of the Christian population of Jerusalem). [7] The size of the Palestinians population living in East Jerusalem is controversial because of political implications. In 2008, the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics reported the number of Palestinians living in East Jerusalem as 208,000 according to a recently completed census. [8]

East Jerusalem's main Arab neighborhoods include Shuafat (34,700), Beit Hanina (24,745), a-Sawana (22,127), Jabal Mukaber (16,030), Ras al-'Amud (14,841) and the lower part of Abu Tor (14,614). Shu'fat (شعفاط also Shuafat is a Palestinian town within the De facto borders of Israel as part of north-eastern Jerusalem. Beit Hanina (بيت حنينا בית חנינא is a Palestinian town located 4 East Jerusalem's main Jewish neighborhoods include Pisgat Ze'ev (41,208), Gilo (27,258), Ramot Alon (22,460), Neve Yaakov (20,156), and East Talpiyot (12,158). Pisgat Ze'ev (פסגת זאב lit Ze'ev Peak) is the largest neighborhood in Jerusalem, with almost 50000 residents Gilo (גילֹה is a neighborhood in southern Jerusalem built on land De facto annexed to Israel following the 1967 Six-Day War. Neve Yaakov also Neve Ya'aqov, (נווה יעקב (lit Jacob's Oasis is a neighbourhood at the northeastern tip of Jerusalem. The Old City has an Arab population of 32,635 and a Jewish population of 3,942. [9]

Status

Sovereignty

See also: Positions on Jerusalem
The Western Wall and the Dome of the Rock.
The Western Wall and the Dome of the Rock. Israel has De facto control over all of Jerusalem. However there are many differing legal and diplomatic positions on Jerusalem. The Western Wall (הכותל המערבי translit: HaKotel HaMa'aravi) sometimes referred to as the Wailing Wall or simply the Kotel (lit The Dome of the Rock ( Arabic: مسجد قبة الصخرة translit

Since June 28 1967, East Jerusalem has been under the law, jurisdiction, and administration of the State of Israel. [10] The right of Israel to declare sovereignty over the entirety of Jerusalem is not recognized by the international community, which regarded the move as de facto annexation [11] and deemed Israeli jurisdiction invalid in a subsequent non-binding United Nations General Assembly resolution. Annexation ( Latin ad, to and nexus, joining is the legal incorporation of some territory into another geo-political entity (either adjacent or non-contiguous Membership For two articles dealing with membership in the General Assembly see General Assembly members [12] However in a reply to the resolution, Israel denied that her measures constitute annexation. [13]

In the 1980 Basic Law, or "Jerusalem Law" Israel declared Jerusalem "complete and united", to be "the capital of Israel". The term basic law is used in some places as an alternative to " Constitution " implying it is a temporary but necessary measure without formal enactment The Jerusalem Law is a common name of Basic Law Jerusalem Capital of Israel passed by the Knesset on July 30, 1980 (17th The new law left the bounds of Jerusalem unspecified. [14] In response, the UN Security Council unanimously adopted the non-binding Resolution 478 (the U. United Nations Security Council Resolution 478 declared Israel's 1980 " Jerusalem Law " which declared Jerusalem to be S. abstained), declaring the law to be "null and void" and a violation of international law. Nevertheless, in 1988, Jordan, while rejecting Israeli sovereignty over East Jerusalem, withdrew all its claims to the West Bank (including East Jerusalem).

The Israeli-Palestinian Declaration of Principles, signed September 13, 1993, deferred the settlement of the permanent status of Jerusalem to the final stages of negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians. Israeli-Palestinian conflict The Oslo Accords, officially called the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements or Declaration of Principles Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) The Palestinian National Authority views the future permanent status of East Jerusalem as the capital of the Palestinian state. [15] The possibility of a Palestinian capital in East Jerusalem was considered by Israel for the first time in the Taba Summit in 2001,[16] though these negotiations ended without an agreement and this possibility has not been considered by Israel since. The Taba summit (also known as Taba Summit, Taba Talks, Taba Conference, Taba, or permanent status talks at Taba) were talks between

In a 1991 letter, United States Secretary of State James Baker stated that the United States is "opposed to the Israeli annexation of east (sic) Jerusalem and the extension of Israeli law on it and the extension of Jerusalem’s municipal boundaries". Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs See also James Addison Baker James Addison Baker III (born April 28 1930) is a American attorney politician political [17] However, the U.S. Senate in 1990 had adopted a resolution "acknowledging Jerusalem as Israel's capital" and stating that it "strongly believes that Jerusalem must remain an undivided city. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives "[18] Congress passed the Jerusalem Embassy Act on October 23, 1995, which declared that Jerusalem should remain undivided and that it should be recognized as Israel's capital. The United States Jerusalem Embassy Act, passed by Congress on October 23, 1995, states that " Jerusalem should Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995

Some international law experts, such as Julius Stone and Sir Elihu Lauterpacht, have argued that Israel has sovereignty over East Jerusalem under international law, since Jordan did not have legal sovereignty over the territory, and thus Israel was entitled in an act of self-defense during the Six Day War to "fill the vacuum". Julius Stone ( 7 July 1907 &ndash 1985 was Challis Professor of Jurisprudence and International Law at the University of Sydney from Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern Background Suez Crisis aftermath The Suez Crisis of 1956 represented a military defeat but a political victory for Egypt [19]

Residency

Following the 1967 annexation, Israel conducted a census in East Jerusalem and granted permanent Israeli residency to those Arab Jerusalemites present at the time of the census. Those not present lost the right to reside in Jerusalem. Jerusalem Palestinians were permitted to apply for Israeli citizenship, provided they met the requirements for naturalization -- such as swearing allegiance to Israel and renouncing all other citizenships -- which most of them refused to do. At the end of 2005, 93% of the Arab population of East Jerusalem had permanent residency and 5% had Israeli citizenship. [20]

As residents, East Jerusalemites rejecting Israeli citizenship have the right to vote in municipal elections and play a role in the administration of the city. Residents pay taxes, and following a 1988 Israeli Supreme Court ruling, East Jerusalem residents are guaranteed the right to social security benefits and state health care. The Supreme Court ( Hebrew: בית המשפט העליון Beit haMishpat ha'Elyon) is at the head of the court system in the State of Israel.

Until 1995, those who lived abroad for more than seven years or obtained residency or citizenship in another country were deemed liable to lose their residency status. In 1995, Israel began revoking permanent residency status from former Arab residents of Jerusalem who could not prove that their "center of life" was still in Jerusalem. This policy was rescinded four years later after it was discovered that more Arabs were moving back in order to retain their status. In March 2000, the Minister of the Interior, Natan Sharansky, stated that the "quiet deportation" policy would cease, the prior policy would be reverted, and Arab natives to Jerusalem would be able to regain residency[21] if they could prove that they have visited Israel at least once every three years. Since December 1995, permanent residency of more than 3,000 individuals "expired," leaving them with neither citizenship nor residency. [22] Despite changes in policy under Sharansky, in 2006 the number of former Arab Jerusalemites to lose their residency status was 1,363, a sixfold increase on the year before. [23] The loss of status is automatic and sometimes occurs without their knowledge.

According to the Israeli human rights organization B'Tselem, since the 1990s, policies that made construction permits harder to obtain for Arab residents have caused a housing shortage which force many of them to seek housing outside East Jerusalem. [24] Furthermore, East Jerusalem residents that are married to residents of the West Bank and Gaza have had to leave Jerusalem to join their husbands and wives due to the Citizenship Law. The West Bank (الضفة الغربية, הגדה המערבית Hagadah Hamaaravit) also referred to in Israel as " Judea and Samaria Gaza (غزة, עַזָּה ʕazzā is the largest city in the Gaza Strip and the Palestinian territories. Furthermore, many have had to leave Jerusalem in search of work abroad since, in the aftermath of the Second Intifada East Jerusalem has increasingly been cut off from the West Bank and thereby has lost its main economic hub. [25] Israeli journalist Shahar Ilan argues that this outmigration has led many Palestinians in East Jerusalem to lose their permanent residency status. [26]

According to the American Friends Service Committee and Marshall J. The American Friends Service Committee (AFSC is a Religious Society of Friends ( Quaker) affiliated organization which provides Humanitarian relief Breger, such restrictions on Palestinian planning and development in East Jerusalem are part of Israel's policy of promoting a Jewish majority in the city. [27][28] On May 13, 2007, the Israeli Cabinet began discussion regarding a proposition to expand Israel's presence in East Jerusalem and boost its economy so as to attract Jewish settlers. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. In order to facilitate more Jewish settlement in East Jerusalem, the Cabinet is now considering an approximately 5. 75 billion NIS plan to reduce taxes in the area, relocate a range of governmental offices, construct new courthouses, and build a new center for Jerusalem studies. [29] Plans to construct 25,000 Jewish homes in East Jerusalem are in the development stages. As Arab residents are hard-pressed to obtain building permits to develop existing infrastructure or housing in East Jerusalem, this proposition has received much criticism. [30][31]

Mayors of East Jerusalem

See also: List of mayors of Jerusalem

Footnotes

  1. ^ Basic Law- Jerusalem- Capital of Israel. This is the list of Mayors of Jerusalem in chronological order Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Aref al-Aref ( عارف العارف (1891-1973 was an Arab journalist historian and politician who served as mayor of East Jerusalem in 1950s Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Ruhi al-Khatib ( روحي الخطيب,) (1914-1994 was the mayor of Al-Quds ( East Jerusalem) from 1957 to 1967 Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Amin al-Majaj ( أمين المجاج,) (died 1999 was a titular mayor of Al-Quds, formerly the neighborhoods of East Jerusalem which were occupied Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2008-06-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes.
  2. ^ a b c Israeli, Raphael. Jerusalem Divided: the armistice regime, 1947-1967, Routledge, 2002, p. 118.
  3. ^ Bovis, H. Eugene (1971). The Jerusalem Question, 1917-1968. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 99. ISBN 0-8179-3291-7.  
  4. ^ Hirsch, Moshe; Lapidoth, Ruth Eschelbacher (1994). The Jerusalem Question and Its Resolution: Selected Documents. The Hague: M. Nijhoff, 160. ISBN 0-7923-2893-0.  
  5. ^ Martin Gilbert, Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century (Pilmico 1996), p254.
  6. ^ Israel & the Palestinians: Key Maps. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved on 2007-05-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling
  7. ^ Table III/10 - Population of Jerusalem, By age, Population Group and Geographical Spreading, 2005. Statistical Yearbook of Jerusalem 2006/7. Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies.
  8. ^ Copans, Laurie (2008-02-09). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Census Finds 3.76 Million Palestinians (HTML). WTOPnews. com. Retrieved on 2008-05-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John
  9. ^ Table III/14 - Population of Jerusalem, by Age, Quarter, Sub-Quarter and Statistical Area, 2005. Statistical Yearbook of Jerusalem 2006/7. Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies.
  10. ^ Law and Administration Ordinance (Amendment No. 11) Law, 1967 and Law and Administration Order (No. 1) of 28 June 1967.
  11. ^ Ruth Lapidoth. Jerusalem: The Legal and Political Background. Justice No. 3, Autumn 1994. International Association of Jewish Lawyers and Jurists.
  12. ^ General Assembly Resolution 2253, July 4, 1967 [1]
  13. ^ The letter, delivered to the U. N. Secretary General on July 10, stated: "The term 'annexation' is out of place. The measures adopted related to the integration of Jerusalem in the administrative and municipal spheres and furnish a legal basis for the protection of the Holy Places" [2].
  14. ^ Ian Lustick, Has Israel Annexed East Jerusalem? [3]
  15. ^ United Nations, Department of Public Information, News and Media Division (2007-11-29). Ian Steven Lustick (born 1949 is an American political scientist and specialist on the modern history and politics of the Middle East. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe "On international day of solidarity with Palestinians, Secretary-General heralds Annapolis as new beginning in efforts to achieve two-state solution". Press release. A news release, media release, press release or press statement is a written or recorded Communication directed at members of the News Retrieved on 2008-05-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John
  16. ^ The Moratinos' "Non-Paper" on Taba negotiations (27 January 2001).
  17. ^ James Baker's Letter of Assurance to the Palestinians, 18 October 1991
  18. ^ S.Con.Res.106 for the 101st Congress. Retrieved on 2007-07-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples
  19. ^ "Lauterpacht has offered a cogent legal analysis leading to the conclusion that sovereignty over Jerusalem has already vested in Israel. His view is that when the partition proposals were immediately rejected and aborted by Arab armed aggression, those proposals could not, both because of their inherent nature and because of the terms in which they were framed, operate as an effective legal re-disposition of the sovereign title. They might (he thinks) have been transformed by agreement of the parties concerned into a consensual root of title, but this never happened. And he points out that the idea that some kind of title remained in the United Nations is quite at odds, both with the absence of any evidence of vesting, and with complete United Nations silence on this aspect of the matter from 1950 to 1967?… In these circumstances, that writer is led to the view that there was, following the British withdrawal and the abortion of the partition proposals, a lapse or vacancy or vacuum of sovereignty. In this situation of sovereignty vacuum, he thinks, sovereignty could be forthwith acquired by any state that was in a position to assert effective and stable control without resort to unlawful means. " Lacey, Ian, ed. International Law and the Arab-Israeli Conflict (pdf) - Extracts from Israel and Palestine - Assault on the Law of Nations by Julius Stone, Second Edition with additional material and commentary updated to 2003, AIJAC website. Julius Stone ( 7 July 1907 &ndash 1985 was Challis Professor of Jurisprudence and International Law at the University of Sydney from AIJAC, or the Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council, is an organization headquartered in Melbourne, Australia. Retrieved June 28, 2007. See also Yehuda Z. Blum, The Juridical status of Jerusalem (Jerusalem, The Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations, 1974); id. , "The missing Reversioner: Reflections on the Status of Judea and Samaria", 3 Israel Law Review (1968), pp. 279-301.
  20. ^ Selected Statistics on Jerusalem Day 2007 (Hebrew). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (May 14, 2007). The Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (הלשכה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה HaLishka HaMerkazit LeStatistika) abbreviated CBS, is an Israeli
  21. ^ http://www.btselem.org/English/Jerusalem/Revocation_of_Residency.asp
  22. ^ http://www.btselem.org/English/Jerusalem/Revocation_of_Residency.asp
  23. ^ "A capital question", The Economist, May 10, 2007. The Economist is an English-language weekly news and International affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd and edited in London Retrieved on 2007-05-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople  
  24. ^ East Jerusalem. B'Tselem. Retrieved on 2007-05-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the
  25. ^ Movement and access restrictions in the West Bank - Uncertainty and inefficiency in the Palestinian economy - World Bank report (9 May 2007)
  26. ^ Shahar Ilan. "Interior Min. increasingly revoking E. J'lem Arabs' residency permits", Haaretz, June 24, 2007. (הארץ "The land" referring to the Land of Israel) founded in 1918 is Israel 's oldest Daily newspaper.  
  27. ^ East Jerusalem and the Politics of Occupation. American Friends Service Committee (Winter 2004). The American Friends Service Committee (AFSC is a Religious Society of Friends ( Quaker) affiliated organization which provides Humanitarian relief
  28. ^ Marshall J. Breger (March 1997). Understanding Jerusalem. Middle East Quarterly. Middle East Forum. The Middle East Forum (MEF is an American Think tank founded in 1990 by historian and columnist Daniel Pipes, who also serves as its director
  29. ^ Cabinet discusses measures to financially strengthen Jerusalem (May 13, 2007). Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved on 2007-05-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola.
  30. ^ "New Jerusalem settlement planned", May 11, 2007. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved on 2007-05-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the  
  31. ^ "Israel's Olmert says seeks to expand Jerusalem", May 13, 2007. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved on 2007-05-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the  

References

See also

External links

List of locations in Jerusalem sometimes described by the term East Jerusalem: See also List of places in Jerusalem Locations in Jordanian The Jerusalem Governorate (محافظة القدس is one of 16 Palestinian governorates situated in the central portion of the West Bank. The West Bank and East Jerusalem were occupied by Jordan (formerly Transjordan) for a period of nearly two decades (1948&ndash1967 starting Daniel Pipes (born September 9 1949 is a American historian and political commentator who particularly focuses on the Middle East and Islam. The American Friends Service Committee (AFSC is a Religious Society of Friends ( Quaker) affiliated organization which provides Humanitarian relief
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