The East Asia Summit (EAS) is a pan-Asia forum held annually by the leaders of 16 countries in East Asia and the region, with ASEAN in a leadership position. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, commonly referred to as ASEAN, ˈɑːsiːɑːn AH-see-ahn in English (the Official language Russia has applied for membership and as of 2005, attends on observer status. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The first summit was held in Kuala Lumpur on December 14, 2005 and subsequent meetings will be held after the annual ASEAN leaders’ meetings. Kuala Lumpur (ˈkwɑːləlʊmˈpʊər Malay /kwɑlɑlʊmpʊ/ and locally /kwɑləlʊmpɔ/ or even /kɔlɔmpɔ/ or often abbreviated as K Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Countries involved

ASEAN countries are depicted in blue, the additional ASEAN Plus Three countries in red, the three additional members of EAS in green, and Russia as a proposed member of EAS in orange. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, commonly referred to as ASEAN, ˈɑːsiːɑːn AH-see-ahn in English (the Official language

The 16 countries involved in the first EAS in December 2005 (Malaysia) and the second EAS in January 2007 (the Philippines) were:

• the 10 members of ASEAN
  •  Indonesia
  •  Malaysia
  •  Philippines
  •  Singapore
  •  Thailand
  •  Brunei
  •  Vietnam
  •  Laos
  •  Myanmar
  •  Cambodia
• plus the three additional members of ASEAN Plus Three
  •  China
  •  Japan
  •  South Korea
• plus
  •  India
  •  Australia
  •  New Zealand

History prior to the first East Asia Summit

The concept of an East Asia Grouping has significant history going back to an idea first promoted in 1991 by then Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohamad for an East Asia Economic Caucus^[1]. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, commonly referred to as ASEAN, ˈɑːsiːɑːn AH-see-ahn in English (the Official language The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Singapore The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj Brunei Darussalam, (bruːˈnaɪ in English officially the State of Brunei Abode of Peace (Negara Brunei Darussalam Jawi: برني دارالسلام Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Laos (ˈlɑːoʊs or /ˈlaʊs/ officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a Landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Tun Dr Mahathir bin Mohamad (ma'ħɑðiɽ bin mʊħɑmmæd̚ (recorded as born on 20 December 1925 was the fourth Prime Minister of The East Asia Economic Caucus ( EAEC) or East Asia Economic Group ( EAEG) is a regional Free trade zone (FTA proposed in 1990 by former Malaysian

The final report in 2002 of the East Asian Study Group, established by the ASEAN Plus Three countries, was based on an EAS involving ASEAN Plus Three, therefore not involving Australia, New Zealand or India ^[2]. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The EAS as proposed was to be an ASEAN led development, with the summit to be linked to ASEAN summit meetings however the issue was to which contries beyond those in ASEAN the EAS was to be extended to. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, commonly referred to as ASEAN, ˈɑːsiːɑːn AH-see-ahn in English (the Official language

The decision to hold the EAS was reached during the 2004 ASEAN Plus Three summit and the initial 16 members determined at the ASEAN Plus Three Ministerial Meeting held in Laos at the end of July 2005^[3]. Laos (ˈlɑːoʊs or /ˈlaʊs/ officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a Landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma

Credit for advancing the forum during the 2004 ASEAN Plus Three summit has been attributed to Malaysia^[4]

Meetings held

Meeting	Country	Location	Date	Note
First EAS	Malaysia	Kuala Lumpur	December 14, 2005	Russia attended as a guest. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and The East Asia Summit (EAS is a pan- Asia forum held annually by the leaders of 16 countries in the East Asian region For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Kuala Lumpur (ˈkwɑːləlʊmˈpʊər Malay /kwɑlɑlʊmpʊ/ and locally /kwɑləlʊmpɔ/ or even /kɔlɔmpɔ/ or often abbreviated as K Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
Second EAS	Philippines	Cebu City	January 15, 2007	Rescheduled from December 13, 2006. The East Asia Summit (EAS is a pan- Asia forum held annually by the leaders of 16 countries in the East Asian region The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP The City of Cebu ( Cebuano: Dakbayan sa Sugbo, Filipino: Lungsod ng Cebu) is the capital of Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy Security
Third EAS	Singapore	Singapore	November 21, 2007	Singapore Declaration on Climate Change, Energy and the Environment[5] Agreed to establish Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia
Fourth EAS	Thailand	TBC	TBC	TBC

First EAS in 2005

Main article: First EAS

Prior to the first meeting there was significant discussion as to which countries should be represented ^[6]. The Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy Security was signed by 16 nations after a three hour meeting of delegates at the East Asia Summit in Cebu on January The East Asia Summit (EAS is a pan- Asia forum held annually by the leaders of 16 countries in the East Asian region Singapore Singapore Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia or ERIA is a policy think tank proposed by Japan arising out of the East Asia Summit, proposed at the Second EAS The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj The East Asia Summit (EAS is a pan- Asia forum held annually by the leaders of 16 countries in the East Asian region At the time there were difficulties in the relationship between the "Plus Three" members (ie Japan, China and South Korea) of ASEAN Plus Three^[7], and the perception that India and to a lesser extent Australia and New Zealand were present to balance the growing China power^[8] all meant the first meeting's achievements were limited.

Second EAS in 2007

Main article: Second EAS

The next EAS was to be held on December 13, 2006 in Metro Cebu, Philippines. The East Asia Summit (EAS is a pan- Asia forum held annually by the leaders of 16 countries in the East Asian region Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. FROM OLD INFOBOX map_file = Ph_locator_cebu_metro_cebupng | 100px | cities = 7 | municipalities = 6 | barangays = 349 | districts After the confidence building of the inaugural EAS the 2006 EAS will help to define the future role of the EAS, its relationship with ASEAN Plus Three and the involvement of Russia in EAS. However in the face of Tropical Typhoon Utor the summit was post-poned until January 2007 ^[9]. It was re-scheduled for January 15, 2007, approximately a month after the original scheduled date. Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.

The outcomes are summarised in the Chairman's Statement of the Second East Asia Summit.

Energy

The EAS members signed the Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy Security, a declaration on energy security and biofuels containing statement for members to prepare, non-binding, targets ^[10]. The Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy Security was signed by 16 nations after a three hour meeting of delegates at the East Asia Summit in Cebu on January

Trade and the Comprehensive Economic Partnership in East Asia (CEPEA)

As to trade and regional integration the following was noted in the Chair's report:

12. We welcomed ASEAN's efforts towards further integration and community building, and reaffirmed our resolve to work closely together in narrowing development gaps in our region. We reiterated our support for ASEAN's role as the driving force for economic integration in this region. To deepen integration, we agreed to launch a Track Two study on a Comprehensive Economic Partnership in East Asia (CEPEA) among EAS participants. We tasked the ASEAN Secretariat to prepare a time frame for the study and to invite all our countries to nominate their respective participants in it. We welcomed Japan's proposal for an Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA). The Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia or ERIA is a policy think tank proposed by Japan arising out of the East Asia Summit, proposed at the Second EAS

The reality appears however that movement towards such a relationship is a long way-off. Lee Kuan Yew has compared the relationshiop between South-East Asia and India with that of the European Community and Turkey, and has suggested that a free-trade area involving South-East Asia and India is 30 to 50 years away^[11]. Lee Kuan Yew, GCMG, CH ( born September 16 1923 also spelled Lee Kwan-Yew) is a Singaporean of Chinese immigrant background The European Community (EC is one of the Three pillars of the European Union (EU created under the Maastricht Treaty (1992 Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches

The members of EAS agreed to study the Japanese proposed ^[12] Comprehensive Economic Partnership in East Asia (CEPEA). The Track Two report on CEPEA is due to be completed in mid-2008^[13] and at the Third EAS it was agreed this would be considered at the Fourth EAS. The East Asia Summit (EAS is a pan- Asia forum held annually by the leaders of 16 countries in the East Asian region

As noted above the Second EAS welcomed the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA). It was subsequently announced that the ERIA would be established in November 2007^[14] and confirmed at the Third EAS. The East Asia Summit (EAS is a pan- Asia forum held annually by the leaders of 16 countries in the East Asian region

Third EAS in 2007

Main article: Third EAS

The issues of Myanmar or Burma, following the 2007 Burmese anti-government protests,and climate change were expected to be discussed at the Third EAS. The East Asia Summit (EAS is a pan- Asia forum held annually by the leaders of 16 countries in the East Asian region Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. The 2007 Burmese anti-government protests were a series of anti-government protests that started in Burma (also known as Union of Myanmar on August 15, Climate change is any long-term significant change in the “average weather” that a given region experiences

Burma successfully blocked formal discussion of its internal affairs^[15].

The summit did issue the Singapore Declaration on Climate Change, Energy and the Environment^[16].

The Summit also agreed to the establishment of ERIA and to receive the final report on CEPEA at the Fourth EAS^[17].

The outcomes are summarised in the Chairman's Statement of the 3rd East Asia Summit Singapore, 21 November 2007.

East Asian Community

Main article: East Asian Community

After the EAS was established the issue arose of whether any future East Asia Community would arise from the EAS or ASEAN Plus Three. East Asian Community ( EAC) is a proposed Trade bloc for the East Asia countries that may arise out of either ASEAN Plus Three or the East Prior to the creation of the EAS it appeared that ASEAN Plus Three would take the role of community building in East Asia^[18]

Malyasia felt that it was still the case that the role of the community building fell to ASEAN Plus Three shortly before the second EAS despite "confusion"^[19]. China apparently agreed whereas Japan and India felt the EAS should be the focus of the East Asian Community^[20].

After the first EAS the feasibility of EAS to have a community building role was questioned with Ong Keng Yong, the secretary-general of ASEAN being quoted as describing the EAS as little more than a "brainstorming forum"^[21]. Ong Keng Yong (born 1954) is a Singaporean diplomat He has been the secretary-general of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations since January 6 Nevertheless the Chairman’s Press Statement for the Seventh ASEAN Plus Three Foreign Ministers’ Meeting Kuala Lumpur, 26 July 2006 said

25. The Ministers welcomed the convening of the East Asia Summit as a forum for dialogue on broad strategic, political and economic issues of common interest with the aim of promoting peace, stability and economic prosperity in East Asia. In this respect, they recognized that the East Asia Summit could make a significant contribution to the achievement of the long-term goal of establishing an East Asian community.

It appeared that over time following the first EAS the focus was less on whether the EAS has a role in community building to what the role and whether it was secondary to ASEAN Plus Three. By mid-2006 the Chinese news site Xinhua Net suggested the community would would arise through a two-phase process with ASEAN Plus Three as the first phase and the EAS as the second phase ^[22]. The China-India joint declaration of 21 November 2006 linked, at paragraph 43, the EAS with the East Asian Community process^[23].

The concentric circle model of the community process with ASEAN at the centre, ASEAN Plus Three at the next band and the East Asia Summit at the outer band is supported by the Second Joint Statement on East Asia Cooperation Building on the Foundations of ASEAN Plus Three Cooperation which said:

III. Looking Forward to a Decade of Consolidation and Closer Integration (2007-2017)

A. Defining the Objectives and Roles of the ASEAN Plus Three Cooperation in the Emerging Regional Architecture

1. We reaffirmed that the ASEAN Plus Three Process would remain as the main vehicle towards the long-term goal of building an East Asian community, with ASEAN as the driving force.

. . .

3. We recognised and supported the mutually reinforcing and complementary roles of the ASEAN Plus Three process and such regional fora as EAS, ARF, APEC and ASEM to promote East Asian community building.

4. We reiterated that East Asian integration is an open, transparent, inclusive, and forward-looking process for mutual benefits and support internationally shared values to achieve peace, stability, democracy and prosperity in the region. Guided by the vision for durable peace and shared prosperity in East Asia and beyond, we will stand guided by new economic flows, evolving strategic interactions and the belief to continue to engage all interested countries and organisations towards the realisation of an open regional architecture capable of adapting to changes and new dynamism.

On any view community building is not a short term project. However after the second EAS the Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh was confident that the EAS would lead to an East Asia Community^[24]. Manmohan Singh (ਮਨਮੋਹਨ ਸਿੰਘ (born 26 September 1932 is the 17th China had also apparently accepted this was the case^[25]

If achieved the Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia (CEPEA) would be a tangible first step in the community building process. The second EAS seems to have increased confidence in CEPEA but is still only a proposal^[26].

It has been suggested that as the EAS consists of an "anti-region" the propsects of it forming a community are less than likely^[27].

The relationship with ASEAN Plus Three

The relationship between the EAS on the one hand and ASEAN Plus Three on the other is still not clear. As discussed above, some countries are more supportive of the narrower ASEAN Plus Three grouping whereas others support the broader, more inclusive EAS. ASEAN Plus Three, which has been meeting since December 1997^[28] has a history, including the Chiang Mai initiative^[29] which appears to have led to the development of the Asian Currency Unit. The Chiang Mai Initiative (CMI is an initiative under the ASEAN+3 framework which aims for creation of a network of Bilateral Swap Arrangements (BSAs among The Asian Currency Unit (ACU is a proposed weighted index of currencies for ASEAN+3. This may be significant for those advocating a broader role for EAS in the future.

The tension between the groupings extends to the respective members' intentions towards future Free Trade Agreements with China and South Korea focused on ASEAN Plus Three and Japan on the broader EAS members^[30].

The 1997 Asian financial crisis had demonstrated the need for regional groupings and initiatives. The Asian Financial Crisis was a period of Financial crisis that gripped much of Asia beginning in July 1997 and raised fears of a worldwide economic meltdown ( It was during this time ASEAN Plus Three had commenced and it was also during this time that the East Asian caucus was being discussed.

The EAS is just one regional grouping and some members down play its significance, the former Australian Prime Minister John Howard has stated that the EAS was secondary as as regional summit to Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) which has on his view a premier role ^[31]. See also Howard Government John Winston Howard AC (born 26 July 1939 was the 25th Prime Minister of Australia from 11 March Not all members of the EAS, notably India, are members of APEC. However as the EAS meetings are scheduled with the ASEAN Plus Three meetings (they both follow the annual ASEAN meetings) and all members of ASEAN Plus Three are members of EAS the ability of the two forums to remain relevant given the existence of the other remains in question. China has stated its preference for both EAS and ASEAN Plus Three to exist side-by-side^[32].

The relationship between APEC, ASEAN Plus Three and the EAS remained unresolved heading into the 2007 APEC meeting^[33]. Following the meeting Malaysian Prime Minister Abdullah Badawi described ASEAN Plus Three as the primary vehicle and implied APEC was the lesser of the three^[34]. Dato' Seri Abdullah Hj Ahmad Badawi (born 26 November 1939 is a Malaysian politician who has served as Prime Minister since 2003 At the same time a Malaysian commentator writing in a Singaporean newspaper described concentric circles for the three with ASEAN Plus Three at the centre and APEC at the outer, also suggested the Nikai Initiative, with its regional OECD like plans, might overtaking the remaining role for APEC^[35].

Possible future members

 Russia participated in the first EAS as an observer and has expressed desire and even requested to become a member. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Their position as a future member is supported by China and India^[36].

 Timor-Leste is a candidate ASEAN member seeking membership within five years (from 2006) ^[37]; presumably new members of ASEAN would also join the EAS ^[38] . East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste (officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste) is a country in Southeast Asia.

 Pakistan and  Mongolia have been proposed as future members by Malaysia^[39]. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East

 Pakistan and  Bangladesh have been raised by Japan^[40]. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially

 Papua New Guinea has been proposed as a future member by Australia. Papua New Guinea (or ˈpæpjuːə in Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini) officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania

The  United States has now stated that it hopes to have some role in the future of the EAS^[41]. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

The European Union has indicated it wishes to have a role as an observer ^[42]. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in

However, ASEAN has decided to freeze new "membership" of EAS for at least two years (which would seem to cover the second and third EAS)^[43]. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, commonly referred to as ASEAN, ˈɑːsiːɑːn AH-see-ahn in English (the Official language

See also

• Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere: unrelated concept in the mid-20th century
• ASEAN Free Trade Area: The FTA arrangements between the 10 members of ASEAN
• Asian Currency Unit

References

External links

• The East Asia Summit: Issues and outcomes
• The Council on East Asian Community
• East Asia New Multilateralism Hopes