The East End of London, known locally as the East End, is the area of London, England, east of the medieval walled City of London and north of the River Thames, although it is not defined by universally accepted formal boundaries. Christ Church Spitalfields is an Anglican church built between 1714 and 1729 to a design by Nicholas Hawksmoor. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland For London as a whole see the main article London. The City of London is a geographically The Thames ( is a major River flowing through southern England. Use of the term in a pejorative sense began in the late 19th century,^[1] as the expansion of the population of London led to extreme overcrowding throughout the area and a concentration of poor people and immigrants in the East End. ^[2] These problems were exacerbated with the construction of St Katharine Docks (1827)^[3] and the central London railway termini (1840–1875) that caused the clearance of former slums and rookeries, with many of the displaced people moving into the East End. St Katharine Docks, in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, were one of the commercial docks serving London, on the north side of the river Thames A rookery (also sometimes described as a stew) was the colloquial British English name historically given to a city Slum or Ghetto frequented by poor people Over the course of a century, the East End became synonymous with poverty, overcrowding, disease and criminality. ^[4]

The East End developed rapidly during the 19th century. Originally it was an area characterised by villages clustered around the City walls or along the main roads, surrounded by farmland, with marshes and small communities by the River, serving the needs of shipping and the Royal Navy. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) Until the arrival of formal docks, shipping was required to land its goods in the Pool of London, but industries related to construction, repair, and victualling of ships flourished in the area from Tudor times. Originally the Pool of London was the stretch of the River Thames forming the south side of the City of London. Social and economic revolution Following the Black Death Plagues and the agricultural depression of the late 14th century population growth The area attracted large numbers of rural people looking for employment. Successive waves of foreign immigration began with Huguenot refugees creating a new extramural suburb in Spitalfields in the 17th century. The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth Spitalfields is an area in the borough of Tower Hamlets, in the East End of London, near to Liverpool Street station and Brick ^[5] They were followed by Irish weavers,^[6] Ashkenazi Jews^[7] and, in the 20th century, Bangladeshis. The Irish people ( Irish: Muintir na hÉireann, na hÉireannaigh, na Gaeil) are a Western European Ethnic group who originate Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim ( Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, ˌaʃkəˈnazim sing ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially ^[8] Many of these immigrants worked in the clothing industry. The abundance of semi- and unskilled labour led to low wages and poor conditions throughout the East End. This brought the attentions of social reformers during the mid-18th century and led to the formation of unions and workers associations at the end of the century. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming The radicalism of the East End contributed to the formation of the Labour Party and demands for the enfranchisement of women. The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the Suffrage (from the Latin suffragium, meaning "voting tablet" and figuratively "right to vote" probably from suffrago "hough" and originally

Official attempts to address the overcrowded housing began at the beginning of the 20th century under the London County Council. London County Council (LCC was the principal local government body for the County of London, throughout its 1889-1965 existence and the first London-wide general municipal World War II devastated much of the East End, with its docks, railways and industry forming a continual target, leading to dispersal of the population to new suburbs, and new housing being built in the 1950s. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including ^[4] The closure of the last of the East End docks in the Port of London in 1980 created further challenges and led to attempts at regeneration and the formation of the London Docklands Development Corporation. The Port of London lies along the banks of the River Thames from London, England to the North Sea. The London Docklands Development Corporation ( LDDC) was a Quango agency set up by the UK Government in 1981 to regenerate the depressed The Canary Wharf development, improved infrastructure, and the Olympic Park^[9] mean that the East End is undergoing further change, but some of its parts continue to contain some of the worst poverty in Britain. Canary Wharf is a large business and shopping development in London, located in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, centred on the old West India Docks The Olympic Park London, is a new sporting complex to be built in Stratford in East London for the 2012 Summer Olympics. ^[10]

Contents 1 Origin and scope 2 History 2.1 Politics and social reform 2.2 Industry and built environment 2.3 Settlement 2.4 Second World War 2.5 Population 2.6 Crime 2.7 Disasters 2.8 Entertainment 3 Today 4 In popular culture 4.1 Literature 4.2 TV 4.3 Film 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links

Origin and scope

The term 'East End' was first applied to the districts immediately to the east of, and entirely outside, the medieval walled City of London and north of the River Thames; these included Whitechapel and Stepney. For London as a whole see the main article London. The City of London is a geographically The Thames ( is a major River flowing through southern England. Whitechapel is a built-up Inner city district in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, England. Stepney is an inner-city district in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. By the late 19th century, the East End roughly corresponded to the Tower division of Middlesex, which from 1900 formed the metropolitan boroughs of Stepney, Bethnal Green, Poplar and Shoreditch in the County of London. The Tower Division was a liberty, a historical form of local government in the ancient county of Middlesex, England. Middlesex is one of the 39 historic counties of England and the second smallest by area. A metropolitan borough is a type of local government district in England covering urban areas within metropolitan counties. The Metropolitan Borough of Stepney was a Metropolitan borough in the County of London created in 1900 The Metropolitan Borough of Bethnal Green was a Metropolitan borough in the County of London between 1900 and 1965 when it was merged into the London Borough The Metropolitan Borough of Poplar was between 1900 and 1965 a Metropolitan borough in the County of London. The Metropolitan Borough of Shoreditch was a Metropolitan borough of the County of London between 1900 and 1965 when it was merged with the Metropolitan Borough The County of London was a ceremonial county and administrative county of England from 1889 to 1965 Today it corresponds to the London Borough of Tower Hamlets and the southern part of Hackney. The London Borough of Tower Hamlets ( is a London borough to the east of the City of London, England and north of the River Thames in East The London Borough of Hackney ( is a London borough in North-East London and forms part of Inner London. ^[4]

“	[The] invention about 1880 of the term 'East End' was rapidly taken up by the new halfpenny press, and in the pulpit and the music hall . Music hall is a form of British theatrical Entertainment which was popular between 1850 and 1960 . . A shabby man from Paddington, St Marylebone or Battersea might pass muster as one of the respectable poor. But the same man coming from Bethnal Green, Shadwell or Wapping was an 'East Ender', the box of Keating's bug powder must be reached for, and the spoons locked up. In the long run this cruel stigma came to do good. It was a final incentive to the poorest to get out of the 'East End' at all costs, and it became a concentrated reminder to the public conscience that nothing to be found in the 'East End' should be tolerated in a Christian country.	”
—The Nineteenth Century XXIV (1888)[11]

Parts of the London boroughs of Newham and Waltham Forest, formerly in an area of Essex known as 'London over the border', are sometimes considered to be in the East End. The London Borough of Newham ( is a London borough in East London, within Greater London. The London Borough of Waltham Forest is a London borough in East London England and forms part of Outer London. Essex is a county in the East of England. The County town is Chelmsford, and the highest point of the county is Chrishall Common ^[12] However, the River Lee is usually considered to be the eastern boundary of the East End^[13] and this definition would exclude the boroughs but place them in East London. The River Lee or River Lea in England originates in Leagrave Park, Leagrave, Luton in the Chiltern Hills and flows generally southeast East London is the name commonly given to the north eastern part of London, England on the north side of the River Thames. ^[14] This extension of the term further east is due to the 'diaspora' of East Enders who moved to West Ham about 1886^[15] and East Ham about 1894^[16] to service the new docks and industries established there. The term Diaspora (in Greek, διασπορά &ndash " a scattering or sowing of seeds " refers any population sharing common ethnic West Ham was a local government district in the extreme south west of Essex from 1886 to 1965 forming part of the built-up area of London, although outside the East Ham was a local government district in the far south west of Essex from 1878 to 1965 In the inter-war period, migration occurred to new estates built to alleviate conditions in the East End, in particular at Becontree and Harold Hill, or out of London entirely. Becontree is a place in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham in East London, east north-east of Charing Cross. Harold Hill is a place in the London Borough of Havering, East London, England.

The extent of the East End has always been difficult to define. When Jack London came to London in 1902 his Hackney carriage driver did not know the way and he observed, Thomas Cook and Son, path-finders and trail-clearers, living sign-posts to all the World. Jack London (January 12 1876 &ndash November 22 1916 was an American author who wrote The Call of the Wild, White Fang, and The See also Taxicab ||-||-||}A hackney or hackney carriage (also called a cab or hack) is a Carriage or Automobile Thomas Cook ( 22 November 1808 &ndash 18 July 1892) of Melbourne Derbyshire, founded the travel agency that is now Thomas Cook . . . knew not the way to the East End^[17]

Many East Enders are 'Cockneys', although this term has both a geographic and a linguistic connotation. The term Cockney has both geographical and linguistic associations A traditional definition is that to be a Cockney, one had to be born within the sound of Bow Bells, situated in Cheapside. St Mary-le-Bow is an historic church in the City of London, off Cheapside. Cheapside is a street in Cheap ward of the City of London that links Newgate Street with the junction of Queen Victoria Street Cornhill In general, the sound pattern would cover most of the City, and parts of the near East End such as Aldgate and Whitechapel. Aldgate was the easternmost gateway through London Wall leading from the City of London to Whitechapel and the East End. Whitechapel is a built-up Inner city district in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, England. In practice, with no maternity hospitals in the district, today few would be born in the area. The origin of the term is lost, but a plausible explanation is given by Websters. ^[18] London was referred to by the Normans as the "Land of Sugar Cake" (Old French: pais de cocaigne), an imaginary land of idleness and luxury. The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. Cockaigne or Cockayne (kɒˈkeɪn is a mythical Medieval land of plenty, an imaginary place of extreme luxury and ease where physical comforts A humorous appellation, the word "Cocaigne" referred to all of London and its suburbs, and over time had a number of spellings: Cocagne, Cockayne', and in Middle English, Cocknay and Cockney. Middle English is the name given by Historical linguistics to the diverse forms of the English language spoken between the Norman invasion of

Its linguistic use is more identifiable, with lexical borrowings from Yiddish, Romani, and costermonger slang, and a distinctive accent that features T-glottalization, a loss of dental fricatives and diphthong alterations, amongst others. Yiddish (yi [[wiktייִדיש ייִדיש]] yidish or yi [[wiktאידיש אידיש]] idish, literally "Jewish" is a nonterritorial High A costermonger was a street seller of fruit and vegetables The term which derived from the words costard (a type of large ribbed apple and Monger T-glottalization is a process that occurs for many English speakers that causes the phoneme /t/ to be pronounced as the Glottal stop in certain positions The accent is said to be a remnant of early English London speech, modified by the many immigrants to the area. ^[19] The Cockney accent has suffered a long decline, beginning with the introduction in the 20th century of received pronunciation, and the more recent adoption of Estuary English, which itself contains many features of Cockney English. Received Pronunciation ( RP) is a form of Pronunciation of the English language (specifically British English) which has long been perceived as Estuary English is a name given to the formulation(s of English widely spoken in South East England and the East of England; especially along the ^[20]

History

The East End came into being as the separate villages east of London spread and the fields between them were built upon, a process that occurred in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. From the beginning, the East End has always contained some of the poorest areas of London. The main reasons for this include the following:

• the medieval system of copyhold, which prevailed throughout the East End, into the 19th century. At its origin in Medieval England, copyhold tenure was tenure of land according to the custom of the manor the "title deeds" being Essentially, there was little point in developing land that was held on short leases. ^[4]
• the siting of noxious industries, such as tanning and fulling outside the boundaries of the City, and therefore beyond complaints and official controls. Tanning is the process of converting Putrescible skin into non-putrescible Leather, usually with Tannin, an Acidic Chemical compound
• the low paid employment in the docks and related industries, made worse by the trade practices of outwork, piecework and casual labour. Docklands is the semi-official name for an area in the east of London, England, comprising parts of several boroughs ( Southwark, Tower Hamlets Piece work or piecework describes types of Employment in which a Worker is paid a fixed "piece rate" for each unit produced or
• and the concentration of the ruling court and national political epicentre in Westminster, on the opposite western side of the City of London. For London as a whole see the main article London. The City of London is a geographically

Historically, the East End is conterminous with the Manor of Stepney. This manor was held by the Bishop of London, in compensation for his duties in maintaining and garrisoning the Tower of London. The Bishop of London is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of London in the Province of Canterbury. Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London (and historically as The Tower) is a historic monument in central London Further ecclesiastic holdings came about from the need to enclose the marshes and create flood defences along the Thames. Edward VI passed the land to the Wentworth family, and thence to their descendants, the Earls of Cleveland. Edward VI (12 October 1537 &ndash 6 July 1553 became King of England and Ireland on 28 January 1547 and was crowned on 20 February at the age of nine Baron Wentworth is a title in the Peerage of England. It was created in 1529 for Thomas Wentworth, who was also de jure The ecclesiastic system of copyhold, whereby land was leased to tenants for terms as short as seven years, prevailed throughout the manor. This severely limited scope for improvement of the land and new building until the estate was broken up in the 19th century. ^[21]

In medieval times, trades were carried out in workshops in and around the owners' premises, in the City. By the time of the Great Fire, these were becoming industries and some were particularly noisome for instance the processing of urine to perform tanning, or required large amounts of space, such as drying clothes after process and dying in fields known as tentergrounds and rope making. A tenterground or Tenter ground was an area used for drying newly manufactured cloth after Fulling. Some were dangerous, such as the manufacture of gun powder, or the proving of guns. These activities came to be performed outside the City walls in the near suburbs of the East End. Later, when lead making, bone processing for soap and china came to established, they too located in the East End, rather than the crowded streets of the City. ^[4]

The lands to the east of the City had always been used as hunting grounds for bishops and royalty, with King John establishing a palace at Bow. John (24 December 1167 &ndash 19 October 1216 reigned as a King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death The Cistercian Stratford Langthorne Abbey became the court of Henry III in 1267, for the visitation of the Papal legates, and it was here that he made peace with the barons under the terms of the Dictum of Kenilworth. Stratford Langthorne Abbey, or the Abbey of St Mary's Stratford Langthorne was a Cistercian Monastery founded in 1135 at Stratford Langthorne Henry III (1 October 1207 &ndash 16 November 1272 was the son and successor of John "Lackland" as King of England, reigning for fifty-six years from 1216 A Papal Legate – from the Latin authentic Roman title Legatus – is a personal representative of the Pope to Foreign nations or to some part of the Catholic The Dictum of Kenilworth, issued in October 1266 established the terms of the supporters of Simon de Montfort for ending their resistance against Henry III of England It became the fifth largest Abbey in the country, visited by monarchs and providing a popular retreat (and final resting place) for the nobility. ^[22] The Palace of Placentia at Greenwich, to the south of the river, was built by the Regent to Henry V, Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester and Henry VIII established a hunting lodge at Bromley Hall. The Palace of Placentia was an English Royal Palace built by Humphrey Duke of Gloucester in 1447 in Greenwich, on the banks of the Greenwich ( ˈɡrɛnɪtʃ GREN-itch /ˈɡrɛnɪdʒ/ GREN-idge or /ˈɡrɪnɪdʒ/ GRIN-idge is a district in south-east London, Henry V (16 September 1386 &ndash 31 August 1422 was one of the most significant English warrior kings of the 15th century Humphrey Duke of Gloucester ( 3 October 1390 – February 23, 1447) was the fourth son of King Henry IV of England by his first wife Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Bromley Hall is an early Tudor period Manor house in Bow, Tower Hamlets, London. ^[23] These Royal connections continued until after the Interregnum, when the Court established itself in the Palace of Whitehall, and the offices of politics congregated around them. The English Interregnum was the period of Parliamentary and Military rule in the land occupied by modern-day England and Wales after the The Palace of Whitehall was the main residence of the English monarchs in London from 1530 until 1698 when all except Inigo Jones 's 1622 The East End also lay on the main road to Barking Abbey, important as a religious centre since Norman times and where William the Conqueror had first established his English court. The ruined remains of Barking Abbey are in situated in Barking in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham in East London, England The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. William I of England ( 1027 His reign which brought Norman culture to England had an enormous impact on the subsequent course of England in the Middle Ages ^[24]

Politics and social reform

At the end of the 17th century, large numbers of Huguenot weavers arrived in the East End, settling to service an industry that grew up around the new estate at Spitalfields, where master weavers were based. The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth Spitalfields is an area in the borough of Tower Hamlets, in the East End of London, near to Liverpool Street station and Brick They brought with them a tradition of 'reading clubs', where books were read, often in public houses. The authorities were suspicious of immigrants meeting, and in some ways they were right, as these grew into workers' associations and political organisations. When, towards the middle of the 18th century, the silk industry fell into a decline - partly due to the introduction of printed calico cloth - riots ensued. Calico is a plain-woven Textile. In the United Kingdom, "calico" refers to fabric made from unbleached and often not fully processed Cotton These 'Spitalfield Riots' of 1769 were actually centred to the east, and were put down with considerable force, culminating in two men being hanged in front of the Salmon and Ball public house at Bethnal Green. The Spitalfield Riots occurred in 1769 during a downturn in the silk weaving industry centred on Spitalfields in the East End of London. Bethnal Green is an area in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, in the East End of London. One was John Doyle (an Irish weaver), the other John Valline (of Huguenot descent). The Irish people ( Irish: Muintir na hÉireann, na hÉireannaigh, na Gaeil) are a Western European Ethnic group who originate ^[25]

In 1844, "An Association for promoting Cleanliness among the Poor" was established, and they built a bath-house and laundry in Glasshouse Yard, East Smithfield. Public baths originated from a communal need for cleanliness Often the term public is misleading to some people as they will have restrictions based upon who can use the facility East Smithfield is the name of a road in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets in East London. This cost a single penny for bathing or washing, and by June 1847 was receiving 4,284 people a year. A penny (pl pence or pennies) is a Coin or a unit of Currency used in several English -speaking countries This led to an Act of Parliament to encourage other municipalities to build their own, and the model spread quickly throughout the East End. An Act of Parliament is a Law enacted as Primary legislation by a national or sub-national Parliament. Timbs noted that ". . . so strong was the love of cleanliness thus encouraged that women often toiled to wash their own and their children's clothing, who had been compelled to sell their hair to purchase food to satisfy the cravings of hunger". ^[26]

William Booth began his 'Christian Revival Society' in 1865, preaching the gospel in a tent erected in the 'Friends Burial Ground', Thomas Street, Whitechapel. William Booth ( April 10, 1829 &ndash August 20, 1912) was a British Methodist preacher who founded The Salvation Whitechapel is a built-up Inner city district in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, England. Others joined his 'Christian Mission', and on August 7, 1878 the Salvation Army was formed at a meeting held at 272 Whitechapel Road. Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Salvation Army is a Christian charity and church that is internally organised like a military service. ^[27] A statue commemorates both his mission and his work in helping the poor. A Dubliner, Thomas John Barnardo came to the London Hospital, Whitechapel to train for medical missionary work in China. Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. Thomas John Barnardo ( 4 July 1845 — 19 September 1905) Irish Philanthropist, and founder and director of homes for destitute Royal London Museum and Archives The Royal London has a museum which is located in the crypt of a 19th century church China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Soon after his arrival in 1866, a cholera epidemic swept the East End, killing 3,000 people. Cholera, sometimes known as Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera, is an infectious Gastroenteritis caused by the Bacterium Many families were left destitute, with thousands of children orphaned and forced to beg or find work in the factories. In 1867, Barnardo set up a Ragged School to provide a basic education but was shown the many children sleeping rough. Ragged schools is a name commonly given after about 1840 to the many independently established 19th century charity Schools in the United Kingdom which provided His first home for boys was established at 18 Stepney Causeway in 1870. Dr Barnardo opened No 18 Stepney Causeway in December 1870 as a home for working and homeless boys When a boy died after being turned away (the home was full), the policy was instituted that 'No Destitute Child Ever Refused Admission'. ^[28]

In 1884, the Settlement movement was founded, with settlements such as Toynbee Hall^[29] and Oxford House, to encourage university students to live and work in the slums, experience the conditions and try to alleviate some of the poverty and misery in the East End. For the organisations for kibbutzim and moshavim see Settlement movement (Israel The settlement movement was involved in the creation of "settlement Toynbee Hall is the original university Settlement house of the settlement movement A slum, as defined by the United Nations agency UN-HABITAT, is a run-down area of a city characterized by substandard housing and squalor and lacking in tenure security Notable residents of Toynbee Hall included R. H. Tawney, Clement Attlee, Guglielmo Marconi, and William Beveridge. Richard Henry Tawney (1880 - 1962 was an English writer Economist, historian social critic and university professor and a leading advocate of Christian Socialism Clement Richard Attlee 1st Earl Attlee, KG, OM, CH, PC ( 3 January 1883 &ndash 8 October 1967 Marchese Guglielmo Marconi mar'koni (25 April 1874 – 20 July 1937 was an Italian inventor best known for his development of a Radiotelegraph system For the Scottish footballer and athlete see William Beveridge (footballer William Henry Beveridge 1st Baron Beveridge ( 5 March The Hall continues to exert considerable influence, with the Workers Educational Association (1903), Citizens Advice Bureau (1949) and Child Poverty Action Group (1965) all being founded or influenced by it. The Workers’ Educational Association (WEA seeks to provide access to education and lifelong learning for adults from all backgrounds and in particular those who have previously missed A Citizens Advice Bureau ( CAB) is one of a network of independent charities throughout the UK that give free confidential information and advice to help people sort out their Child Poverty Action Group (CPAG is a UK charity that takes a leading role in campaigning for the abolition of Poverty and Social exclusion. ^[30] In 1888, the matchgirls of Bryant and May in Bow went on strike for better working conditions. The London matchgirls strike of 1888 was a strike of the women and Teenage girls working at the Bryant and May Factory in Bow, London Bow is an area of East London England, in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. This, combined with the many dock strikes in the same era, made the East End a key element in the foundation of modern socialist and trade union organisations, as well as the Suffragette movement. The London Dock Strike was an industrial dispute involving dock workers in the Port of London. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming Suffragette is a term originally coined by the Daily Mail newspaper as a derogatory label for the more radical and Militant members of the ^[31]

Towards the end of the 19th century, a new wave of radicalism came to the East End, arriving both with Jewish émigrés fleeing from Eastern European persecution, and Russian and German radicals avoiding arrest. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Émigré is a French term that literally refers to a person who has "migrated out" but often carries a connotation of politico-social self- Exile. The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as A German émigré, Rudolf Rocker, began writing in Yiddish for Arbayter Fraynd (Workers' Friend). Johann Rudolf Rocker ( March 25, 1873 September 19, 1958) was an anarcho-syndicalist writer and activist Yiddish (yi [[wiktייִדיש ייִדיש]] yidish or yi [[wiktאידיש אידיש]] idish, literally "Jewish" is a nonterritorial High Arbeter Fraynd (meaning "Worker's Friend" in Yiddish) was a London -based weekly Yiddish radical paper founded in 1885 by By 1912 he had organised a London garment workers' strike for better conditions and an end to 'sweating'. A sweatshop is a working environment with very difficult or dangerous conditions usually where the workers have few rights or ways to address their situation ^[32] Amongst the Russians was Peter Kropotkin, the anarchist, who helped found the Freedom Press in Whitechapel. The Freedom Press is an Anarchist publishing house in the United Kingdom. Afanasy Matushenko, one of the leaders of the Potemkin mutiny, fled the failure of the Russian Revolution of 1905 to seek sanctuary in Stepney Green. The Uprising Origins In 1905 The Central Committee of the Social Democratic Organization of the Black Sea Fleet started preparations for a simultaneous crew See also Russian Revolution (1917 The 1905 Russian Revolution also known as the Failed Russian Revolution of 1905 was an empire-wide struggle of Stepney Green is a London Underground station on the District and Hammersmith and City lines located on the junction of Globe Road and Mile End Road in ^[33] Leon Trotsky and Vladimir Lenin attended meetings of the newspaper Iskra in 1903; and in 1907 Lenin and Joseph Stalin^[34][35] attended the Fifth Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party held in a Whitechapel church. Leon Trotsky ( Russian:, Lev Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Leo, Lyev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij Iskra (Russian Искра means Spark, was a political Newspaper of Russian Socialist emigrants established as the official Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party The Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party, or RSDLP ( Росси́йская Социа́л-Демократи́ческая Рабо́чая That congress consolidated the leadership of Lenin's Bolshevik faction and debated strategy for the communist revolution in Russia. The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction ^[36] Trotsky noted, in his memoires, meeting Maxim Gorky and Rosa Luxembourg at the conference. Aleksey Maksimovich Peshkov ( In Алексе́й Макси́мович Пешко́в ( &ndash June 18, 1936) better known as Maxim Gorky (Максим Rosa Luxemburg (Róża Luksemburg 5 March 1870 or 1871 15 January 1919 was a Polish-born Jewish German Marxist theorist, socialist ^[37]

By the 1880s, the casual system caused Dock workers to unionise under Ben Tillett and John Burns. Benjamin Tillett ( September 11, 1860 &ndash January 27, 1943) was a British socialist, Trade union leader and John Elliot Burns ( 20 October 1858 – 24 January 1943) was a prominent English Trade unionist anti-racist Socialist ^[38] This led to a demand for '6d per hour' (The Docker's Tanner^[39]), and an end to casual labour in the docks. ^[40] Colonel G. R. Birt, the general manager at Millwall Docks, gave evidence to a Parliamentary committee, on the physical condition of the workers:

“	The poor fellows are miserably clad, scarcely with a boot on their foot, in a most miserable state. Millwall Dock is a dock at Millwall, south of Canary Wharf on the Isle of Dogs, in London. A committee (some of which are titled instead as a "Commission" or other terms discussed below in) is a type of small Deliberative assembly that is usually intended . . . These are men who come to work in our docks who come on without having a bit of food in their stomachs, perhaps since the previous day; they have worked for an hour and have earned 5d. [2p]; their hunger will not allow them to continue: they take the 5d. in order that they may get food, perhaps the first food they have had for twenty-four hours.	”
—Col. G. R. Birt, in evidence to the Parliamentary Committee (1889)[40]

These conditions earned dockers much public sympathy, and after a bitter struggle, the London Dock Strike of 1889 was settled with victory for the strikers, and established a national movement for the unionisation of casual workers, as opposed to the craft unions that already existed. The London Dock Strike was an industrial dispute involving dock workers in the Port of London. Craft unionism refers to organizing a union in a manner that seeks to unify workers in a particular industry along the lines of the particular Craft or trade that they work in

The philanthropist Angela Burdett-Coutts was active in the East End, alleviating poverty by founding a sewing school for ex-weavers in Spitalfields and building the ornate Columbia Market in Bethnal Green. Angela Georgina Burdett-Coutts 1st Baroness Burdett-Coutts ( 24 April 1814 &ndash 30 December 1906) born Angela Georgina Burdett Spitalfields is an area in the borough of Tower Hamlets, in the East End of London, near to Liverpool Street station and Brick Columbia Road Flower Market is one of many markets in Central London a street flower market, it is located in East London Bethnal Green is an area in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, in the East End of London. She helped to inaugurate the London Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, was a keen supporter of the 'Ragged School Union',^[41] and founded institutions such as the East End Dwelling Company. The National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children ( NSPCC) is a UK charity campaigning and working in child protection Ragged schools is a name commonly given after about 1840 to the many independently established 19th century charity Schools in the United Kingdom which provided This latter led to the foundation of organisations such as the '4% Dwelling Company', where investors received a financial return on their philanthropy. ^[42] Between the 1890s and 1903, when the work was published, the social campaigner Charles Booth instigated an investigation into the life of London poor (based at Toynbee Hall), much of which was centred on the poverty and conditions in the East End. Charles Booth ( 30 March 1840 - 23 November 1916) was an English Philanthropist and social researcher ^[43] Further investigations were instigated by the 'Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress 1905-09', the Commission found it difficult to agree, beyond that change was necessary and produced separate minority and majority reports. The Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress 1905-09 was a body set up by the British Parliament in order to investigate how the Poor Law system should be changed The minority report was the work of Booth with the founders of the London School of Economics Sidney and Beatrice Webb. The London School of Economics and Political Science, more commonly referred to as The London School of Economics or LSE, is a specialist college of the Sidney James Webb 1st Baron Passfield PC ( 13 July, 1859 &ndash 13 October, 1947) was a British socialist economist and reformer This article is about the socialist politician For the children's author see Beatrix Potter. They advocated focusing on the causes of poverty and the radical notion of poverty being involuntary, rather than the result of innate indolence. At the time their work was rejected but was gradually adopted as policy by successive governments. ^[44]

Sylvia Pankhurst became increasingly disillusioned with the suffragette movement's inability to engage with the needs of working class women, so in 1912 she formed her own breakaway movement, the East London Federation of Suffragettes. Estelle Sylvia Pankhurst ( May 5, 1882 September 27, 1960) was a notable campaigner for the Suffragette movement in the United Suffragette is a term originally coined by the Daily Mail newspaper as a derogatory label for the more radical and Militant members of the The Workers Socialist Federation was a Socialist Political party in the United Kingdom, led by Sylvia Pankhurst. She based it at a baker's shop at Bow emblazoned with the famous slogan, "Votes for Women," in large gold letters. Bow is an area of East London England, in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. The local Member of Parliament, George Lansbury, resigned his seat in House of Commons to stand for election on a platform of women's enfranchisement. George Lansbury ( 21 February 1859 &ndash 7 May 1940) was a British Politician, socialist, Christian pacifist The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords Pankhurst supported him in this, and Bow Road became the campaign office, culminating in a huge rally in nearby Victoria Park. Victoria Park (or 'Vicky' Park as locally known is a large open space that stretches out across part of the East End of London, England bordering parts of Bethnal Lansbury was narrowly defeated in the election, however, and support for the project in the East End was withdrawn. Pankhurst refocused her efforts, and with the outbreak of World War I, she began a nursery, clinic and cost price canteen for the poor at the bakery. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All A paper, the Women's Dreadnought, was published to bring her campaign to a wider audience. Workers' Dreadnought was a Newspaper published by variously-named political parties led by Sylvia Pankhurst. Pankhurst spent twelve years in Bow fighting for women's rights. During this time, she risked constant arrest and spent many months in Holloway Prison, often on hunger strike. HM Prison Holloway is a Prison in the London Borough of Islington, London, United Kingdom. A hunger strike is a method of Non-violent resistance or pressure in which participants fast as an act of political Protest, or to provoke feelings of She finally achieved her aim of full adult female suffrage in 1928, and along the way she alleviated some of the poverty and misery, and improved social conditions for all in the East End. Suffrage (from the Latin suffragium, meaning "voting tablet" and figuratively "right to vote" probably from suffrago "hough" and originally ^[45]

The alleviation of widespread unemployment and hunger in Poplar had to be funded from money raised by the borough itself under the Poor Law. Poplar is an area of the East End of London in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. This article deals chiefly with the English Poor Laws covering England and Wales The poverty of the borough made this patently unfair and lead to the 1921 conflict between government and the local councillors known as the Poplar Rates Rebellion. The Poplar Rates Rebellion, or Poplar Rates Revolt was a Tax protest that took place in Poplar London, England, in 1921 Council meetings were for a time held in Brixton prison, and the councillors received wide support. HM Prison Brixton is a local Prison in Brixton, London, England. ^[46] Ultimately, this led to the abolition of the Poor Laws through the Local Government Act 1929. The Local Government Act 1929 (19 & 20 Geo V c 17 made changes to poor law and local government in England and Wales

The General Strike had begun as a dispute between miners and their employers outside London in 1925. The UK General Strike of 1926 was a General strike that lasted nine days from 3 May 1926 to 12 May 1926. On 1 May 1926 the Trades Union Congress called out workers all over the country, including the London dockers. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Trades Union Congress (TUC is a national trade union centre, a federation of Trade unions in the United Kingdom, representing the majority of trade The government had had over a year to prepare and deployed troops to break the dockers' picket lines. Armed food convoys, accompanied by armoured cars drove down the East India Dock Road. By 10 May, a meeting was brokered at Toynbee Hall to end the strike. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Toynbee Hall is the original university Settlement house of the settlement movement The TUC were forced into a humiliating climbdown and the general strike ended on 11 May, with the miners holding out until November. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople ^[47]

Industry and built environment

Industries associated with the sea developed throughout the East End, including rope making and shipbuilding. Isambard Kingdom Brunel, FRS (9 April 1806 &ndash 15 September 1859 (ˈɪzəmbɑrd ˈkɪŋdəm brʊˈnɛl was a British Engineer. The former location of roperies can still be identified from their long straight, narrow profile in the modern streets, for instance Ropery Street near Mile End. Mile End is an area of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets in East London, England. Shipbuilding was important from the time when Henry VIII caused ships to be built at Rotherhithe as a part of his expansion of the Royal Navy. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Rotherhithe is a district of central south-east London in the London Borough of Southwark. The Tudor era was a critical one in the development of the Royal Navy. On 31 January 1858, the largest ship of that time, the SS Great Eastern, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, was launched from the yard of Messrs Scott Russell & Co, of Millwall. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Year 1858 ( MDCCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common History Concept After the Great Exhibition of 1851 which had publicized Australia's wealth and natural resources waves of people were eager to emigrate from Isambard Kingdom Brunel, FRS (9 April 1806 &ndash 15 September 1859 (ˈɪzəmbɑrd ˈkɪŋdəm brʊˈnɛl was a British Engineer. John Scott Russell ( 9 May 1808, Parkhead, Glasgow – 8 June 1882, Ventor, Isle of Wight) was a For the football team see Millwall FC. Millwall is an area in London, on the western side of the Isle of Dogs, in The 692-foot (211 m) vessel was too long to fit across the river, and so the ship had to be launched sideways. A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International Due to the technical difficulties of the launch, this was the last big ship to be built on the River, and the industry fell into a long decline. ^[48] Smaller ships, including battleships, continued to be built at the Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company at Blackwall until the beginning of the 20th century. The Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company Limited was a Shipyard and Iron works based at Leamouth, the junction of Bow Creek and the

The West India Docks were established in 1803, providing berths for larger ships and a model for future London dock building. Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin ( 1 March 1812 – 14 September 1852) was an English Architect, designer and theorist of design now Thomas Rowlandson ( July 14, 1756 – April 22, 1827) was an English artist and Caricaturist. Rudolph Ackermann ( April 20, 1764 &ndash March 30, 1834) was an Anglo-German Inventor and Publisher. The West India Docks are a series of three docks on the Isle of Dogs in London. Imported produce from the West Indies was unloaded directly into quayside warehouses. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting Ships were limited to 6000 tons. ^[49] The old Brunswick Dock, a shipyard at Blackwall became the basis for the East India Company's East India Docks established there in 1806. This entry concerns the area of London known as Blackwall For the type of merchant sailing ship first built there and named after it see Blackwall Frigate The Honourable East India Company ( HEIC) referred to most commonly as the East India Company, also historically and colloquially as John Company, or The East India Docks was a small group of Docks in the Blackwall area of East London just north of the Isle of Dogs. ^[50] The London Docks were built in 1805, and the waste soil and rubble from the construction was carried by barge to west London, to build up the marshy area of Pimlico. The London Docks were one of several sets of docks in the historic Port of London. Pimlico is a small area of central London in the City of Westminster that is primarily residential and well known for its collection of small hotels and impressive These docks imported tobacco, wine, wool and other goods into guarded warehouses within high walls (some of which still remain). They were able to berth over 300 sailing vessels simultaneously, but by 1971 they closed, no longer able to accommodate modern shipping. ^[51] The most central docks, St Katharine Docks, were built in 1828 to accommodate luxury goods, clearing the slums that lay in the area of the former Hospital of St Katharine. St Katharine Docks, in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, were one of the commercial docks serving London, on the north side of the river Thames St Katharine's by the Tower - full name Royal Hospital and Collegiate Church of St They were not successful commercially, as they were unable to accommodate the largest ships, and in 1864, management of the docks was amalgamated with that of the London Docks. ^[52] The Millwall Docks were created in 1868, predominantly for the import of grain and timber. Millwall Dock is a dock at Millwall, south of Canary Wharf on the Isle of Dogs, in London. These docks housed the first purpose built granary for the Baltic grain market, a local landmark that remained until it was demolished to improve access for the London City Airport. London City Airport is a single-runway Airport, intended for use by STOL (Short Take Off and Landing Airliners and principally serving the financial ^[53]

The first railway ('The Commercial Railway') to be built, in 1840, was a passenger service based on cable haulage by stationary steam engines that ran the 3. 5 miles (5. 6 km) from Minories to Blackwall on a pair of tracks. Minories railway station was a Railway station located on Minories, near Tower Hill, London. This entry concerns the area of London known as Blackwall For the type of merchant sailing ship first built there and named after it see Blackwall Frigate It required 14 miles (22. 5 km) of hemp rope, and 'dropped' carriages as it arrived at stations, which were reattached to the cable for the return journey, and the train 'reassembling' itself at the terminus. The line was converted to standard gauge in 1859, and steam engines adopted. ^[54] The building of London termini at Fenchurch Street (1841),^[55] and Bishopsgate (1840) provided access to new suburbs across the River Lee, again resulting in the destruction of housing and increased overcrowding in the slums. Fenchurch Street is a railway station in the south eastern corner of the City of London close by the Tower of London and two miles (3 Bishopsgate station is a closed railway station that was located on Shoreditch High Street ( A10) in London. The River Lee or River Lea in England originates in Leagrave Park, Leagrave, Luton in the Chiltern Hills and flows generally southeast After the opening of Liverpool Street station (1874), Bishopsgate railway station became a goods yard, in 1881, to bring imports from Eastern ports. Liverpool Street station, also called London Liverpool Street, is a major railway station and connected London Underground station in the north eastern With the introduction of containerisation, the station declined, suffered a fire in 1964 that destroyed the station buildings, and it was finally demolished in 2004 for the extension of the East London Line. The East London Line was a line of the London Underground, coloured orange on the Tube map. In the 19th century, the area north of Bow Road became a major railway centre for the North London Railway, with marshalling yards and a maintenance depot serving both the City and the West India docks. The North London Railway (NLR was a railway company that opened various lines connecting the north of London to the East and West India Docks, the core Nearby Bow railway station opened in 1850 and was rebuilt in 1870 in a grand style, featuring a concert hall. Bow railway station was a former Railway station in Bow, London on the North London Railway, between Old Ford and South Bromley The line and yards closed in 1944, after severe bomb damage, and never reopened, as goods became less significant, and cheaper facilities were concentrated in Essex. ^[56]

The River Lee was a smaller boundary than the Thames, but it was a significant one. The Thames ( is a major River flowing through southern England. The building of the Royal Docks consisting of the Royal Victoria Dock (1855), able to berth vessels of up to 8000 tons;^[57] Royal Albert Dock (1880), up to 12,000 tons;^[58] and King George V Dock (1921), up to 30,000 tons,^[59] on the estuary marshes, extended the continuous development of London across the Lee into Essex for the first time. The Royal Docks comprise three docks in east London - the Royal Albert Dock, the Royal Victoria Dock and the King George V Dock. The Royal Albert Dock is one of three docks in the Royal Group of Docks of east London, now part of the redeveloped Docklands. The King George V Dock is one of three docks in the Royal Docks of east London, now part of the redeveloped Docklands. An estuary is a semi-enclosed Coastal body of Water with one or more Rivers or Streams flowing into it and with a free connection to the open ^[60] The railways gave access to a passenger terminal at Gallions Reach and new suburbs created in West Ham, which quickly became a major manufacturing town, with 30,000 houses built between 1871 and 1901. Gallions Reach DLR station is a station on the Docklands Light Railway (DLR in the Docklands area of east London. West Ham is a district in the London Borough of Newham, in east London, England, located east of Charing Cross. ^[15] Soon afterwards, East Ham was built up to serve the new Gas Light and Coke Company and Bazalgette's grand sewage works at Beckton. East Ham is a place in the London Borough of Newham. It is a built-up district located 8 miles (12 Beckton Gas Works was a major London gas works built to manufacture Coal gas and other products including coke from coal Sir Joseph William Bazalgette ( 28 March 1819 &ndash 15 March 1891) was one of the great English Civil engineers of Beckton is also the code name for a forthcoming Xeon processor ^[16]

From the mid-20th century, the docks declined in use and were finally closed in 1980, leading to the setting up of the London Docklands Development Corporation in 1981. The London Docklands Development Corporation ( LDDC) was a Quango agency set up by the UK Government in 1981 to regenerate the depressed ^[61] London's main port is now at Tilbury, further down the Thames estuary, outside the boundary of Greater London. Tilbury is a town in the borough of Thurrock, Essex, England. The Thames ( is a major River flowing through southern England. Greater London is the top-level administrative subdivision covering London, England. The dock had been established in 1886 to bring bulk goods by rail to London, but being nearer the sea and able to accommodate vessels of 50,000 tons, they were more easily converted to the needs of modern container ships in 1968, and so they survived the closure of the inner docks. Container ships are Cargo ships that carry all of their load in truck-size containers in a technique called Containerization. ^[62] Various wharves along the river continue in use but on a much smaller scale.

Settlement

During the Middle Ages, settlements had been established predominantly along the lines of the existing roads, and the principal villages were Stepney, Whitechapel and Bow. The National Maritime Museum (NMM in Greenwich, England is the leading Maritime museum of the United Kingdom and may be the largest museum Greenwich ( ˈɡrɛnɪtʃ GREN-itch /ˈɡrɛnɪdʒ/ GREN-idge or /ˈɡrɪnɪdʒ/ GRIN-idge is a district in south-east London, Settlements along the river began at this time to service the needs of shipping on the Thames, but the City of London retained its right to actually land the goods. The riverside became more active in Tudor times, as the Royal Navy was expanded and international trading developed. Downstream, a major fishing port developed at Barking to provide fish to the City. Barking is a suburban town in east London, England and the main district of the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham. Whereas royalty such as King John had had a hunting lodge at Bromley-by-Bow, and the Bishop of London had a palace at Bethnal Green, later these estates began to be split up, and estates of fine houses for captains, merchants and owners of manufacturers began to be built. John (24 December 1167 &ndash 19 October 1216 reigned as a King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death Bromley-by-Bow, historically and officially Bromley, is a place in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. The Bishop of London is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of London in the Province of Canterbury. Bethnal Green is an area in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, in the East End of London. Samuel Pepys moved his family and goods to Bethnal Green during the Great Fire of London, and Captain Cook moved from Shadwell to Stepney Green, a place where a school and assembly rooms had been established (commemorated by Assembly Passage, and a plaque on the site of Cook's house on the Mile End Road). Samuel Pepys, FRS (23 February 1633 – 26 May 1703 was an English naval administrator and Member of Parliament, who is now most famous for This article is about the Great Fire of 1666 For other great fires in London see Early fires of London or Second Great Fire of London. Captain James Cook FRS RN ( – 14 February 1779) was an English Explorer, Navigator and Shadwell is an inner-city district situated within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets located on the north bank of the Thames between Wapping to the west Stepney Green is a London Underground station on the District and Hammersmith and City lines located on the junction of Globe Road and Mile End Road in Mile End Old Town also acquired some fine buildings, and the New Town began to be built. As the area became built up and more crowded, the wealthy sold their plots for sub-division and moved further afield. Into the 18th and 19th centuries, there were still attempts to build fine houses, for example Tredegar Square (1830), and the open fields around Mile End New Town were used for the construction of estates of workers' cottages in 1820. Tredegar Square is a well-preserved Georgian square in the Mile End district of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. ^[63]

Globe Town was established from 1800 to provide for the expanding population of weavers around Bethnal Green, attracted by improving prospects in silk weaving. The population of Bethnal Green trebled between 1801 and 1831, operating 20,000 looms in their own homes. By 1824, with restrictions on importation of French silks relaxed, up to half these looms became idle, and prices were driven down. With many importing warehouses already established in the district, the abundance of cheap labour was turned to boot, furniture and clothing manufacture. ^[2] Globe Town continued its expansion into the 1860s, long after the decline of the silk industry.

During the 19th century, building on an adhoc basis could never keep up with the needs of the expanding population. Henry Mayhew visited Bethnal Green in 1850 and wrote for the Morning Chronicle, as a part of a series forming the basis for London Labour and the London Poor (1851), that the trades in the area included tailors, costermongers, shoemakers, dustmen, sawyers, carpenters, cabinet makers and silkweavers. Henry Mayhew (25 November 1812 - 25th July 1887 was an English social Researcher, Journalist, Playwright and advocate of Bethnal Green is an area in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, in the East End of London. The Morning Chronicle was an English newspaper founded in 1769 in London, England, and published under various owners until 1862 London Labour and the London Poor is a work of Victorian journalism by Henry Mayhew. A costermonger was a street seller of fruit and vegetables The term which derived from the words costard (a type of large ribbed apple and Monger He noted that in the area:

“	roads were unmade, often mere alleys, houses small and without foundations, subdivided and often around unpaved courts. An almost total lack of drainage and sewerage was made worse by the ponds formed by the excavation of brickearth. Pigs and cows in back yards, noxious trades like boiling tripe, melting tallow, or preparing cat's meat, and slaughter houses, dustheaps, and 'lakes of putrefying night soil' added to the filth	”
—Henry Mayhew London Labour and London Poor (1851)[64]

A movement began to clear the slums – with Burdett-Coutts building Columbia Market in 1869 and with the passing of the "Artisans' and Labourers' Dwelling Act" in 1876 to provide powers to seize slums from landlords and provide access to public funds to build new housing. The Artisan's and Labourers' Dwellings Improvement Act 1875 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom designed by Richard Cross, Home Secretary ^[65] Housing associations such as the Peabody Trust were formed to provide philanthropic homes for the poor and clearing the slums generally. Housing associations in the United Kingdom are independent not-for-profit bodies that provide low-cost "social housing" for people in housing The Peabody Trust is one of London 's largest and oldest Housing associations Its own website says that it " Philanthropy is the act of donating money goods services time and/or effort to support a socially beneficial cause with a defined objective and with no financial or material Expansion work by the railway companies, such as the London and Blackwall Railway and Great Eastern Railway caused large areas of slum housing to be demolished. Originally called the Commercial Railway, the London & Blackwall Railway was a Railway line that originally ran from the Minories to Blackwall The Great Eastern Railway (GER was a pre-grouping British railway company whose main line linked London Liverpool The "Working Classes Dwellings Act" in 1890 placed a new responsibility to house the displaced residents and this lead to the building of new "philanthropic housing" such as Blackwall Buildings and Great Eastern Buildings. Blackwall Buildings were built in 1890 in Thomas Street Whitechapel. ^[66]

By 1890 official slum clearance programmes had begun. One was the creation of the world's first council housing, the LCC Boundary Estate, which replaced the neglected and crowded streets of Friars Mount, better known as The Old Nichol Street Rookery. London County Council (LCC was the principal local government body for the County of London, throughout its 1889-1965 existence and the first London-wide general municipal The Boundary Estate is a housing development formally opened in 1900 in the East End of London, England. A rookery (also sometimes described as a stew) was the colloquial British English name historically given to a city Slum or Ghetto frequented by poor people ^[67] Between 1918 and 1939 the LCC continued replacing East End housing with five or six storey flats, despite residents preferring houses with gardens and opposition from shopkeepers who were forced to relocate to new, more expensive premises. The Second World War brought an end to further slum clearance. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including ^[68]

Second World War

“	Hardest of all, the Luftwaffe will smash Stepney. ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force. I know the East End! Those dirty Jews and Cockneys will run like rabbits into their holes. [69]	”
—Germany Calling - Lord Haw-Haw, collaborator and broadcaster

Initially, the German commanders were reluctant to bomb London, fearing retaliation against Berlin. Lord Haw-Haw was the Nickname of several announcers on the English language Propaganda radio programme Germany Calling, broadcast Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. On 24 August 1940, a single aircraft, tasked to bomb Tilbury, accidentally bombed Stepney, Bethnal Green and the City. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Tilbury is a town in the borough of Thurrock, Essex, England. The following night the RAF retaliated by mounting a forty aircraft raid on Berlin, with a second attack three days later. The Luftwaffe changed its strategy from attacking shipping and airfields to attacking cities. ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force. The City and West End were designated 'Target Area B'; the East End and docks were 'Target Area A'. The first raid occurred at 4:30 p. m. on 7 September and consisted of 150 Dornier and Heinkel bombers and large numbers of fighters. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout This was followed by a second wave of 170 bombers. Silvertown and Canning Town bore the brunt of this first attack. Silvertown is an industrialised district in the London Borough of Newham, named after Samuel Winkworth Silver's former rubber factory which opened in 1852 and now dominated ---- Canning Town is an area of East London, England. It is part of the London Borough of Newham and is situated in the area of the former London docks on ^[4]

Between 7 September 1940 and 10 May 1941, a sustained bombing campaign was mounted. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. It began with the bombing of London for 57 successive nights^[70], an era known as 'the Blitz'. The Blitz was the sustained bombing of Britain by Nazi Germany between 7 September 1940 and 10 May 1941 in World War II. East London was targeted because the area was a centre for imports and storage of raw materials for the war effort, and the German military command felt that support for the war could be damaged among the mainly working class inhabitants. On the first night of the blitz, 430 civilians were killed and 1600 seriously wounded. ^[70] The populace responded by evacuating children and the vulnerable to the country^[71] and digging in, constructing Anderson shelters in their gardens and Morrison shelters in their houses, or going to communal shelters built in local public spaces. For the general article about fortified structures see Bunker. For the general article about fortified structures see Bunker. ^[72] Sadly, on 10 September 1940, 400 civilians, including women and children preparing for evacuation, were killed when a bomb hit the South Hallsville School in Canning Town. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ---- Canning Town is an area of East London, England. It is part of the London Borough of Newham and is situated in the area of the former London docks on ^[73]

The effect of the intensive bombing worried the authorities and 'Mass-Observation' was deployed to gauge attitudes and provide policy suggestions,^[74] as before the war they had investigated local attitudes to anti-Semitism. Mass-Observation was a United Kingdom Social research organisation founded in 1937 ^[75] The organisation noted that close family and friendship links within the East End were providing the population with a surprising resilience under fire. Propaganda was issued, reinforcing the image of the 'brave chirpy Cockney'. The term Cockney has both geographical and linguistic associations On the Sunday after the Blitz began, Winston Churchill himself toured the bombed areas of Stepney and Poplar. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 Anti-aircraft installations were built in public parks, such as Victoria Park and the Mudchute on the Isle of Dogs, and along the line of the Thames, as this was used by the aircraft to guide them to their target. Victoria Park (or 'Vicky' Park as locally known is a large open space that stretches out across part of the East End of London, England bordering parts of Bethnal

The authorities were initially wary of opening the London Underground for shelter, fearing the effect on morale elsewhere in London and hampering normal operations. The London Underground is a Metro system serving a large part of Greater London and neighbouring areas of Essex, Hertfordshire and Buckinghamshire On 12 September, having suffered five days of heavy bombing, the people of the East End took the matter into their own hands and invaded tube stations with pillows and blankets. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the The government relented and opened the partially completed Central line as a shelter. The Central line is a line of the London Underground and coloured red on the Tube map. Many deep tube stations remained in use as shelters until the end of the war. ^[4] Aerial mines were deployed on 19 September 1940. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. These exploded at roof top height, causing severe damage to buildings over a wider radius than the impact bombs. By now, the Port of London had sustained heavy damage with a third of its warehouses destroyed, and the West India and St Katherine Docks had been badly hit and put out of action. The Port of London lies along the banks of the River Thames from London, England to the North Sea. Bizarre events occurred when the River Lee burned with an eerie blue flame, caused by a hit on a gin factory at Three Mills, and the Thames itself burnt fiercely when Tate & Lyle's Silvertown sugar refinery was hit. The River Lee or River Lea in England originates in Leagrave Park, Leagrave, Luton in the Chiltern Hills and flows generally southeast The Three Mills are former working mills on the River Lee in the East End of London, one of London ’s oldest extant industrial centres Tate & Lyle PLC ( is a UK -based multinational agri-processor listed on the London Stock Exchange under the symbol TATE. ^[4]

On 3 March 1943 at 8:27 p. Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. m. , the unopened Bethnal Green tube station was the site of a wartime disaster. Bethnal Green tube station is a station on the Central Line of the London Underground in Bethnal Green, east London Families had crowded into the underground station due to an air raid siren at 8:17, one of 10 that day. There was a panic at 8:27 coinciding with the sound of an anti-aircraft battery (possibly the recently installed Z battery) being fired at nearby Victoria Park. The Unrotated Projectile, or UP, was a short range Rocket firing anti-aircraft weapon developed for the Royal Navy to supplement the 2 pounder Pom-Pom Victoria Park (or 'Vicky' Park as locally known is a large open space that stretches out across part of the East End of London, England bordering parts of Bethnal In the wet, dark conditions, a woman slipped on the entrance stairs and 173 people died in the resulting crush. The truth was suppressed, and a report appeared that there had been a direct hit by a German bomb. The results of the official investigation were not released until 1946. ^[76] There is now a plaque at the entrance to the tube station, which commemorates the event as the "worst civilian disaster of World War II". The first V-1 flying bomb struck in Grove Road, Mile End, on 13 June 1944, killing six, injuring 30, and making 200 people homeless. The Fieseler Fi 103, better known as V-1 (German Vergeltungswaffe 1 was an early Cruise missile used during World War Two Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[63] The area remained derelict for many years until it was cleared to extend Mile End Park. Mile End Park is a park located in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. Before demolition, local artist Rachel Whiteread made a cast of the inside of 193 Grove Road. Rachel Whiteread CBE (born 1963 is a British Artist, best known for her Sculptures which typically take the form of casts and first Despite attracting controversy, the exhibit won her the Turner Prize for 1993. The Turner Prize, named after the painter JMW Turner, is an annual prize presented to a British visual Artist under 50 ^[77]

By the end of the war, it is estimated that 80 tons of bombs fell on the Metropolitan Borough of Bethnal Green alone, affecting 21,700 houses, destroying 2,233 and making a further 893 uninhabitable. Chiltern Open Air Museum is a museum of vernacular buildings and a tourist attraction located near Chalfont St Peter and Chalfont St The Metropolitan Borough of Bethnal Green was a Metropolitan borough in the County of London between 1900 and 1965 when it was merged into the London Borough In Bethnal Green, 555 people were killed, and 400 were seriously injured. ^[68] For the whole of Tower Hamlets, a total of 2,221 civilians were killed, and 7,472 were injured, with 46,482 houses destroyed and 47,574 damaged. ^[78] So badly battered was the East End that when Buckingham Palace was hit during the height of the bombing, Queen Elizabeth observed that "It makes me feel I can look the East End in the face. Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (Elizabeth Angela Marguerite 4 August 1900 &ndash 30 March 2002 was the Queen Consort of King George "^[79][80] By the end of the war, the East End was a scene of devastation, with large areas derelict and depopulated. War production was changed quickly to making prefabricated housing,^[81] and many were installed in the bombed areas and remained common into the 1970s. Prefabricated building is a type of building that consists of several factory-built units that are assembled on-site to complete the unit Today, 1950s and 1960s architecture dominates the housing estates of the area such as the Lansbury Estate in Poplar, much of which was built as a show-piece of the 1951 Festival of Britain. The Lansbury Estate is a public housing estate in the Poplar area of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets named after George Lansbury, a Poplar Poplar is an area of the East End of London in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. The Festival of Britain was a national exhibition which opened in London and around Britain in May 1951 ^[82]

Population

Throughout history, the area has absorbed waves of immigrants who have each added a new dimension to the culture and history of the area, most notably the French Protestant Huguenots in the 17th century,^[5] the Irish in the 18th century,^[6] Ashkenazi Jews fleeing pogroms in Eastern Europe towards the end of the 19th century,^[7] and the Bangladeshi^[8] community settling in the East End from the 1960s. Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth The Irish people ( Irish: Muintir na hÉireann, na hÉireannaigh, na Gaeil) are a Western European Ethnic group who originate Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim ( Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, ˌaʃkəˈnazim sing A pogrom is a form of Riot directed against a particular group whether ethnic religious or other and characterized by destruction of their Homes Businesses Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially

Communities also developed in the riverside settlements. Brick Lane ( Bangla: ব্রিক লেন is a long street in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, in the East End of London. From the Tudor era until the 20th century, ships crew were employed on a casual basis. New and replacement crew would be found wherever they were available, local sailors being particularly prized for their knowledge of currents and hazards in foreign ports. Crews would be paid off at the end of their voyage. Inevitably, permanent communities became established, including colonies of Lascars and Africans from the Guinea Coast. Lascar, though rarely used now was once the name used to describe a Sailor from India or other countries East of the Cape of Good Hope, employed on The term African people can refer to people who live in Africa, or people who trace their ancestry to Indigenous inhabitants of Africa. Guinea is a traditional name for the region of Africa that lies along the Gulf of Guinea. Large Chinatowns at both Shadwell and Limehouse developed, associated with the crews of merchantmen in the opium and tea trades. A Chinatown is a section of an urban area with a large number of Chinese outside the majority-Chinese countries of Greater China. Shadwell is an inner-city district situated within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets located on the north bank of the Thames between Wapping to the west Limehouse is a place in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. It is on the northern bank of the River Thames opposite Rotherhithe and between Ratcliff An East Indiaman was a Ship operating under charter or licence to the Honourable East India Company. The Opium Wars ( also known as the Anglo-Chinese Wars, lasted from 1839 to 1842 and 1856 to 1860 the climax of a trade dispute between China under the Qing Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market It was only after the devastation of World War II that this predominantly Han Chinese community relocated to Soho. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. The name Chinatown has been used at different times to describe different places in London. ^[83]

In 1786, the Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor was formed, by citizens concerned at the size of London's indigent Black population, many of whom had been expelled from North America as Black Loyalists, former slaves who had fought on the side of the British, in the War of Independence. The Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor was a charitable organization founded in London in 1786 to provide sustenance for distressed people of African and A Black Loyalist or African American Loyalist was a formerly enslaved African American or Free Negro who escaped to the British during the Others were discharged sailors, and some a legacy of British involvement in the slave trade, The committee distributed food, clothing, medical aid and found work for the (predominantly) men from the White Raven tavern in Mile End. The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history ^[84] They also helped the men to go abroad, some to Canada. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page In October 1786, the Committee funded an ill-fated expedition of 280 Black men, 40 Black women and 70 White women (mainly wives and girlfriends) to settle in Sierra Leone. Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. ^[85] From the late 19th century, a large African mariner community was established in Canning Town as a result of new shipping links to the Caribbean and West Africa. ---- Canning Town is an area of East London, England. It is part of the London Borough of Newham and is situated in the area of the former London docks on The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting West Africa or Western Africa is the Westernmost Region of the African Continent. ^[86]

Immigrants have not always been readily accepted and, in 1517, the Evil May Day riots, where foreign owned property was attacked, resulted in the deaths of 135 Flemings in Stepney. Evil May Day or Ill May Day is the name for a Riot which took place in 1517 as a protest against foreigners living in London. The terms Fleming and Flemings ( Vlaming and Vlamingen in Dutch) denote respectively a person and people and the Flemings or The Gordon Riots of 1780 began with burnings of the houses of Catholics and their chapels in Poplar and Spitalfields. The Gordon Riots refers to a number of events in a predominantly Protestant religious uprising in London, England, in 1780, aimed against the ^[87]

In the 1870 and 80s, so many Jewish émigrés were arriving that over 150 synagogues were built. Today, there are only four active synagogues remaining in Tower Hamlets, the Congregation of Jacob Synagogue (1903 – Kehillas Ya’akov), the East London Central Synagogue (1922), the Fieldgate Street Great Synagogue (1899) and Sandy’s Row Synagogue (1766). Fieldgate Street Great Synagogue, located at 41 Fieldgate Street in the East End of London, was established in 1899 ^[88] Jewish immigration to the East End peaked in the 1890s, leading to anti-foreigner agitation by the British Brothers League, formed in 1902 by Captain William Stanley Shaw and the Conservative MP for Stepney, Major Evans-Gordon, who had overturned a Liberal majority in the 1900 General Election on a platform of limiting immigration. The British Brothers League was a British proto- fascist group that attempted to organise along Paramilitary lines The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Major Sir William Eden Evans-Gordon (1857 &ndash 31 October 1913) was a British Conservative Party politician and Member of Parliament The United Kingdom general election of 1900 was held from 25 September to 24 October 1900 In Parliament, in 1902, Evans-Gordon claimed that not a day passes but English families are ruthlessly turned out to make room for foreign invaders. The rates are burdened with the education of thousands of foreign children. ^[89] Jewish immigration only slowed with the passing of the Aliens Act 1905, that gave the Home Secretary powers to regulate and control immigration. The Aliens Act 1905, passed by the British Parliament in 1905 was an "Act to amend the law with regard to Aliens" The Secretary of State for the Home Department, commonly known as the Home Secretary, is the minister in charge of the United Kingdom Home Office ^[90]

Community tensions were again raised by an anti-semitic Fascist march that took place in 1936 and was blocked by residents and activists at the Battle of Cable Street. The British Union of Fascists (BUF was a Political party in the United Kingdom formed in 1932 by a Labour government minister and former MP The Battle of Cable Street or Cable Street Riot took place on Sunday October 4, 1936 in Cable Street in the East End of London. ^[91] From the 1970s, anti-Asian violence and more recently anti-white violence occurred, and in 1993, there was a council seat win for the British National Party (since lost). The British National Party (BNP is a Far-right and whites only political party in the United Kingdom. ^[92] A 1999 bombing in Brick Lane was part of a series that targeted ethnic minorities, gays and "multiculturalists". David John Copeland (born May 15 1976) is a former member of the British neo-Nazi National Socialist Movement, who became known as the "London nailbomber" Brick Lane ( Bangla: ব্রিক লেন is a long street in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, in the East End of London. ^[93]

The population of the East End increased inexorably throughout the 19th century. House building could not keep pace, and overcrowding was rife. It was not until the interwar period that there was a decline caused by migration to new Essex suburbs, like the Becontree estate, built by the London County Council between 1921 and 1932, and to areas outside London. Becontree is a place in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham in East London, east north-east of Charing Cross. London County Council (LCC was the principal local government body for the County of London, throughout its 1889-1965 existence and the first London-wide general municipal ^[94] This depopulation accelerated after World War II and has only recently begun to reverse.

These population figures reflect the area that now forms the London Borough of Tower Hamlets only:

Borough	1811[95]	1841[95]	1871[95]	1901[96]	1931[96]	1961[96]	1971[97]	1991	2001[98]
Bethnal Green	33,619	74,088	120,104	129,680	108,194	47,078	n/a	n/a	n/a
Poplar	13,548	31,122	116,376	168,882	155,089	66,604
Stepney	131,606	203,802	275,467	298,600	225,238	92,000
Total	178,773	309,012	511,947	597,102	488,611	205,682	165,791	161,064	196,106

By comparison, in 1801 the population of England and Wales was 9 million; by 1851 it had more than doubled to 18  million, and by the end of the century had reached 40 million. The Metropolitan Borough of Bethnal Green was a Metropolitan borough in the County of London between 1900 and 1965 when it was merged into the London Borough The Metropolitan Borough of Poplar was between 1900 and 1965 a Metropolitan borough in the County of London. The Metropolitan Borough of Stepney was a Metropolitan borough in the County of London created in 1900 ^[63]

Crime

The high levels of poverty in the East End have, throughout history, resulted in a corresponding incidence of crime. From earliest times, crime depended, as did labour, on the importing of goods to London, and their interception in transit. Theft occurred in the river, on the quayside and in transit to the City warehouses. This was why, in the 17th century, the East India Company built high-walled, guarded docks at Blackwall to minimise the vulnerability of their cargoes. The Honourable East India Company ( HEIC) referred to most commonly as the East India Company, also historically and colloquially as John Company, or This entry concerns the area of London known as Blackwall For the type of merchant sailing ship first built there and named after it see Blackwall Frigate Armed convoys would then take the goods to the company's secure compound in the City. The practise led to the creation of ever larger docks throughout the area, and for large roads to be driven through the crowded 19th century slums to carry goods from the docks. ^[4]

No police force operated in London before the 1750s. The Marine Support Unit (MSU sometimes still known by its prior name of Thames Division) is a Central Operations unit of the Metropolitan Police, that "Metropolitan Police" redirects here See also Metropolitan police. The Marine Police Force, sometimes known as the Thames River Police and said to be England's first Police force was formed by magistrate Patrick Colquhoun and a Master Crime and disorder were dealt with by a system of magistrates and volunteer parish constables, with strictly limited jurisdiction. Salaried constables were introduced by 1792, although they were few in number and their power and jurisdiction continued to derive from local magistrates, who in extremis could be backed by militias. In 1798, England's first Marine Police Force was formed by magistrate Patrick Colquhoun and a Master Mariner, John Harriott to tackle theft and looting from ships anchored in the Pool of London and the lower reaches of the river. The Marine Police Force, sometimes known as the Thames River Police and said to be England's first Police force was formed by magistrate Patrick Colquhoun and a Master Originally the Pool of London was the stretch of the River Thames forming the south side of the City of London. Its base was (and remains) in Wapping High Street. Wapping (pronounced 'Wopping' is a place in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets which forms part of the Docklands to the east of the City of London. It is now known as the Marine Support Unit. The Marine Support Unit (MSU sometimes still known by its prior name of Thames Division) is a Central Operations unit of the Metropolitan Police, that ^[99] In 1829, the Metropolitan Police Force were formed, with a remit to patrol within 7 miles (11 km) of Charing Cross, with a force of 1,000 men in 17 divisions, including 'H' division, based in Stepney. "Metropolitan Police" redirects here See also Metropolitan police. Charing Cross is located at the junction of the Strand, Whitehall and Cockspur Street in Central London, England. Each division was controlled by a superintendent, under whom were four inspectors and sixteen sergeants. The regulations demanded that recruits should be under thirty-five years of age, well built, at least 5-foot-7-inch (1. 7 m) in height, literate and of good character. ^[100] Unlike the former constables, the police were recruited widely and so were initially disliked. The force took until the mid-19th century to be established in the East End. Unusually, Joseph Sadler Thomas, a Metropolitan Police superintendent of 'F' (Covent Garden) Division appears to have mounted the first local investigation (in Bethnal Green), in November 1830 of the London Burkers. Covent Garden (Pronunciation kɒvʌnt is a district in London, England, located on the easternmost parts of the City of Westminster and the southwest The London Burkers were a group of Body snatchers, operating in London, who apparently modelled their activities on those of the notorious Burke and Hare ^[101] In 1841, a specific Dockyard division of the Metropolitan force was formed to assume responsibility for shore patrols within the docks,^[102] a detective department was formed in 1842, and in 1865, 'J' division was established in Bethnal Green. ^[100]

One of the East End industries that serviced ships moored off the Pool of London was prostitution, and in the 17th century, this was centred on the Ratcliffe Highway, a long street lying on the high ground above the riverside settlements. William Hogarth (10 November 1697 &ndash 26 October 1764 was a major English painter, printmaker, pictorial satirist, social critic Beer Street and Gin Lane are two prints issued in 1751 by English artist William Hogarth in support of what would become the Gin Act Prostitution is the act of performing Sexual activity in exchange for Money. The Highway, formerly known as the Ratcliffe Highway, is a mile-long road in the East End of London, with several historic landmarks nearby In 1600, it was described by the antiquarian John Stow as 'a continual street, or filthy straight passage, with alleys of small tenements or cottages builded, inhabited by sailors and victuallers. John Stow (c 1525&ndash 6 April 1605) was an English Historian and Antiquarian. ' Crews were 'paid off' at the end of a long voyage, and would spend their earnings on drink in the local taverns. One madame described as 'the great bawd of the seamen' by Samuel Pepys was Damaris Page. Samuel Pepys, FRS (23 February 1633 – 26 May 1703 was an English naval administrator and Member of Parliament, who is now most famous for Born in Stepney in 1620, she had moved from prostitution to running brothels, including one on the Highway that catered for ordinary seaman and a further establishment nearby that catered for the more expensive tastes amongst the officers and gentry. She died wealthy, in 1669, in a house on the Highway, despite charges being brought against her and time spent in Newgate prison. For the prison in East Granby, Connecticut, see Old Newgate Prison. ^[103]

By the 19th century, an attitude of toleration had changed, and the social reformer William Acton described the riverside prostitutes as a 'horde of human tigresses who swarm the pestilent dens by the riverside at Ratcliffe and Shadwell'. William Acton (1813–1875 was a British medical doctor and book writer. The 'Society for the Suppression of Vice' estimated that between the Houndsditch, Whitechapel and Ratcliffe area there were 1803 prostitutes; and between Mile End, Shadwell and Blackwall 963 women in the trade. They were often victims of circumstance, there being no welfare state and a high mortality rate amongst the inhabitants that left wives and daughters destitute, with no other means of income. This article refers specifically to the Welfare state of the United Kingdom. ^[104] At the same time, religious reformers began to introduction 'Seamans' Missions' throughout the dock areas that both sought to provide for seafarer's physical needs and to keep them away from the temptations of drink and women. Eventually, the passage of the 'Contagious Diseases Act' in 1864 allowed policemen to arrest prostitutes and detain them in hospital. The act was repealed in 1886, after agitation by early feminists, such as Josephine Butler and Elizabeth Wolstenholme led to the formation of the Ladies National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts. Josephine Elizabeth Butler ( 13 April 1828– 30 December 1906) was a Victorian era English feminist who was especially concerned with The Ladies National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts (NARCA was an association set up in the United Kingdom to lobby against certain laws that were ^[105]

Notable crimes in the area include the Ratcliff Highway murders (1813);^[106] the killings committed by the London Burkers (apparently inspired by Burke and Hare) in Bethnal Green (1831);^[107] the notorious serial killings of prostitutes by Jack the Ripper^[31] (1888); and the Sidney Street Siege (1911) (in which anarchists, inspired by the legendary Peter the Painter, took on Home Secretary Winston Churchill, and the army). The Ratcliff Highway murders were two vicious attacks that resulted in multiple fatalities and occurred over twelve days in the year 1811, in homes half a mile apart near The London Burkers were a group of Body snatchers, operating in London, who apparently modelled their activities on those of the notorious Burke and Hare The Burke and Hare murders (also known as the West Port murders) Bethnal Green is an area in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, in the East End of London. Jack the Ripper is an alias given to an unidentified Serial killer active in the largely impoverished Whitechapel area and adjacent districts of London The Siege of Sidney Street, popularly known as the "Battle of Stepney", was a notorious gunfight in London's East End in 1911 Peter the Painter, also known as Peter Piaktow (or Piatkov, Pjatkov, Piaktoff) was the leader of a gang of Latvian revolutionary Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 ^[108] In the 1960s the East End was the area most associated with gangster activity, most notably that of the Kray twins. For other uses see Gangsta. A gangster is a criminal who is or at some point almost invariably becomes a member of a persistent violent Reginald "Reggie" Kray ( 24 October 1933 &ndash 1 October 2000) and Ronald "Ronnie" Kray ( 24 October ^[109] The 1996 Docklands bombing caused significant damage around South Quay Station, to the south of the main Canary Wharf development. The Docklands bombing (also known as the Canary Wharf bombing or South Quay bombing) on February 9, 1996, was one of the most significant South Quay is a Docklands Light Railway station on the Isle of Dogs, in London. Canary Wharf is a large business and shopping development in London, located in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, centred on the old West India Docks Two people were killed and thirty-nine injured in one of Mainland Britain's biggest bomb attacks by the Provisional Irish Republican Army. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (Óglaigh na hÉireann ( IRA; also referred to as the PIRA, the Provos, or by some of its supporters as the ^[110] This led to the introduction of Police checkpoints controlling access to the Isle of Dogs, reminiscent of the City's 'Ring of steel'. The Isle of Dogs is a former island in the East End of London that is surrounded on three sides (east south and west by one of the largest Meanders in For the Surveillance system surrounding the City of London, see City of London's "ring of steel" Ring of Steel

Disasters

Many disasters have befallen the residents of the East End, both in war and in peace. In particular, as a maritime port, plague and pestilence have disproportionately fallen on the residents of the East End. The area most afflicted by the Great Plague (1665) was in Spitalfields,^[111] and cholera epidemics broke out in Limehouse in 1832 and struck again in 1848 and 1854. The Great Plague (1665-1666 was a massive outbreak of Disease in England that killed 75000 to 100000 people up to a fifth of London 's population ^[87] Typhus and tuberculosis were also common in the crowded 19th century tenements. Typhus is any of several similar diseases caused by Louse -borne bacteria Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common The Princess Alice was a passenger steamer crowded with day trippers returning from Gravesend to Woolwich and London Bridge. SS Princess Alice was a Thames river steamer which sank after a collision in 1878 with the loss of an estimated 640 lives A steamboat or steamship, sometimes called a steamer, is a ship in which the primary method of propulsion is steam power, typically driving a Propeller Gravesend is a town in northwest Kent, England, on the south bank of the Thames, opposite Tilbury in Essex. Woolwich (ˈwʊlɪtʃ or /ˈwʊlɪdʒ/ is a suburb in south-east London, England in the London Borough of Greenwich, on the south side of the River London Bridge is a Bridge between the City of London and Southwark in London, England, over the River Thames. On the evening of September 3, 1878, she collided with the steam collier Bywell Castle (named for Bywell Castle) and sank into the Thames in under four minutes. Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Collier is an historical term used to describe a Bulk cargo Ship designed to carry Coal. Bywell Castle is situated in the village of Bywell overlooking the River Tyne, four miles east of Corbridge, Northumberland, England The Thames ( is a major River flowing through southern England. Of the approximately 700 passengers, over 600 were lost. ^[112]

In World War I, on January 19, 1917 73 people died, including 14 workers, and more than 400 were injured, in a TNT explosion in the Brunner-Mond munitions factory in Silvertown. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Silvertown explosion occurred in Silvertown in West Ham, Essex (now Greater London) on Friday 19 January 1917 at 18 Silvertown is an industrialised district in the London Borough of Newham, named after Samuel Winkworth Silver's former rubber factory which opened in 1852 and now dominated Much of the area was flattened, and the shock wave was felt throughout the city and much of Essex. Essex is a county in the East of England. The County town is Chelmsford, and the highest point of the county is Chrishall Common This was the largest explosion in London history, and was heard in Southampton and Norwich. Southampton ( IPA /ˌsaʊθˈhæmptən/ is the largest city in the county of Hampshire, on the south coast of England History Roman The Romans had their regional capital at Venta Icenorum on the river to the south which is near modern-day Caistor St Edmund Andreas Angel, chief chemist at the plant, was posthumously awarded the Edward Medal for trying to extinguish the fire that caused the blast. The Edward Medal is a British civilian decoration which was instituted by Royal Warrant on 13 July 1907 to recognise acts of bravery of Miners ^[113] The same year, on June 13, a bomb from a German Gotha bomber killed 18 children in their primary school in Upper North Street, Poplar. The Gotha GV was a Heavy bomber used by the Luftstreitkräfte (Imperial German Air Service Poplar is an area of the East End of London in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. This event is commemorated by the local war memorial erected in Poplar Recreation Ground,^[114][115] but during the war a total of 120 children and 104 adults were killed in the East End by aerial bombing, with many more injured. ^[116]

Another tragedy occurred on the morning of 16 May 1968 when Ronan Point, a 23-storey tower block in Newham, suffered a structural collapse due to a natural gas explosion. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Ronan Point was a 23-storey Tower block in Newham, East London, which suffered a fatal partial collapse due to a Natural gas explosion 16 A tower block, block of flats, or apartment block, is a multi-unit High-rise Apartment building. The London Borough of Newham ( is a London borough in East London, within Greater London. Natural gas is a Gaseous Fossil fuel consisting primarily of Methane but including significant quantities of Ethane, Propane, Four people were killed in the disaster and seventeen were injured, as an entire corner of the building slid away. The collapse caused major changes in UK building regulations and led to the decline of further building of high rise council flats that had characterised 1960s public architecture. The council house is a form of public or social housing in the United Kingdom. ^[117]

Entertainment

Inn-yard theatres were first established in the Tudor period, with the Boar's Head Inn (1557) in Whitechapel, the George in Stepney and a purpose built, but short lived, John Brayne's Red Lion Theatre (1567), nearby. The Theatre was an Elizabethan playhouse located in Shoreditch (in Curtain Road part of the modern London Borough of Hackney) just outside the Shoreditch is an area of London within the London Borough of Hackney. In the historical era of English Renaissance drama, an Inn-yard theatre or Inn-theatre was a common Inn that provided a venue for the presentation of stage Social and economic revolution Following the Black Death Plagues and the agricultural depression of the late 14th century population growth The Red Lion was an Elizabethan playhouse located in Mile End (part of the modern Borough of Tower Hamlets) just outside the City of London. ^[118] The first permanent theatres with resident companies were constructed in Shoreditch, with James Burbage's The Theatre (1576) and Henry Lanman's Curtain Theatre (1577) standing close together. James Burbage or Burbadge (1531 &ndash 1597 was an English actor theatre Impresario, and theatre builder in the English Renaissance theatre The Theatre was an Elizabethan playhouse located in Shoreditch (in Curtain Road part of the modern London Borough of Hackney) just outside the The Curtain Theatre was an Elizabethan Playhouse located in Curtain Close Shoreditch (part of the modern London Borough of Hackney On the night of 28 December 1598 Burbage's sons dismantled The Theatre, and moved it piece by piece across the Thames to construct the Globe Theatre. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of The Globe Theatre was a Theatre in London associated with William Shakespeare. ^[119]

The Goodman's Fields Theatre was established in 1727, and it was here that David Garrick made his successful début as Richard III, in 1741. There were two theatres bearing the name Goodman's Fields Theatre located on Ayliffe Street Whitechapel, London. David Garrick (born 19 February 1717 in Hereford &ndash 20 January 1779) was an English Actor, Playwright, Richard III is a history play by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written in approximately 1591 In the 19th century the theatres of the East End rivalled in their grandiosity and seating capacity those of the West End. West End theatre is a popular term for mainstream professional theatre staged in the large theatres of London 's "Theatreland" The first of this era was the ill-fated Brunswick Theatre (1828), which collapsed three days after opening, killing 15 people. This was followed by the opening of the Pavilion (1828) in Whitechapel, the Garrick (1831) in Leman Street, the Effingham (1834) in Whitechapel, the Standard (1835) in Shoreditch, the City of London (1837) in Norton Folgate, then the Grecian and the Britannia Theatre in Hoxton (1840). Whitechapel is a built-up Inner city district in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, England. The Garrick Theatre, also known as Garrick's Subscription was a small theatre located in Leman St Whitechapel. Shoreditch is an area of London within the London Borough of Hackney. Norton Folgate is a short length of street in London, connecting Bishopsgate with Shoreditch High Street on the northern edge of its financial district The Britannia Theatre (1841&ndash1900 was located at 115/117 High Street Hoxton, London. Hoxton is an area in the London Borough of Hackney, immediately north of the financial district of the City of London. ^[120] Though very popular for a time, from the 1860s onwards these theatres, one by one, began to close, the buildings were demolished and their very memory began to fade. ^[121]

There were also many Yiddish theatres, particularly around Whitechapel. Shoreditch is an area of London within the London Borough of Hackney. Yiddish theatre consists of plays written and performed primarily by Jews in Yiddish, the language of the Eastern European Ashkenazi Jewish community Whitechapel is a built-up Inner city district in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, England. These developed into professional companies, after the arrival of Jacob Adler in 1884 and the formation of his 'Russian Jewish Operatic Company' that first performed in Beaumont Hall,^[122] Stepney, and then found homes both in the Prescott Street Club, Stepney, and in Princelet Street in Spitalfields. Jacob Adler may refer to Jacob O Adler, American professor of economics Jacob Pavlovitch Adler, Yiddish theatre actor ^[123] The Pavilion became an exclusively Yiddish theatre in 1906, finally closing in 1936 and being demolished in 1960. Other important Jewish theatres were Feinmans, The Jewish National Theatre and the Grand Palais. Performances were in Yiddish, and predominantly melodrama. Melodrama refers to theatre in which music is used to increase the spectator's emotional response or to suggest character types ^[88] These declined, as audience and actors left for New York and the more prosperous parts of London. ^[124]

The once popular music halls of the East End have mostly met the same fate as the theatres. Music hall is a form of British theatrical Entertainment which was popular between 1850 and 1960 Prominent examples included the London Music Hall (1856-1935), 95-99 Shoreditch High Street, and the Royal Cambridge Music Hall (1864-1936), 136 Commercial Street. Commercial Street may refer to the following streets in England: Commercial Street Leeds Commercial Street (London An example of a 'giant pub hall', Wilton's Music Hall (1858), remains in Grace's Alley, off Cable Street and the early 'saloon style' Hoxton Hall (1863) survives in Hoxton Street, Hoxton. Wilton's Music Hall is a grade II* Listed building, a former Music hall and performance space in Grace's Alley off Cable Street in the London Borough Cable Street (ˈkeɪbəl striːt is a mile-long road in the East End of London, with several historic landmarks nearby made famous by "the Battle of Cable Street Hoxton Hall is a community centre and performance space in Hoxton, at 130 Hoxton Street in the London Borough of Hackney. Hoxton is an area in the London Borough of Hackney, immediately north of the financial district of the City of London. ^[125] Many popular music hall stars came from the East End, including Marie Lloyd. Matilda Alice Victoria Wood ( 12 February 1870 &ndash 7 October 1922) was an English Music-hall Singer,

The music hall tradition of live entertainment lingers on in East End public houses, with music and singing. Hoxton Hall is a community centre and performance space in Hoxton, at 130 Hoxton Street in the London Borough of Hackney. This is complemented by less respectable amusements such as striptease, which, since the 1950s has become a fixture of certain East End pubs, particularly in the area of Shoreditch, despite being a target of local authority harassment. A striptease or Exotic dance is a form of erotic entertainment usually a Dance, in which the performer known as a "stripper" gradually undresses Shoreditch is an area of London within the London Borough of Hackney. ^[126]

Novelist and social commentator Walter Besant proposed a 'Palace of Delight'^[127] with concert halls, reading rooms, picture galleries, an art school and various classes, social rooms and frequent fêtes and dances. Sir Walter Besant ( August 14, 1836, Portsmouth - June 9, 1901, London) was a Novelist and Historian This coincided with a project by the philanthropist businessman, Edmund Hay Currie to use the money from the winding up of the 'Beaumont Trust',^[128] together with subscriptions to build a 'People's Palace' in the East End. Five acres of land were secured on the Mile End Road, and the Queen's Hall was opened by Queen Victoria on 14 May 1887. Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Year 1887 ( MDCCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The complex was completed with a library, swimming pool, gymnasium and winter garden, by 1892, providing an eclectic mix of populist entertainment and education. A peak of 8000 'tickets' were sold for classes in 1892, and by 1900, a Bachelor of Science degree awarded by the University of London was introduced. A Bachelor of Science ( BS, BSc or BSc in the UK; less commonly S The University of London is a university based primarily in London, England, UK. ^[129] In 1931, the building was destroyed by fire, but the Draper's Company, major donors to the original scheme, invested more to rebuild the technical college and create Queen Mary's College in December 1934. The Worshipful Company of Drapers is one of the Livery Companies of the City of London; it has the formal name of The Master and Wardens and Brethren and Queen Mary University of London (known as Queen Mary and Westfield College until 2000 and still officially named as such in its charter Queen Mary incorporates several ^[130] A new 'People's Palace' was constructed, in 1937, by the Metropolitan Borough of Stepney, in St Helen's Terrace. The Metropolitan Borough of Stepney was a Metropolitan borough in the County of London created in 1900 This finally closed in 1954. ^[131]

Professional theatre returned briefly to the East End in 1972, with the formation of the Half Moon Theatre in a rented former synagogue in Aldgate. The Half Moon Theatre Company was formed in 1972 in a rented synagogue in Alie Street Aldgate, in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. In 1979, they moved to a former Methodist chapel, near Stepney Green and built a new theatre on the site, opening in May 1985, with a production of Sweeney Todd. Methodism is a movement within Protestant Christianity represented by a number of denominations and organizations Stepney Green is a London Underground station on the District and Hammersmith and City lines located on the junction of Globe Road and Mile End Road in Sweeney Todd is a semi-fictional character who first appeared as one of the Protagonists of a Penny dreadful serial entitled The String of Pearls The theatre enjoyed success, with premières by Dario Fo, Edward Bond and Steven Berkoff, but by the mid-1980s, the theatre suffered a financial crisis and closed. Dario Fo (born March 24, 1926) is an Italian satirist, Playwright, Theater director, Actor, and Composer Edward Bond (born 18 July 1934) is an English Playwright, Theatre director, Poet Steven Berkoff (born 3 August 1937 is an English Actor, Writer and director. After years of disuse, it has been converted to a public house. ^[132] The theatre spawned two further arts projects: the Half Moon Photography Workshop, exhibiting in the theatre and locally, and from 1976 publishing Camerwork,^[133] and the 'Half Moon Young People's Theatre', which remains active in Tower Hamlets. ^[134]

Today

Historically, the East End has suffered from under-investment in both housing stock and infrastructure. From the 1950s, the East End represented the structural and social changes affecting the UK economy in a microcosm. The economy of the United Kingdom is the fifth largest in the world in terms of market Exchange rates and the sixth largest by Purchasing power parity The area had one of the highest concentrations of council housing, the legacy both of slum clearance and war time destruction. The council house is a form of public or social housing in the United Kingdom. ^[135] The progressive closure of docks, cutbacks in railways and the closure and relocation of industry contributed to a long term decline, removing many of the traditional sources of low- and semi-skilled jobs. However, beginning with the LDDC, in the 1980s, there have been a number of urban regeneration projects, most notably Canary Wharf, a huge commercial and housing development on the Isle of Dogs. Urban Renewal (similar to Urban Regeneration in British English) is a controversial U Canary Wharf is a large business and shopping development in London, located in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, centred on the old West India Docks The Isle of Dogs is a former island in the East End of London that is surrounded on three sides (east south and west by one of the largest Meanders in Many of the 1960s tower blocks have been demolished or renovated, replaced by low rise housing, often in private ownership, or owned by housing associations. Housing associations in the United Kingdom are independent not-for-profit bodies that provide low-cost "social housing" for people in housing ^[136]

The area around Old Spitalfields market and Brick Lane has been extensively regenerated and is famous, amongst other things, as "London's curry capital",^[137] as well as being the home of a number of London's art galleries, including the notable Whitechapel Gallery. Old Spitalfields Market is a covered market in Spitalfields, just outside the City of London. Brick Lane ( Bangla: ব্রিক লেন is a long street in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, in the East End of London. Whitechapel Art Gallery was founded in 1901 to bring great art to the people of East London The artists Gilbert and George have long made their home and workshop in Spitalfields,^[138] and the neighbourhood around Hoxton Square has become a centre for modern British art, including the White Cube gallery, with many artists from the Young British Artists movement living and working in the area. Gilbert Prousch (often misspelled as Proesch) (born in San Martin (San Martino, Italy, September Spitalfields is an area in the borough of Tower Hamlets, in the East End of London, near to Liverpool Street station and Brick Hoxton Square is a garden square situated in Hoxton in the London Borough of Hackney, in London 's East End. White Cube is one of the most prominent contemporary commercial art galleries in the world Young British Artists or YBAs (also This has made the area around Hoxton and Shoreditch fashionable, with many former residents and artists now driven out by higher property prices, and a busy nightlife has developed, with over 80 licensed premises around Shoreditch. Shoreditch is an area of London within the London Borough of Hackney. ^[139]

By the mid-1980s, both the District Line (extended to the East End in 1884 and 1902)^[140] and Central Line (1946)^[141] were running beyond their capacity, and the Docklands Light Railway (1987) and Jubilee Line (1999) were constructed to improve rail communications through the riverside district. The District line is a line of the London Underground, coloured green on the Tube map. The Central line is a line of the London Underground and coloured red on the Tube map. The Docklands Light Railway (DLR is a Light rail system serving the redeveloped Docklands area of East London England. The Jubilee line is a line on the London Underground ("the Tube" in the United Kingdom. There was a long standing plan to provide London with an inner motorway box, the East Cross Route. East Cross Route (ECR was the designation for the eastern section of Ringway 1, the innermost circuit of the London Ringways network a complex and comprehensive Apart from a short section, this was never built,^[142] but road communications were improved by the completion of the Limehouse Link tunnel under Limehouse Basin in 1993 and the extension of the A12 connecting to the Blackwall tunnel with an upgraded carriageway in the 1990s. The Limehouse Link tunnel is a Tunnel carrying the A1203 road in the Limehouse area of East London. The Limehouse Basin in Limehouse, in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets provides a navigable link between the Regent's Canal and the River Thames The Blackwall Tunnel is a pair of road Tunnels underneath the River Thames in east London, linking the London Borough of Tower Hamlets with the The extension of the East London line to the north, on the border between Islington and Hackney, is scheduled to provide further travel links in 2010. The East London Line was a line of the London Underground, coloured orange on the Tube map. From 2017, Crossrail line 1 is expected to create a fast railway service across London, from east to west, with a major interchange at Whitechapel. Crossrail is a project to build major new Railway connections under central London. New river crossings are planned at Beckton, (the Thames Gateway Bridge)^[143] and the proposed Silvertown Link road tunnel, to supplement the existing Blackwall Tunnel. Beckton is also the code name for a forthcoming Xeon processor The Thames Gateway Bridge is a proposed new crossing of the River Thames in East London. The Silvertown Link is a new Thames river crossing proposed to supplement the existing Blackwall Tunnel, although this crossing will join the Greenwich Peninsula The Blackwall Tunnel is a pair of road Tunnels underneath the River Thames in east London, linking the London Borough of Tower Hamlets with the ^[144]

The 2012 Summer Olympics will be held in an Olympic Park created on former industrial land around the River Lee. The Olympic Park London, is a new sporting complex to be built in Stratford in East London for the 2012 Summer Olympics. River Lee may refer to The River Lee (England The River Lee (Ireland It is intended that this should leave a legacy of new sports facilities, housing, and industrial and technical infrastructure that will further help regenerate the area. ^[9] This is linked to a new Stratford International station in Newham, and the future Stratford City development. Stratford International station is a railway station located in Stratford in the London Borough of Newham in East London. The London Borough of Newham ( is a London borough in East London, within Greater London. Stratford City is a project to create a major new mixed use urban centre in East London on the site of a former railway goods yard at Stratford. ^[145] Also in Newham is London City Airport, built in 1986 in the former King George V Dock, a small airport serving short-haul domestic and European destinations. London City Airport is a single-runway Airport, intended for use by STOL (Short Take Off and Landing Airliners and principally serving the financial The King George V Dock is one of three docks in the Royal Docks of east London, now part of the redeveloped Docklands. In the same area, the University of East London has developed a new campus, and the Queen Mary campus has expanded into new accommodation both adjacent to its existing site at Mile End, and with specialist medical campuses at the Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel and at Charterhouse Square in the City. The University of East London ( UEL) is a British New University based on two campuses in East London. Royal London Museum and Archives The Royal London has a museum which is located in the crypt of a 19th century church Charterhouse Square is a historic square in Smithfield, between Charterhouse Street and Clerkenwell Road. Whitechapel is the base for the London Air Ambulance, and the hospital's clinical facilities are undergoing a £1 billion refurbishment and expansion. London's Air Ambulance, is an Air ambulance, also known as a Helicopter Emergency Medical Service (HEMS, which responds to seriously ill or injured casualties ^[146]

Much of the area remains, however, one of the poorest in Britain and contains some of the capital's worst deprivation. This is in spite of rising property prices and the extensive building of luxury apartments centred largely around the former dock areas and alongside the Thames. With rising costs elsewhere in the capital and the availability of brownfield land, the East End has become a desirable place for business. ^[10]

In popular culture

The East End has been the subject of parliamentary commissions and other examinations of social conditions since the 19th century, as seen in Henry Mayhew's London Labour and the London Poor (1851)^[147] and Charles Booth's Life and Labour of the People in London (1902). Gus Elen ( &ndash) was a British Music hall singer He achieved success from 1891 performing Cockney songs and sketches as a 'coster' comedian Background Henry Mayhew (25 November 1812 - 25th July 1887 was an English social Researcher, Journalist, Playwright and advocate of London Labour and the London Poor is a work of Victorian journalism by Henry Mayhew. Charles Booth ( 30 March 1840 - 23 November 1916) was an English Philanthropist and social researcher ^[43] Narrative accounts of experiences amongst the East End poor were also written by Jack London in The People of the Abyss (1903) and by George Orwell in parts of his novel Down and Out in Paris and London, recounting his own experiences in the 1930s. Jack London (January 12 1876 &ndash November 22 1916 was an American author who wrote The Call of the Wild, White Fang, and The The People of the Abyss (1903 is a book by Jack London about life in the East End of London in 1902 Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950 who used the Pseudonym George Orwell, was an English writer Down and Out in Paris and London is George Orwell 's semi-autobiographical account of living in Poverty in both cities A further detailed study of Bethnal Green was carried out in the 1950s by sociologists Michael Young and Peter Willmott, in Family and Kinship in East London. Michael Young Baron Young of Dartington ( 9 August 1915, Manchester - 14 January 2002) was a British sociologist Family and Kinship in East London was a 1957 sociological study of how the urban working class lived as a community ^[148]

Themes from these social investigations have been drawn out in fiction. Crime, poverty, vice, sexual transgression, drugs, class-conflict and multi-cultural encounters and fantasies involving Jewish, Chinese and Indian immigrants are major themes. Though the area has been productive of local writing talent, from the time of Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891) the idea of 'slumming it' in the 'forbidden' East End has held a fascination for a coterie of the literati. The Picture of Dorian Gray is the only published Novel written by Oscar Wilde, first appearing as the lead story in Lippincott's Monthly Magazine ^[149]

The image of the East Ender changed dramatically between the 19th century and the 20th. From the 1870s they were characterised in culture as often shiftless, untrustworthy and responsible for their own poverty. ^[148] However, many East Enders worked in lowly but respectable occupations such as carters, porters and costermongers. A porter, also called a bearer, is a person who carries objects A costermonger was a street seller of fruit and vegetables The term which derived from the words costard (a type of large ribbed apple and Monger This later group particularly became the subject of music hall songs at the turn of the century, with performers such as Marie Lloyd, Gus Elen and Albert Chevalier establishing the image of the humorous East End Cockney and highlighting the conditions of ordinary workers. Matilda Alice Victoria Wood ( 12 February 1870 &ndash 7 October 1922) was an English Music-hall Singer, Gus Elen ( &ndash) was a British Music hall singer He achieved success from 1891 performing Cockney songs and sketches as a 'coster' comedian Background Albert Onesime Britannicus Gwathveoyd Louis Chevalier ( March 21 1861 &ndash July 10 1923) was an English Comedian and ^[150] This image, buoyed by close family and social links, and the community's fortitude in the war, came to be represented in literature and film. However, with the rise of the Kray Twins, in the 1960s, the dark side of East End character returned, with a new emphasis on criminality and gangsterism.

Literature

See also East End Literature

The East End features in one of the earliest works in English, Geoffrey Chaucer's (1343–1400) The Prioress' Prologue and Tale (ca. East End Literature comprises novels short stories plays poetry and non-fictional writings set in the East End of London. Geoffrey Chaucer (c 1343 – 25 October 1400? was an English author poet Philosopher, bureaucrat, courtier and Diplomat. The Prioress's Tale follows The Shipman's Tale in Geoffrey Chaucer 's The Canterbury Tales. 1390), which makes fun of the Prioress' Cockney accent: "After the scole of stratford atte bowe, For frenssh of parys was to hire unknowe". Bow is an area of East London England, in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. ^[151]

Charles Dickens (1812–70), throughout his work, draws extensively on his experiences of poverty in London. His godfather had a sail making business in Limehouse, and he based the Six Jolly Fellowship Porters in Our Mutual Friend (1864–65) on a public house still standing there. Limehouse is a place in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. It is on the northern bank of the River Thames opposite Rotherhithe and between Ratcliff Our Mutual Friend (written in the years 1864–65 is the last novel completed by Charles Dickens and is in many ways one of his most sophisticated works combining The Red Bull, a now demolished inn situated in Whitechapel, features in his Pickwick Papers. The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, better known as The Pickwick Papers, is the first novel by Charles Dickens. On leaving it Sam Weller makes the sage remark that Whitechapel is "not a wery nice neighbourhood". Sam Weller is a Fictional character in The Pickwick Papers, the first novel by Charles Dickens, and is allegedly the character that made Dickens Fagin in Dickens's Oliver Twist appears to be based on a notorious 'fence' named Ikey Solomon (1785–1850) who operated in 1820's Whitechapel. Fagin (ˈfeɪɡɪn is a Fictional character who appears in the Charles Dickens novel Oliver Twist, referred to in the preface of the novel Oliver Twist (1838 is Charles Dickens' second Novel. The book was originally published in Bentley's Miscellany as a serial In law enforcement a fence is an individual who knowingly buys stolen property for later resale in a (usually legitimate market Isaac (Ikey Solomon (1785-1850 was an English criminal who became an extremely successful receiver of stolen property ^[152] Dickens was also a frequent visitor to the East End theatres and music halls of Hoxton, Shoreditch and Whitechapel, writing of his visits in his journals and his journalism. ^[153] A visit he made to an opium den in Bluegate Fields inspired certain scenes in his last, unfinished, novel The Mystery of Edwin Drood (1870). Bluegate Fields (also known as Blue Gate Fields was one of the worst Slum areas that once existed just north of the old East London docks during the Victorian The Mystery of Edwin Drood is the final Novel by Charles Dickens. ^[154]

Arthur Morrison (1863–1945), who was a native East-Ender, wrote A Child of the Jago (1896) a fictional account of the extreme poverty encountered in the Old Nichol Street Rookery. Arthur George Morrison ( November 1, 1863 London - December 4, 1945) was an English Author and Journalist Arthur George Morrison ( November 1, 1863 London - December 4, 1945) was an English Author and Journalist The Boundary Estate is a housing development formally opened in 1900 in the East End of London, England. A rookery is a colony of breeding animals The term is most commonly applied to the nesting place of Birds such as the Crow and rook, a bird similar Oscar Wilde (1854–1900) observed the practice of 'people of quality' visiting the many entertainments available in Whitechapel and sent his hedonistic hero Dorian Gray there to sample the delights on offer in his novel The Picture of Dorian Gray. Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (16 October 1854 – 30 November 1900 was an Irish Playwright, Novelist, poet and Author of The Picture of Dorian Gray is the only published Novel written by Oscar Wilde, first appearing as the lead story in Lippincott's Monthly Magazine The Picture of Dorian Gray is the only published Novel written by Oscar Wilde, first appearing as the lead story in Lippincott's Monthly Magazine

The experiences of the Jewish community in the East End inspired many works of fiction. Israel Zangwill (1864–1926), educated in Spitalfields, wrote the influential Children of the Ghetto: A Study of a Peculiar People (1892) and other novels on this subject. Israel Zangwill ( January 21, 1864 - August 1, 1926) was an English -born humourist and writer Another Jewish writer, Simon Blumenfeld (1907–2005) wrote plays and novels, such as Jew Boy (1935), informed by his years in Whitechapel. ^[155]Wolf Mankowitz, of Bethnal Green, was another Jewish writer from the area. Bethnal Green is an area in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, in the East End of London. His 1953 book A Kid for Two Farthings, set in the East End, was adapted for the cinema three years later. A Kid for Two Farthings is a 1953 novel by the British writer Wolf Mankowitz, based on the author's experiences of growing up within a Jewish

Chinatown, Limehouse, also provided inspiration for novelists. The name Chinatown has been used at different times to describe different places in London. Sax Rohmer (1883–1959) wrote fantasies set there, featuring many scenes in opium dens, introducing one of the 20th century's master villains, Fu Manchu, in a series of novels of which the first was The Mystery of Dr Fu Manchu (1913). Arthur Henry Sarsfield Ward ( 15 February 1883 - 1 June 1959) better known as Sax Rohmer, was a prolific English Novelist An opium den was an establishment where Opium was sold and smoked Dr Fu Manchu is a Fictional character first featured in a series of novels by English author Sax Rohmer during the first half of the 20th century The Insidious Dr Fu Manchu (1913 (USA title also known as The Mystery of Dr Fu Manchu (UK title is the first novel in the Dr Fu Manchu (sometimes “Fu-Manchu” Thomas Burke (1886–1945) explored the same territory in Limehouse Nights (1916). Thomas Burke (November 1886 &ndash September 22, 1945) was a British author

Playwrights have often located their work in the East End. During the 1950s and 1960s, much drama was inspired and encouraged by the work of Joan Littlewood and Theatre Workshop, based in the Theatre Royal, Stratford East. Joan Maud Littlewood ( 6 October, 1914 - 20 September, 2002) was a British theatrical director famous for her work in developing the left-wing Theatre Workshop is a Theatre group noted for their director Joan Littlewood. The Theatre Royal Stratford East is a Theatre in Stratford in the London Borough of Newham. Their new works explored the experiences and position of their local audience. Many productions transferred both to the West End and were made into films. West End theatre is a popular term for mainstream professional theatre staged in the large theatres of London 's "Theatreland" In the 1970s and 1980s the Half Moon Theatre presented premières of European works and new works by London playwrights, such as Edward Bond and Stephen Berkoff. The Half Moon Theatre Company was formed in 1972 in a rented synagogue in Alie Street Aldgate, in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. Edward Bond (born 18 July 1934) is an English Playwright, Theatre director, Poet Steven Berkoff (born 3 August 1937 is an English Actor, Writer and director.

One contemporary manifestation exploring the 'collision of worlds' made possible by the East End is the school of psychogeography espoused most prominently by Peter Ackroyd (1949– ) in such novels as Hawksmoor (1985) and Dan Leno and the Limehouse Golem (1994) and Iain Sinclair (1943– ) in such novels as White Chappell, Scarlet Tracings (1987). Psychogeography was defined in 1955 by Guy Debord as the "the study of the precise laws and specific effects of the geographical environment consciously organized or not Peter Ackroyd (born 5 October 1949, East Acton, London) is an English Author. Iain Sinclair is a British Writer and Film maker Much of his work is rooted in London most recently within the influences of Psychogeography A more realistic fictionalisation on the contemporary gentrification of the area, and the rise of the yuppie, is provided by Penelope Lively in Passing On (1989) and City of the Mind (1991) and by P. D. James in Original Sin (1994). Gentrification, or urban gentrification, is the change in an Urban area associated with the movement of more affluent individuals into a lower-class The term yuppie (short for " young urban professional Penelope Lively CBE (born March 17, 1933) is a prolific popular and critically acclaimed author of fiction for both children and adults Phyllis Dorothy James Baroness James of Holland Park, OBE, FRSA, FRSL (born 3 August, 1920) is an English Crime writer Original Sin is a 1994 Detective novel in the Adam Dalgliesh series by P Emblematic of the current world-wide clash of civilisations between West and East, of which the East End has historically been a microcosm, are Monica Ali's (1967– ) novel Brick Lane (2003), and Salman Rushdie's fantastic and controversial The Satanic Verses (1988) which also uses Brick Lane as a location. The Clash of Civilizations is a Theory, proposed by Political scientist Samuel P Monica Ali (born October 20, 1967) is a British writer of Bangladeshi origin Brick Lane ( Bangla: ব্রিক লেন is a long street in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, in the East End of London. Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie Kt (born 19 June 1947 is an Indian - British novelist and essayist The Satanic Verses is Salman Rushdie 's fourth Novel, first published in 1988 and inspired in part by the life of Muhammad. ^[156]

TV

One of the earliest television portrayals of the East End was Dixon of Dock Green (1955–1976). Dixon of Dock Green was a popular BBC television series, which ran from 1955 to 1976 and later a radio series In this programme, Sergeant George Dixon pounded the fictional beat of Dock Green, with a script by Ted Willis. Edward Henry Willis Baron Willis ( 13 January 1914 - 22 December 1992 and they had a son and a daughter The series arose from the film, The Blue Lamp (1950) that was based on the real life murder of a policeman based at Leman Street, Aldgate. The Blue Lamp is a British Crime film released in early 1950 by Ealing Studios directed by Basil Dearden and produced The television series enjoyed considerable success. The script was based on research at Paddington Green Police Station and filmed at the BBC's Lime Grove Studios, in West London. Paddington Green Police Station in Paddington, west central London, England, is a station operated by the Metropolitan Police Service Lime Grove Studios was a Film studio complex built by the Gaumont Film Company in 1915 situated in a street named Lime Grove, in Shepherd's Bush The characterisation by the lead, Jack Warner, was held in such high regard that officers from Paddington Green bore the coffin at his funeral in 1981. This article is about Jack Warner the English film and television actor ^[157]

EastEnders, a BBC soap opera broadcast since 1985, is set in the fictional London Borough of Walford. EastEnders is a most popular and award-winning Television Soap opera, first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC1 on 19 February 1985 A soap opera is an ongoing episodic work of Fiction, usually broadcast on Television or Radio. For real places called Walford see Walford (disambiguation Walford is a fictional borough of East London in the popular The programme is actually filmed at a purpose-built set at the Elstree Studios in Hertfordshire, and the paradigms for the show are thought to lie beyond the East End, in Stratford and Walthamstow. Historically the name " Elstree Studios " refers to any of several Film studios that were based in the towns of Borehamwood and Elstree in Hertfordshire (ˈhɑːtfədʃə(r, abbreviated Herts) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in the East region of Stratford, historically Stratford Langthorne, is a place in the London Borough of Newham in East London. This article is about a town For the album by East 17 see Walthamstow (album. In that, the programme does represent the diaspora of East Enders who have moved out of the district, and draws on the themes of family and social integration. An earlier programme, Til Death Us Do Part (1965–1975) attempted to satirise the stereotypical attitudes of an East Ender, Alf Garnett, played by Warren Mitchell. Till Death Us Do Part is a British sitcom that aired on BBC1 from 1965 to 1975 Alf Garnett is a Fictional character in the British sitcoms Till Death Us Do Part, Till Death This is about the English actor For the college basketball coach go to Warren Mitchell (basketball. The locale for this programme has been variously placed in Wapping and West Ham, with the principal character a supporter of West Ham United F.C.. Wapping (pronounced 'Wopping' is a place in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets which forms part of the Docklands to the east of the City of London. West Ham is a district in the London Borough of Newham, in east London, England, located east of Charing Cross. } West Ham United Football Club is an English football club based in Upton Park, London Borough of Newham, East London, who have played The comedic theme of the programme was the interaction between members of the family, and the inability of the principal character to adapt to the rapid changes in his world. The piece inspired the hit American remake All in the Family,^[158] among others. All in the Family is an American Situation comedy that was originally broadcast on the CBS television network from January 12 1971 to April

Film

Film has also explored the issues and themes affecting the East End. Many early films were made in Hoxton, at Gainsborough Studios. Gainsborough Pictures was a Film studio based on the south bank of the Regent's Canal, in Poole Street Hoxton in the London Borough of Hackney With their association with German cinema realism, many of these were made in the streets around the studio.

In more modern films, gangsterism has featured. Sparrers Can't Sing (1962),^[159] developed by Theatre Workshop, dealt with issues of change in the East End — a sailor comes home from the sea, to find his home redeveloped and his family moved to a new council block. Sparrers Can't Sing ( Sparrows Can't Sing in the United States) is a 1962 British film The sets were often visited by local gangsters, the Krays, who actually made a cameo appearance in the film. ^[160] The The Long Good Friday (1980) develops the same themes of change, with a gangster seeking legitimacy in the redevelopment of Docklands. The Long Good Friday is a British Gangster film starring Bob Hoskins and Helen Mirren. His brutality is only matched by that of the IRA. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (Óglaigh na hÉireann ( IRA; also referred to as the PIRA, the Provos, or by some of its supporters as the ^[161]

The theme of a return to find a changing society is also brought out in For Queen and Country (1989). For Queen and Country is a 1989 Crime drama Film from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and produced by Atlantic Entertainment Group ^[162] Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels (1998) again explores gangsterism, with change represented by amateur white collar criminals. Lock Stock and Two Smoking Barrels is a 1998 British Crime film directed and written by Guy Ritchie. Conflict arises between them and old firm criminals, immigrant gangsters and a group of less than honest friends, raised in the East End. ^[163]

Romantic encounters with a multi-cultural erotic frisson, set in Limehouse's Chinatown, are the theme of Broken Blossoms (1919), derived from a story in Thomas Burke's Limehouse Nights and Piccadilly (1929) starring Anna May Wong as an alluring Chinese nightclub performer. Broken Blossoms is a 1919 silent film film directed by D W Griffith and starring Lillian Gish, Richard Barthelmess Piccadilly ( 1929) is a silent British film directed by Ewald André Dupont, written by Arnold Bennett and starring Anna May Wong (or Wong Liu Tsong,, January 3 1905 – February 2 1961 was an American actress, the first Chinese American movie star and the first ^[164] Limehouse is also the scene of the Fu Manchu films — based on Sax Rohmer's novels. These began with some short British serials 1923–4 before the first American feature film The Mysterious Dr. Fu Manchu appeared in 1929, followed by many others. The Mysterious Dr Fu Manchu is a 1929 film starring Warner Oland as Dr ^[165]

Further multi-cultural encounters are featured in the film Brick Lane (2007) based on the novel by Monica Ali. Monica Ali (born October 20, 1967) is a British writer of Bangladeshi origin ^[166]

The East End is featured as the setting for the Hughes brothers' film From Hell (film) (2001) based on the Alan Moore graphic-novel of the same name. From Hell is a 2001 film based on the Graphic novel of the same name by Alan Moore and Eddie Campbell. Alan Moore (born November 18 1953 in Northampton) is an English Writer most famous for his influential work in Comics, including the acclaimed ^[167]

See also

• Compare to West End of London
• Cockney, both a dialect and the people who speak it, prevalent in the East End
• Historical immigration to Great Britain
• Arrival of black immigrants in London

Museums of local history

• Island History Trust
• Museum in Docklands
• Ragged School Museum
• V&A Museum of Childhood

References

• This article incorporates text from the 1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, a publication now in the public domain. Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common The Jewish Encyclopedia was an Encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls. The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone

Further reading

• Geoffrey Bell, The other Eastenders : Kamal Chunchie and West Ham's early black community (Stratford: Eastside Community Heritage, 2002)
• Walter Besant. Sir Walter Besant ( August 14, 1836, Portsmouth - June 9, 1901, London) was a Novelist and Historian All Sorts and Conditions of Men (1882)
• Gerry Black Jewish London: An Illustrated History (Breedon) ISBN 1-85983-363-2
• William J. Fishman, East End 1888: Life in a London Borough Among the Laboring Poor (1989)
• William J. William J Fishman is a British academic He is the author of several books about the history of the East End of London. Fishman, Streets of East London (1992) (with photographs by Nicholas Breach)
• William J. Nicholas Breach is a photographer specializing in architecture Fishman, East End Jewish Radicals 1875-1914 (2004)
• Gretchen Gerzina, Black London: Life Before Emancipation (New Jersey, 1995)
• Tony Lambrianou, Inside the Firm: The Untold Story of the Krays' Reign of Terror - (2002)
• Nigel Glendinning, Joan Griffiths, Jim Hardiman, Christopher Lloyd and Victoria Poland, Changing Places: a short history of the Mile End Old Town RA area (Mile End Old Town Residents’ Association, 2001)
• Derek Morris, Mile End Old Town 1740-1780: A social history of an early modern London Suburb (East London History Society, 2007) ISBN 978-0-9506258-6-7
• Alan Palmer, The East End (John Murray, London 1989)

External links

• East End Film Society
• The East End of London on h2g2
• East London History Society
• Jewish East End of London
• London Metropolitan University Eastend Archive: The Paul Trevor Collection
• Stepney and Bethnal Green Victoria County History of Middlesex Vol 11

h2g2 is a collaborative online encyclopedia project engaged in the construction of in its own words "an unconventional guide to life the universe and everything"

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