East India, more properly eastern India, is a region of India consisting of the states of West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, and Orissa. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country West Bengal ( Bengali: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ Poshchim Bônggo poʃtʃim bɔŋgo is a state in eastern India. Bihar ( Hindi:बिहार Urdu: بہار bɪhaːr) is a state in eastern India. Jharkhand ( Hindi: झारखंड Bengali: ঝাড়খণ্ডdʒʰaːɽkʰəɳɖ is a state in eastern India. Orissa (ଓଡ଼ିଶା is a state located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. It is geographically between North India and North-East India, and shares many cultural and linguistic characteristics with Bangladesh, which formed part of this region before Partition. Geography Northern India lies mainly on continental India and a very small part of it lies on the Indian peninsula North-East India refers to the easternmost region of India consisting of the contiguous Seven Sister States and Sikkim. ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially The Partition of India was the partition of the British Indian Empire which led to the creation on August 14, 1947 and August 15, The population of this region is about 220 million.
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Confusion about the term
The term East India was used in the 14th to 18th century by European traders and adventurers to refer to the East Indies region. The Indies or East Indies (or East India) is a term often used to refer to the islands of SE Asia, especially the Malay Archipelago This included the Indian subcontinent plus present-day Indonesia and the rest of South-East Asia. This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. The history of the term came from Christopher Columbus' belief, when he reached the Americas in 1492, that he had reached India, a much sought-after sea version of the profitable Spice Route. Christopher Columbus (1451 &ndash May 20 1506 was an Italian Navigator, colonizer The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Spice trade is a commercial activity of ancient origin which involves the merchandising of Spices and Herbs. After Columbus' death, West Indies became the term for the Caribbean islands while East Indies referred to India and neighboring states. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting The Indies or East Indies (or East India) is a term often used to refer to the islands of SE Asia, especially the Malay Archipelago The British East India Company, Dutch East India Company, French East India Company were all constituted to advance their home countries' commercial and colonial interests in the entire East Indies region. The Honourable East India Company ( HEIC) referred to most commonly as the East India Company, also historically and colloquially as John Company, or The Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in old-spelling Dutch, literally "United East Indian The French East India Company ( French: La Compagnie française des Indes orientales or Compagnie française pour le commerce des Indes orientales) was a The Indies or East Indies (or East India) is a term often used to refer to the islands of SE Asia, especially the Malay Archipelago
In the present day, East India refers to eastern India only.
Languages
Bengali is the dominant language of this part of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, being spoken by well over 80 million people in West Bengal plus neighbouring states. Hindi has the largest number of speakers at over 90 million but its profile has been limited by Bihar's economic woes. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Other important languages are Oriya and Assamese.
The Indo-Aryan languages spoken in this region descend from the Magadhi Prakrits spoken in the ancient kingdom of Magadha. The Indo-Aryan languages (within the context of Indo-European studies also Indic) are a branch of the Indo-European language family Magadhi Prakrit is of one of the three Dramatic Prakrits the written languages of Ancient India after the decline of Sanskrit as an official language Magadha (मगध formed one of the sixteen Mahājanapadas ( Sanskrit, "great countries" or regions in ancient India. Of these, Magadhi and Oriya, which remain virtually unchanged for over a thousand years, are considered the most direct descendants. The Magadhi language (also known as मगही Magahi is a language spoken by 17449446 people in India. Oriya (ଓଡ଼ିଆ oṛiā) is one of the Indian Languages mainly spoken in the Indian state of Orissa. Bengali and Assamese emerged as distinct languages from Magadhi Prakrit around 9/10th century A. D.
Many of the minority adivasis (indigenous tribal people) of East India belong to the Munda branch of the Austro-Asiatic language family. Ādivāsīs (in Devanagari script: आदिवासी literally "original inhabitants" comprise a substantial indigenous minority of the population The Munda languages are a Language family spoken by about nine million people in central and eastern India and Bangladesh. The Austro-Asiatic languages are a large Language family of Southeast Asia, and also scattered throughout India and Bangladesh. Major representatives of this group include the Munda, Santal, and Ho peoples. The Munda are a tribal (Adivasi people of the Jharkhand region which is spread over on five states of India ( Jharkhand, Bihar, West Bengal The Santals (also spelled as Santhal; formerly also Sonthal are the largest tribal community in India, found mainly in the states of West Bengal, Ho people are a tribal / Adivasi people living primarily in the Indian state of Jharkhand, mostly in the old Singhbhum district
Religion and culture
The majority of the population of East India is Hindu with Muslim, Christian, Buddhist and Sikh minorities. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism.
Durga and Jagannath are particularly popular Hindu deities in this region. In Hinduism, Durga ("the inaccessible" or "the invincible" or Maa Durga (Mother Durga is a form of Devi, the supreme Goddess Jagannath (also spelled Jagganath) is considered amongst Vaishnavas to be a very merciful form of Krishna. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Puri is the eastern center for pilgrimage in Hinduism, and Bhubaneswar is considered to be the city of temples. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Puri is a city in the east Indian state of Orissa.
Urban areas
West Bengal's capital Kolkata, the capital of British India till 1911, is the biggest metropolis and economically dominant city of the region. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British However, the mid-sized cities of Cuttack and Puri in Orissa, and Bihar's capital Patna, were historically more prominent in the medieval periods. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Cuttack ( Oriya: କଟକ)(कटक (derived from the Sanskrit word 'Kataka' which signifies WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Puri is a city in the east Indian state of Orissa. Paṭnā ( Hindi: पटना is the capital of the Indian state of Bihar, and one of the oldest continuously inhabited
In the 21st century, India's economic boom is resulting in the growth and development of towns such as Patna, Bhubaneshwar, Ranchi, Jamshedpur, Siliguri and Asansol. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Paṭnā ( Hindi: पटना is the capital of the Indian state of Bihar, and one of the oldest continuously inhabited Bhubaneswar ( Oriya: BUbEnSvr Hindi: भुवनेश्वर in Sanskrit and Oriya/oDiA "The Lord of the Universe" is the capital and Jamshedpur ( जमशेदपुर in Devanagari) is a city located in the state of Jharkhand in India, founded by the late Jamshedji Siliguri (শিলিগুড়ি ''Shiliguṛi'') is a rapidly developing metropolis in the Indian state of West Bengal. Asansol (আসানসোল a coal-mining-industrial-commercial centre is the second largest city in West Bengal, after Kolkata.
Economy
Agriculture continues to be the largest sector of the economy and employs the majority of the working population. In the 20th century Industrial development was concentrated in southern West Bengal and in Jamshedpur. In recent years the IT industry has developed in Orissa and West Bengal.
History
East India was at the heart of the ancient Magadha and Maurya empires.
It was the birthplace of Buddhism. Gautam Buddha received enlightenment in Bodh Gaya. The Maurya king Ashoka send out emissaries to spread Buddhism across Asia. The famous university of Nalanda was in East India. Chinese travellers visited Buddhist and Hindu temples and libraries in Bihar and Bengal.
The great Bengal dynasties of Senas and Palas rules for centuries.
Islamic invasions in the 13th century resulted in the collapse of Hindu kings and most Buddhists, especially in East Bengal, converted to Islam. East India was part of the Mughal Empire in the 16th and 17th centuries.
With the arrival of the Europeans in the 17th century, outposts were established in Bengal. The Portuguese were in Chittagong, Dutch in Chinsura, French in Pondicherry and the English founded Calcutta. In 1756, the British East India Company defeated the local Indian Muslim rulers in Plassey and established British Rule in the subcontinent. The Honourable East India Company ( HEIC) referred to most commonly as the East India Company, also historically and colloquially as John Company, or WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Palashi (পলাশী Pôlashi, formerly rendered in English: Plassey) is a small Its capital Calcutta grew into one of the world's greatest ports. Tea from Calcutta was off-loaded by American separatists in the American War of Independence in the 1770's. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" In the 19th century, Calcutta's traders and merchants traded with the rest of the British Empire, continental Europe, the Unites States and China. Indentured Indian labourers from Bihar and Bengal sailed from Calcutta to new homes in Fiji, Mauritius, Guyana, Surinam and South Africa. Fiji (Matanitu ko Viti फ़िजी officially the Republic of the Fiji Islands (Matanitu Tu-Vaka-i-koya ko Viti फ़िजी द्वीप समूह गणराज्य Mauritius (pronounced məˈrɪʃəs L’île Maurice /il mɔ'ʁis/ Mauritian Creole: Maurice) officially the Republic of Mauritius, République Guyana (ɡaɪˈænə or /ɡiːˈɑːnə/ officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and previously known as British Guiana, is the only Nation state Suriname ( Dutch: Suriname; Sranan Tongo: Sranan) officially the Republic of Suriname (traditionally spelled Surinam by The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa
India's independence movement had strong roots in East India. The feudal land system, established through the Permanent Settlement of Bengal, was unpopular. The Indian War of Independence in 1857 started in Bengal. British war propaganda asserted there were atrocities by the mutinous soldiers in the Black Hole of Calcutta. Eventually the British prevailed and Calcutta remained capital of Britain's Asian dominions until 1911. The Indian Congress was founded in Calcutta. During Mahatma Gandhi's freedom movement, the Bihari village of Champaran was an important supporter of non-violent resistance. Great poets of the stature of Rabindranath Tagore championed the movement for self-rule.
The Partition also had its roots in undivided East India. The Muslim League was founded in Dhaka. The Muslim League government of Bengal in the 1940's started the atrocities of the Direct Action Day in Calcutta, which after brutal killings across the country, resulted in the acceptance of Pakistan and the partition. Direct Action Day, also known as the Great Calcutta Riot, was on 16 August 1946 —a day of widespread riot and manslaughter in the city of Calcutta In 1947 bloody communal riots displaced millions as India independence and partition occurred together. Some Bihari and Bengali Muslims fled to Pakistan. Most East Bengal Hindus fled to India.
The 1950's saw industrial progress in East India. These were cut short with the conflict in neighbouring East Pakistan and by the Communist movement at home. East Pakistan ( Bengali: পূর্ব পাকিস্তান Purbo Pakistan, Urdu: مشرقی پاکستان Mashriqi Pakistan) was Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based In 1971, in the course of Bangladesh's independence struggle, millions of refugees poured into East India. In 1977 the Communist party came to power in West Bengal.
Bihar and Orissa struggled with economic issues but developed steadily. Jharkhand became a separate state in the 1990's. The economic boom since 1991 started to spread new malls, highways, airports and IT office complexes, but not evenly across the region.
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