East Frisia or Eastern Friesland (Low Saxon: Oostfreesland, German Ostfriesland) is a coastal region in the northwest of the German federal state of Lower Saxony. West Low German (also known as Low Saxon) is a group of Low German dialects spoken in western portions of the German state of Lower Saxony The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Germany (Deutschland is a Federal Republic consisting of sixteen States, known in German as Länder (singular Lower Saxony ( German: Niedersachsen ch is pronounced before an s --> lies in north-western Germany and is second It connects Western Frisia (in the Netherlands) with the district of Nordfriesland ("Northern Frisia", "Northern Friesland") in Schleswig-Holstein, all of which belong to the historic and geographic Frisia. Friesland ( West Frisian: Fryslân, Dutch Friesland) is a province in the north of the Netherlands and part of the bigger region known The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Nordfriesland, English " Northern Friesland " or " North Frisia " is a district in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. is the northernmost of the 16 ''Bundesländer'' in Germany. The former English name was Sleswick-Holsatia the Danish name is Frisia ( West Frisian: Fryslân; North Frisian: Fraschlönj, Freesklöön, Freeskluin, Fresklun, and
Ostfriesland consists of the districts of Aurich, Leer, Wittmund as well as of the city of Emden. Aurich is a district ( Landkreis) in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise the North Sea, the districts Leer is a district ( Landkreis) in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is bounded by (from the northwest and clockwise the City of Emden, the Wittmund is a Landkreis (district in the northwestern part of Lower Saxony, Germany. Emden is a City and Seaport in the northwest of Germany, on River Ems. The historical district of Norden is today part of the district of Aurich.
There is a chain of islands in front of the coast, called the East Frisian Islands (Ostfriesische Inseln). The East Frisian Islands (German Ostfriesische Inseln) are a chain of islands in the North Sea, off the coast of Lower Saxony, Germany. These islands are (from west to east) Borkum, Juist, Norderney, Baltrum, Langeoog, Spiekeroog and Wangerooge. Borkum is an island and a municipality in the Leer District in Lower Saxony, northwestern Germany. Juist (ˈjyːst is one of the seven inhabited East Frisian Islands at the edge of the Lower Saxon Wadden Sea in the southern North Sea, located This article is about the island For other uses see Norderney (disambiguation. Baltrum is an island near the coast of East Frisia (Ostfriesland Germany and a municipality in the district of Aurich, Lower Saxony. Langeoog is one of the seven inhabited East Frisian Islands at the edge of the Lower Saxon Wadden Sea in the southern North Sea, located between Baltrum Spiekeroog is one of the East Frisian Islands, off the North Sea coast of Germany. Wangerooge is one of the 32 Frisian Islands in the North Sea that are located close to the coasts of the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark A German verse to remember the first letters of the islands from east to west is Welcher Seemann liegt bei Nanni im Bett (which seaman lies with Nanny in bed). The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages.
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Economy
East Frisia is not very industrialized and has a large number of people without work. The economy mainly depends on agriculture and tourism. Main industrial sites are the harbour towns of Emden and Wilhelmshaven. Emden is a City and Seaport in the northwest of Germany, on River Ems. Wilhelmshaven (vɪlhɛlmsˈhaːfən is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany. The largest industrial complex is the Volkswagen car factory in Emden. Leer is after Hamburg the second most important location of shipping companies in Germany. Leer is a town in the district of Leer, the northwestern part of Lower Saxony, Germany. Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany Shipping is physical process of Transporting goods and Cargo.
In earlier years, many people left East Frisia for reasons of poverty and emigrated to the United States or elsewhere. Today the region is again suffering from the loss of young educated people, who go away to find better employment in, for example, southern Germany. Many communities face a rising number of aged people as a source for structural problems in the future.
History
The geographical region of East Frisia was inhabited in Paleolithic times by reindeer hunters of the Hamburg culture. The Hamburg culture ( 12400 BC - 12100 BC, C14-years was a late Upper Paleolithic culture of Reindeer hunters during the last part of the Later there were Mesolithic and Neolithic settlements of various cultures leading up to the invasion of Germanic tribes belonging to the Ingvaeonic group. The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic Ingvaeonic, also known as North Sea Germanic, is a postulated grouping of the West Germanic languages that would fork into Old Frisian, Old English Those were Chauci and Frisians. The Chauci were a populous Germanic tribe that inhabited the extreme northwestern shore of Germany between Frisia in the west and the Elbe estuary The Frisians are an ethnic group of Germanic people living in coastal parts of The Netherlands and Germany. The region between the rivers Ems and Weser was inhabited by the Chauks, who were partly displaced by Frisian expansion after about 500, and were later partially absorbed into the Frisian society. The Ems (Ems Eems is a River in northwestern Germany and northeastern Netherlands. The Weser (ˈveːzɐ is a River in north-western Germany. Formed at Hann After the second Christian century there is no mention of the Chauks. Saxons also settled the region and the East Frisian population of later times is based on a mixture of Frisian and Saxon elements. The Saxons or Saxon people were a Confederation of Old Germanic tribes. Nevertheless, the Frisian element is predominant in the coastal area, while the population of the higher Geest area expresses more Saxon influence. Geest may refer to Geest a large fruit and vegetable producing company which was acquired by Bakkavor Geestland, a type of terrain
In the Middle Ages people could only settle on the higher situated Geest areas or by erecting so-called "Warften" (artificial hills to protect the settlement, whether a single farming estate or a whole village, against the North Sea floods) in the marsh-areas. Geest may refer to Geest a large fruit and vegetable producing company which was acquired by Bakkavor Geestland, a type of terrain WARFT or WAran Research FoundaTion is a Nonprofit organization promoting interdisciplinary research among undergraduate students in the city of Chennai, India The North Sea is a marginal, Epeiric sea of the Atlantic Ocean on the European Continental shelf.
In about 1000 BC the Frisians started building the large dikes along the North Sea shore. This had a great effect on establishing a feeling of national identity and independence. Until the late Middle Ages Ostfriesland resisted the attempts of German states to conquer the coasts. The first proven historical event was the arrival of a Roman fleet under Drusus in 12 BC; the ships sailed into the course of the Ems river and returned. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Roman Navy ( Latin: Classis, lit "fleet" comprised the naval forces of the Roman state Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus, born Decimus Claudius Drusus (the date of his name change is unknown and variously called Drusus, Drusus I, Nero
The period after prehistory can only be reconstructed from archaeological evidence. Access to the early history of Ostfriesland is possible in part through archaeology and in part through the studying of external sources such as Roman documents. The information becomes clearer by early Carolingian time, when a Frisian kingdom united the whole area from present-day West Frisia (the Dutch provinces of Friesland and Groningen and part of North Holland) throughout East Frisia up to the river Weser. Friesland ( West Frisian: Fryslân, Dutch Friesland) is a province in the north of the Netherlands and part of the bigger region known Groningen is the northeasternmost province of the Netherlands. North Holland ( Dutch: Noord-Holland,, West Frisian: Noôrd-Holland) is a province situated on the North Sea in the The Weser (ˈveːzɐ is a River in north-western Germany. Formed at Hann It was ruled by kings like the famous Radbod whose known names were still mentioned in folk tales until recent times. Frisia was a short-lived kingdom, and it was crushed by Pippin of Herstal in 689. Pepin (also Pippin, Pipin, or Peppin) of Herstal (c 635 &ndash 16 December 714) was the Mayor of the Palace Events By Place Europe Battle of Coronate: The army of Cunincpert, king of the Lombards, defeats the followers of East Frisia then became part of the Frankish Empire. Francia or Frankia, later also called the Frankish Empire (imperium Francorum Frankish Kingdom (Latin regnum Francorum, "Kingdom of the Charles the Great then divided East Frisia into two counties. At this time, Christianization by the missionaries Liudger and Willehad started; one part of East Frisia became a part of the diocese of Bremen, the other the diocese of Münster. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Saint Ludger (also Lüdiger or Liudger) (born at Zuilen near Utrecht about 742 died 26 March 809 at Billerbeck Saint Willehad of Bremen (also known as Willehadus or Willihad; c The Archdiocese of Bremen is a historical Roman Catholic diocese and a former eccesiastical state in the Holy Roman Empire. The Bishopric of Münster was an ecclesiastical principality in the Holy Roman Empire, located in the northern part of today's North Rhine-Westphalia and western
With the decay of the Carolingian empire, East Frisia lost its former bindings, and a unity of independent self-governed districts established. Their elections were held every year to chose the "Redjeven" (councillors), who had to be judges as well as administrators or governors. This system prevented the establishment of a feudalistic system in East Frisia during mediaeval times. Frisians regarded themselves as free people not obliged to any foreign authority. This period is called the time of the "Friesische Freiheit" (Frisian freedom) and is represented by the still well-known salute "Eala Freya Fresena" (Get Up, Free Frisian!) that affirmed the non-existence of any feudality. Eala Freya Fresena was the motto for the Coat of arms of East Frisia in northern Germany. Frisian representatives of the many districts of the seven coastal areas of Frisia met once a year at the Upstalsboom, a place at Rahe (near Aurich). Aurich ( Low Saxon: Auerk) is a Town in Lower Saxony, Germany.
During the 14th century the Redjeven constitution happened to decay. Catastrophes and epidemics such as pestilence intensified the process of destabilizing. This gave a chance for influential family-clans to establish a new rule. As chieftains (in Low German: "hovedlinge"; in standard German: "Häuptlinge") they took over the control over villages, cities, or regions in East Frisia; however, they still did not establish a feudal system as it was known in the rest of Europe. Low German or Low Saxon (in Germany: Plattdüütsch or Nedderdüütsch; in Netherlands: Nedersaksisch or Nederduuts The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Instead, the system implemented in Frisia was a system of followship which has some similarity to older forms of rule known from Germanic cultures of the North. There was a specific relation of dependence between the inhabitants of the ruled area and the chieftain, but the people retained their individual freedom and could move where they wanted.
The Frisians controlled the mouth of the Ems river and threatened the ships coming down the river. The Ems (Ems Eems is a River in northwestern Germany and northeastern Netherlands. For this reason the state of Oldenburg made several attempts to subjugate East Frisia during the 12th century. ||-||-||-||} Oldenburg ( Low German: Ollnborg) is an Independent City in Lower Saxony, Germany. Thanks to the swampy terrain, the Frisian peasants defeated the Oldenburgian armies every time. In 1156 even Henry the Lion failed to conquer the region. Henry the Lion ( German: Heinrich der Löwe; 1129 &ndash 6 August 1195) was a member of the Guelph dynasty and Duke of Saxony The conflicts lasted for the next few centuries. In the 14th century Oldenburg had given up all plans to conquer Ostfriesland, restricting their attacks to irregular invasions, killing the livestock and returning.
The East Frisian chieftains used to provide shelter for pirates like the famous Klaus Störtebeker and Goedeke Michel, who were a threat to the ships of the powerful Hanseatic League which they attacked and robbed. Klaus Störtebeker (c 1360 &ndash 20 October 1401) was a leader and the best known representative of a companionship of Privateers known as the The Hanseatic League (also known as the Hansa) was an alliance of trading cities and their Guilds that established and maintained trade In 1400 a punitive expedition of the Hanseatic League against East Frisia succeeded. The chieftains had to promise to discontinue their support for the pirates. In 1402 Störtebeker, who was not a Frisian by birth, was captured and executed in Hamburg.
The range of power and influence was different between the chieftains. Some clans achieved a predominant state. One of these were the Tom Broks from the Brokmerland (also: Brookmerland) who ruled a large part of Eastern Friesland over several generations until a former follower, Fokko Ukena from Leer, defeated the last Tom Brok. Leer is a town in the district of Leer, the northwestern part of Lower Saxony, Germany. But a party of opposing chieftains under leadership of the Cirksenas from Greetsiel defeated and expelled, Fokko who later died in a place near Groningen. Greetsiel is a small port on the river Leybucht in western East Frisia, Germany.
After 1465 one of the last chieftains from the house of Cirksena was made a count by Emperor Frederick III and accepted the sovereignty of the Holy Roman Empire. Frederick III of Habsburg ( September 21 1415 &ndash August 19, 1493) was elected as German King as the successor of The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in However, in 1514 the emperor ordered that a duke of Saxony should be the heir to the count of East Frisia. The Free State of Saxony (Freistaat Sachsen ˈzaksən Swobodny Stat Sakska is the easternmost federal state of Germany. Count Edzard of East Frisia refused to accept this order and was outlawed. Twenty-four German dukes and princes invaded Frisia with their armies. Despite their numerical superiority they failed to defeat Edzard, and in 1517 the emperor had to accept Edzard and his descendants as counts of East Frisia.
East Frisia played an important role in the Reformation period. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time Menno Simons, founder of the Mennonite church, found refuge there. Menno Simons (1496 – January 25[[ 561]] was an Anabaptist religious leader from Friesland (today a province of The Netherlands) The Mennonites are a group of Christian Anabaptist denominations named after Menno Simons (1496&ndash1561 though his teachings were a relatively
In 1654 the counts of East Frisia, seated at Aurich, were elevated to the rank of princes. Their power, however, stayed reduced due to a number of factors. Externally East Frisia became a satellite of the Netherlands, Dutch garrisons being stationed in different cities permanently. Important cities like Emden were autonomously administrated by their citizens, the Prince not having much influence on them. A Frisian Parliament, the Ostfreesk Landschaft, was an assembly of different social groups of East Frisia, jaleously protecting the traditional rights and freedoms of the Frisians against the Prince. East Frisian independence ended in 1744, when the region was taken over by Prussia after the last Cirksena prince had died without issue. Year 1744 ( MDCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state There was no resistance to this takeover, since it has been arranged by contract beforehand. Prussia was wisely respecting the traditional autonomy of the Frisians, governed by the Frisian chancellor Sebastian Homfeld.
In 1806 East Frisia (now called Oostfreesland) was annexed by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland and later became part of the French Empire. Not to be confused with the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Kingdom of Holland 1806 - 1810 (Koningrijk Holland Royaume The Empire of the French (1804-1814 also known as the Empire of France, Greater French Empire, First French Empire, French Empire, or Most of East Frisia was renamed the Département Ems-Oriental, while a small strip of land, the Rheiderland, became part of the Dutch Département Ems-Occidental. The French Emperor Napoléon I undertook the greatest reform of Frisian society in history: He introduced mayors, where the local administration was still in the hands of autonomous groups of elders (like the Diekgreven, Kerkenolderlings etc. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. ), introduced the Code Civil and reformed the ancient Frisian naming system by newly introducing family names in 1811.
After the Napoleonic Wars East Frisia was first occupied by Prussian and Russian soldiers in 1813 and re-annexed by Prussia. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions However, already in 1815 Prussia had to cede East Frisia to the Kingdom of Hanover. The Kingdom of Hanover (Königreich Hannover was established in October of 1814 by the Congress of Vienna, with the restoration of George III to his Hanoverian
Language
The genuine language of East Frisia was East Frisian which now is almost extinct, largely replaced by East Frisian Low Saxon. According to some definitions an extinct language is a Language which no longer has any speakers, whereas a dead language is a language which is no longer spoken East Frisian Low Saxon is a West Low German Dialect spoken in the East Frisian peninsula of northwestern Lower Saxony. Original East Frisian survived somewhat longer in several remote places as for example in the islands, such as Wangerooge. Wangerooge is one of the 32 Frisian Islands in the North Sea that are located close to the coasts of the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark Today a modern variant of East Frisian can be found in the Saterland, a district near East Frisia. Saterland ( Saterland Frisian: Seelterlound) is a Municipality in the district of Cloppenburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany In former times people from East Frisia who left their homes under pressure had settled in that remote area surrounded by moors and kept their inherited language alive. This language which forms the smallest language-island in Europe is called Saterland Frisian or, by its own name, Seeltersk. Saterland Frisian, also known as Sater Frisian or Saterlandic ( Seeltersk) is the last living dialect of the East Frisian language It is spoken by about 1000 people.
East Frisian Low Saxon (or Eastern Friesland Low Saxon, as some people prefer to say for a better distinction from East Frisian, which is Frisian but not a Low German) is a variant of Low German with many of its own features due to the Frisian substrate and some other influences originating in the varied history of East Frisia. East Frisian Low Saxon is a West Low German Dialect spoken in the East Frisian peninsula of northwestern Lower Saxony. Low German or Low Saxon (in Germany: Plattdüütsch or Nedderdüütsch; in Netherlands: Nedersaksisch or Nederduuts It is similar to the Groninges dialect spoken in The adjacent Netherlands province of Groningen.
In modern Germany, East Frisians in general are the traditional butt of ethnic jokes. See also Mathematics of humor A joke is a short story or ironic depiction of a situation communicated with the intent of being humorous. This is mainly the case in the North; in the South, similar jokes are told about Austrians. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich
Tea culture in East Frisia
In an otherwise coffee drinking country, East Frisia is noted for its consumption of tea and its tea culture. CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market Tea culture is defined by the way Tea is made and consumed by the way the people interact with tea and by the aesthetics surrounding tea drinking Strong black tea is served whenever there are visitors to an East Frisian home or other gathering, as well as with breakfast, mid-afternoon, and mid-evening. Black tea is a variety of Tea that is more oxidized than the Oolong, green, and white varieties Tea is sweetened with kluntjes, a rock candy sugar that melts slowly, allowing multiple cups to be sweetened. Heavy cream is also used to flavor the tea. The tea is generally served in traditional small cups, with little cookies during the week and cake during special occasions or on weekends as a special treat. Brown rum, mixed with kluntjes and left for several months, is also added to black tea in the winter. Rum is a Distilled beverage made from Sugarcane by-products such as Molasses and sugarcane Juice by a process of fermentation The tea is rumored to cure headaches, stomach problems, and stress, among many other ailments.
See also
External links
- Ostfriesland.de - only available in German and Dutch
- Map of East Frisia in 1789
References
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