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     East Africa      Countries sometimes included in East Africa
     East Africa[1][2][3][4][5][6]      Countries sometimes included in East Africa

East Africa is the easternmost region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. The Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST internal designation HT-7U is an experimental Superconducting Tokamak Magnetic fusion energy The article is about the geographic sense of the term For other uses including Regions and Regional, see Region (disambiguation. A continent is one of several large Landmasses on Earth. They are generally identified by Convention rather than any strict criteria with seven regions Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena Geopolitics is the study that analyzes Geography, History and Social science with reference to Spatial politics and patterns at various scales It is traditionally comprised of the following countries:

Sudan is often included in this region. Burundi (buˈɾundi officially the Republic of Burundi, is a small country in the Great Lakes region of Eastern Africa bordered by Rwanda The Republic of Rwanda (ruːˈændə or /rəˈwɑːndə/ in English ɾwanda or in Kinyarwanda is a small Landlocked country in the Central Africa is a core Region of the African Continent often considered to include Burundi, the Central African Republic, Chad Djibouti ( جيبوتي Jībūtī, Somali: Jabuuti) officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country in the Eritrea () ( Ge'ez: ኤርትራ ʾErtrā, Arabic: إرتريا Iritriya) officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page Somalia ( Soomaaliya; الصومال) officially the Somali Republic ( Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, جمهورية الصومال) and formerly known The Horn of Africa (alternatively Northeast Africa, and sometimes Somali Peninsula; shortened to HOA) is a Peninsula in East Africa Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. [15] Madagascar is also sometimes included, but has close cultural ties to Southeast Asia and the islands of the Indian Ocean. Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic) is an Island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface

Contents

Geography and climate

Image of the region between Lake Victoria (on the right) and Lakes Albert, Kivu and Tanganyika (from north to south) showing dense vegetation (bright green) and fires (red)
Image of the region between Lake Victoria (on the right) and Lakes Albert, Kivu and Tanganyika (from north to south) showing dense vegetation (bright green) and fires (red)

Some parts of East Africa have been renowned for their concentrations of wild animals, such as the "big five" of elephant, buffalo, lion, leopard and black rhinoceros, though populations have been declining under increased stress in recent times, particularly the rhino and elephant. Lake Victoria or Victoria Nyanza (also known as Ukerewe and Nalubaale) is one of the Great Lakes of Africa. Lake Albert or Albert Lake may refer to Lake Albert (Africa, one of the African Great Lakes Lake Albert (South Australia Lake Kivu is one of the Great Lakes of Africa. It lies on the border between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda, and is in the Albertine Lake Tanganyika is a large Lake in central Africa (3° 20' to 8° 48' South and from 29° 5' to 31° 15' East The phrase Big Five game was coined by Big-game hunters and refers to the five most difficult animals in Africa to hunt on foot African elephants are the species of Elephants in the Genus Loxodonta, one of the two existing genera in Elephantidae. The African Buffalo or Cape Buffalo ( Syncerus caffer) is a large African bovid. The lion ( Panthera leo) is a member of the family Felidae and one of four Big cats in the Genus Panthera. The leopard (lɛpɚd Panthera pardus) is an Old World Mammal of the Felidae family and the smallest of the four roaring The Black Rhinoceros ( Diceros bicornis) also colloquially Black Rhino, is a species of Rhinoceros, native to the eastern and central areas of Africa

The geography of East Africa is often stunning and scenic. Shaped by global plate tectonic forces that have created the Great Rift Valley, East Africa is the site of Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya, the two tallest peaks in Africa. The Great Rift Valley is a name given in the late 19th century by English explorer John Walter Gregory to the continuous geographic trough approximately in length that runs Mount Kenya is the highest Mountain in Kenya, and the second highest in Africa (after Mount Kilimanjaro) It also includes the world's second largest freshwater lake Lake Victoria, and the world's second deepest lake Lake Tanganyika. Lake Victoria or Victoria Nyanza (also known as Ukerewe and Nalubaale) is one of the Great Lakes of Africa. Lake Tanganyika is a large Lake in central Africa (3° 20' to 8° 48' South and from 29° 5' to 31° 15' East

The climate of East Africa is rather atypical of equatorial regions. Because of a combination of the region's generally high altitude and the rain shadow of the westerly monsoon winds created by the Rwenzori Mountains and Ethiopian Highlands, East Africa is surprisingly cool and dry for its latitude. Altitude is the Elevation of a point or object from a known level or datum (plural data For the Australian television series see Rain Shadow (TV series. A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind which lasts for several months The Ethiopian Highlands are a rugged mass of mountains in Ethiopia, Eritrea (which is sometimes referred to as the Eritrean Highlands) and northern

The lower-lying lands of northern Kenya and Greater Somalia are indeed extremely dry. Greater Somalia refers to those regions in the Horn of Africa in which ethnic Somalis are and have historically represented the predominant population In fact, on the coast of Somaliland and Puntland many years have no rain whatsoever[16]. Puntland is a region in northeastern Somalia, centered on Garowe ( Nugaal region whose leaders declared it to be an autonomous state in 1998 Elsewhere the annual rainfall generally increases towards the south and with altitude, being around 400 millimetres (16 in) at Mogadishu and 1,200 millimetres (47 in) at Mombasa on the coast, whilst inland it increases from around 130 millimetres (5 in) at Garoowe to over 1,100 millimetres (43 in) at Moshi near Kilimanjaro. Mogadishu ( Somali: Muqdisho, popularly Xamar, Hamar; مقديشو Maqadīshū Mombasa is the second largest City in Kenya, lying on the Indian Ocean. ' Garoowe ( Garoowe) is the capital City of Puntland state in the Nugaal region of Somalia. Moshi is a Tanzanian town with a population of 144739 (2002 census Unusually, most of the rain falls in two distinct wet seasons, one centred around April and the other in October or November. A wet season or rainy season is a Season in which the average Rainfall in a region is significantly increased This is usually attributed to the passage of the Intertropical Convergence Zone across the region in those months, but it may also be analogous to the autumn monsoon rains of parts of Sri Lanka, Vietnam and the Brazilian Nordeste. The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ, also known as the Intertropical Front, Monsoon trough, Doldrums or the Equatorial Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially

West of the Rwenzoris and Ethiopian highlands the rainfall pattern is more typically tropical, with rain throughout the year near the equator and a single wet season in most of the Ethiopian Highlands from June to September - contracting to July and August around Asmara. Asmara (English ( Ge'ez: ኣስመራ Asmera, formerly known as Asmera, or in أسمرا Asmaraa Annual rainfall here ranges from over 1,600 millimetres (63 in) on the western slopes to around 1,250 millimetres (49 in) at Addis Ababa and 550 millimetres (22 in) at Asmara. Addis Ababa (sometimes spelled Addis Abeba, the spelling used by the official Ethiopian Mapping Authority Amharic In the high mountains rainfall can be over 2,500 millimetres (98 in).

Rainfall in East Africa is influenced by El Niño events, which tend to increase rainfall except in the northern and western parts of the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands, where they produce drought and poor Nile floods[17]. El Niño-Southern Oscillation ( ENSO; commonly referred to as simply El Niño) is a global coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon The Nile (النيل, Ancient Egyptian iteru or Ḥ'pī, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing River

Temperatures in East Africa, except on the hot and generally humid coastal belt, are moderate, with maxima of around 25 °C (77 °F) and minima of 15 °C (59 °F) at an altitude of 1,500 millimetres (5 ft). At altitudes of above 2,500 metres (8,202 ft), frosts are common during the dry season and maxima typically about 21 °C (70 °F) or less. Frost is the solid deposition of Water vapor from saturated air

The unique geography and apparent suitability for farming made East Africa a target for European exploration, exploitation and colonialization in the nineteenth century. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture The term " exploitation " may carry two distinct meanings The act of utilizing something for any purpose See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism Today, tourism is an important part of the economies of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel

History

Arab and Portuguese eras

The Portuguese were the first Europeans to explore the region of current-day Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique, Vasco da Gama having visited Mombasa in 1498. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south Tanzania ˌtænzəˈniːə officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique (Moçambique or República de Moçambique, ʁɛ'publikɐ d musɐ̃'bik is a country in southeastern Africa Dom Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira ('vaʃku dɐ 'gɐmɐ ( Sines or Vidigueira, Alentejo, Portugal, ca Mombasa is the second largest City in Kenya, lying on the Indian Ocean. Gama's voyage was successful in reaching India and this permitted the Portuguese to trade with the Far East directly by sea, thus challenging older trading networks of mixed land and sea routes, such as the Spice trade routes that utilized the Persian Gulf, Red Sea and caravans to reach the eastern Mediterranean. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Far East is a term often used by people in the Western world to refer to the countries of East Asia. Spice trade is a commercial activity of ancient origin which involves the merchandising of Spices and Herbs. The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region is an extension of the The Red Sea is a Salt water Inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. A camel train is a series of Camels carrying goods or passengers in a group as part of a regular or semi-regular service between two points The Republic of Venice had gained control over much of the trade routes between Europe and Asia. The Most Serene Republic of Venice ((Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta or Repùblica de Venesia Serenissima Repubblica After traditional land routes to India had been closed by the Ottoman Turks, Portugal hoped to use the sea route pioneered by Gama to break the once Venetian trading monopoly. The Ottoman Turks were the subdivision of the Ottoman Muslim Millet that dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire. Portuguese rule in East Africa focused mainly on a coastal strip centred in Mombasa. The Portuguese presence in East Africa officially began after 1505, when flagships under the command of Don Francisco de Almeida conquered Kilwa, an island located in what is now southern Tanzania. Dom Francisco de Almeida (fɾɐ̃ˈsiʃku dɨ aɫˈmɐiðɐ also known as "the Great Dom Francisco" (born c Tanzania ˌtænzəˈniːə officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya In March 1505, having received from Manuel I the appointment of viceroy of the newly conquered territory in India, he set sail from Lisbon in command of a large and powerful fleet, and arrived in July at Quiloa (Kilwa), which yielded to him almost without a struggle. Manuel I (mɐnuˈɛɫ Archaic Portuguese: Manoel I, English: Emmanuel I) the Fortunate ( Port Portuguese India (Índia Portuguesa or Estado da Índia) was the aggregate of Portugal 's colonial holdings in India. Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. A much more vigorous resistance was offered by the Moors of Mombasa, but the town was taken and destroyed, and its large treasures went to strengthen the resources of Almeida. The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent Attacks followed on Hoja (now known as Ungwana, located at the mouth of the Tana River), Barawa, Angoche, Pate and other coastal towns until the western Indian Ocean was a safe haven for Portuguese commercial interests. Pate island or Paté island is located in the Indian Ocean close to the northern coast of Kenya, to which it belongs The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface At other places on his way, such as the island of Angediva, near Goa, and Cannanore, the Portuguese built forts, and adopted measures to secure the Portuguese supremacy. Goa ( Konkani: गोंय /ɡɔ̃j/ is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population. For the district with the name Kannur see Kannur District. For town with same name in Karnataka, see Kannur Dakshina Kannada Portugal's main goal in the east coast of Africa was take control of the spice trade from the Arabs. Spice trade is a commercial activity of ancient origin which involves the merchandising of Spices and Herbs. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding At this stage, the Portuguese presence in East Africa served the purpose of control trade within the Indian Ocean and secure the sea routes linking Europe to Asia. Portuguese naval vessels were very disruptive to the commerce of Portugal's enemies within the western Indian Ocean and were able to demand high tariffs on items transported through the sea due to their strategic control of ports and shipping lanes. The construction of Fort Jesus in Mombasa in 1593 was meant to solidify Portuguese hegemony in the region, but their influence was clipped by the British, Dutch and Omani Arab incursions into the region during the 17th century. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Dutch Empire was the territories controlled by The Netherlands from the 17th to the 20th century Omani (ﻲﻧﺎﻣﻋ in Arabic) refers to anything that is of or pertaining to Oman. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Omani Arabs posed the most direct challenge to Portuguese influence in East Africa and besieged Portuguese fortresses, openly attacked naval vessels and expelled the Portuguese from the Kenyan and Tanzanian coasts by 1730. By this time the Portuguese Empire had already lost its interest on the spice trade sea route due to the decreasing profitability of that business. The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta

Omani Arab colonization of the Kenyan and Tanzanian coasts brought the once independent city-states under closer foreign scrutiny and domination than was experienced during the Portuguese period. Colonisation (also known as Colonization) occurs whenever any one or more species populates a new area A city-state is a Region controlled exclusively by a City, usually having Sovereignty. Like their predecessors, the Omani Arabs were primarily able only to control the coastal areas, not the interior. However, the creation of clove plantations, intensification of the slave trade and relocation of the Omani capital to Zanzibar in 1839 by Seyyid Said had the effect of consolidating the Omani power in the region. Fundamentally a plantation is usually a large Farm or estate, especially in a tropical or semitropical country on which Cotton, Tobacco The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history Zanzibar ( is part of the East African republic of Tanzania. It consists of the Zanzibar Archipelago in the Sayyid Said bin Sultan Al-Said ( سعيد بن سلطان,) ( 5 June 1797 - October 19, 1856) was Sultan of Muscat Arab governance of all the major ports along the East African coast continued until British interests aimed particularly at ending the slave trade and creation of a wage-labour system began to put pressure on Omani rule. Wage labour is the socioeconomic relationship between a worker and an employer in which the worker sells their labour under a Contract ( Employment By the late nineteenth century, the slave trade on the open seas had been completely outlawed by the British and the Omani Arabs had little ability to resist the British navy's ability to enforce the directive. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The Omani presence continued in Zanzibar and Pemba until the 1964 revolution, but the official Omani Arab presence in Kenya was checked by German and British seizure of key ports and creation of crucial trade alliances with influential local leaders in the 1880s. A revolution (from the Latin revolutio, "a turnaround" is a fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively

Period of European Imperialism

East Africa during the 19th and early 20th century became a theatre of competition between the major imperialistic European nations of the time. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The twentieth century of the Common Era began on During the period of the Scramble for Africa, almost every country comprising present day East Africa to varying degrees became part of a European colonial empire. The Scramble for Africa, also known as the Race for Africa, was the proliferation of conflicting European claims to African territory during the New This article is about a type of political territory For other uses see Colony (disambiguation.

Portugal had first established a strong presence in southern Mozambique and the Indian Ocean since the 15th century, while during this period their possessions increasingly grew including parts from the present northern Mozambique country, up to Mombasa in present day Kenya. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique (Moçambique or República de Moçambique, ʁɛ'publikɐ d musɐ̃'bik is a country in southeastern Africa Mombasa is the second largest City in Kenya, lying on the Indian Ocean. At Lake Malawi, they finally met the recently created British Protectorate of Nyasaland (nowadays Malawi), which surrounded the homonymous lake on three sides, leaving the Portuguese the control of lake's eastern coast. Lake Malawi (also known as Lake Nyasa, Lake Nyassa, Lake Niassa, and Lago Niassa in Mozambique) is the most southerly Lake In International law, a protectorate is a autonomous territory that is "protected" by a stronger state or entity hense the protector which engages to protect The History of Malawi covers the area of present-day Malawi. The region was once part of the Maravi Empire. The Republic of Malawi (məˈlɑːwi or; formerly Nyasaland) is in southern Africa. The British Empire set foot in the region's most exploitable and promising lands acquiring what is today Uganda, and Kenya. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. The Republic of Uganda is a Landlocked country in East Africa. The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south The Protectorate of Uganda and the Colony of Kenya were located in a rich farmland area mostly appropriate for the cultivation of cash crops like coffee and tea, as well as for animal husbandry with products produced from cattle and goats, such as goat meat, beef and milk. The Republic of Uganda is a Landlocked country in East Africa. The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south In Agriculture, a cash crop is a crop which is grown for Money. CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market The domestic goat ( Capra aegagrus hircus) is a subspecies of goat Domesticated from the Wild goat of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe Beef is the Culinary name for Meat from Bovines especially domestic Cattle (cows Milk is an opaque white liquid produced by the Mammary glands of female Mammals (including Monotremes. Moreover this area had the potential for a significant residential expansion, being suitable for the relocation of a large number of British nationals to the region. Prevailing climatic conditions and the regions' geomorphology allowed the establishment of flourishing European style settlements like Nairobi and Entebbe. Geomorphology (from Greek: γη ge, "earth" μορφή morfé, "form" and λόγος Logos, "knowledge" Nairobi (naɪˈroʊbɪ is the capital and largest city of Kenya. Entebbe is a city in Uganda with a population of approximately 90500

The French settled the largest island of the Indian Ocean (and the fourth-largest globally), Madagascar along with a group of smaller islands nearby, namely Réunion and the Comoros. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic) is an Island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern Réunion ( French: Réunion or formally La Réunion; previously Île Bourbon) is an island located in the Indian Ocean, east of The Comoros (ˈkɒməroʊz; جزر القمر Juzur al-Qumur) officially the Union of the Comoros (Union des Comores الإتّحاد القمريّ Madagascar – until then under British control – became part of the French colonial empire being ceded in exchange for the island of Zanzibar an important hub of spices trade, off the coast of Tanganyika. France was a dominant empire in the world from the 1600s to the late 1960s possessing many colonies in various locations around the world Zanzibar ( is part of the East African republic of Tanzania. It consists of the Zanzibar Archipelago in the A spice is a dried Seed, Fruit, Root, Bark or vegetative substance used in Nutritionally insignificant quantities as a Food additive Tanganyika is the name of an East African territory lying between the largest of the African great lakes Lake Victoria, Lake Malawi and Lake Tanganyika The British as well held a number of island colonies in the region. The Seychelles an extended archipelago and the rich farmland island of Mauritius, previously under the French sovereignty, were as such. Seychelles (seɪˈʃɛl or /seɪˈʃɛlz/ in English and seʃɛl in French) officially the Republic of Seychelles (République des Seychelles Creole An archipelago (ɑrkəˈpɛləgoʊ is a chain or cluster of Islands The word archipelago literally means "chief Sea " from Italian Mauritius (pronounced məˈrɪʃəs L’île Maurice /il mɔ'ʁis/ Mauritian Creole: Maurice) officially the Republic of Mauritius, République Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself

The German Empire gained control of a large area named German East Africa, comprising present-day Rwanda, Burundi and the mainland part of Tanzania named Tanganyika. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification German East Africa (Deutsch-Ostafrika was a German Colony in East Africa, including what is now Burundi, Rwanda and Tanganyika The Republic of Rwanda (ruːˈændə or /rəˈwɑːndə/ in English ɾwanda or in Kinyarwanda is a small Landlocked country in the Burundi (buˈɾundi officially the Republic of Burundi, is a small country in the Great Lakes region of Eastern Africa bordered by Rwanda Tanzania ˌtænzəˈniːə officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya In 1922, the British gained a League of Nations mandate over Tanganyika which it administered until Independence was granted to Tanganyika in 1961. A League of Nations mandate refers to a legal status for certain territories transferred from the control of one country to another following World War I. Following the Zanzibar Revolution of 1965, the independent state of Tanganyika formed the United Republic of Tanzania by creating a union between the mainland, and the island chain of Zanzibar. Tanzania ˌtænzəˈniːə officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya Zanzibar is now a semi-autonomous state in a union with the mainland which is collectively and commonly referred to as Tanzania. Tanzania ˌtænzəˈniːə officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya German East Africa, though very extensive, was not of such strategic importance as the British Crown's colonies to the north: the inhabitation of these lands was difficult and thus limited, mainly due to climatic conditions and the local geomorphology. TalkCommonewalth realm.--> The monarchy

Map of British East Africa in 1911.
Map of British East Africa in 1911.

Italy gained control of various parts of Somalia in the 1880s. Somalia ( Soomaaliya; الصومال) officially the Somali Republic ( Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, جمهورية الصومال) and formerly known Year 1880 ( MDCCCLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The southern three-fourths of Somalia became an Italian protectorate (Italian Somaliland). In International law, a protectorate is a autonomous territory that is "protected" by a stronger state or entity hense the protector which engages to protect Italian Somalia (also known as Italian Somaliland) was a colony of the Kingdom of Italy ( Regno d'Italia) from the 1880s until 1942 in the territory

Meanwhile, in 1884, a narrow coastal strip of northern Somalia came under British control (British Somaliland). Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year British Somaliland was a British Protectorate in the north part of the Horn of Africa. This northern protectorate was just opposite the British colony of Aden on the Arabian Peninsula. Aden (ˈeɪdən Arabic: عدن) is a city in Yemen, 170 kilometers east of Bab-el-Mandeb. The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) With these territories secured, Britain was able to serve as gatekeeper of the sea lane leading to British India. A sea lane is regularly used Route for Ocean -going vessels. In the time of sailing ships they were not only determined by the distribution of land masses For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British

In 1890, beginning with the purchase of the small port town of (Asseb) from a local sultan in Eritrea, the Italians colonized all of Eritrea. Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Assab (or Aseb, anciently Avalites) is a port city in the Southern Red Sea Region of Eritrea on the west coast of the Red Sea. Eritrea () ( Ge'ez: ኤርትራ ʾErtrā, Arabic: إرتريا Iritriya) officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in

In 1895, from bases in Somalia and Eritrea, the Italians launched the First Italo–Ethiopian War against the Orthodox Empire of Ethiopia. Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The First Italo–Ethiopian War was fought between Italy and Ethiopia in 1895-1896 Oriental Orthodoxy is the communion of Eastern Christian Churches that recognize only three Ecumenical councils — the First Council of Nicaea, the NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page By 1896, the war had become a total disaster for the Italians and Ethiopia was able to retain its independence. Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Ethiopia remained independent until 1936 when, after the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, it became part of Italian East Africa. See also First Italo-Ethiopian War. The Second Italo–Abyssinian War (also referred to as the Second Italo-Ethiopian War) was a Italian East Africa ( Italian: Africa Orientale Italiana, or AOI was a short-lived (1936-1941 Italian Colony in Africa consisting of The Italian occupation of Ethiopia ended in 1941 during World War II as part of the East African Campaign. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The East African Campaign refers to the battles fought in East Africa during World War II.

The French also staked out an East African outpost on the route to French Indochina. First French interventions See also France-Vietnam relations France-Vietnam relations started as early as the 17th century with the mission of the Jesuit Starting in the 1850s, the small protectorate of Djibouti became French Somaliland in 1897. For the game see 1850 (board game. 1850 ( MDCCCL) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link Djibouti ( جيبوتي Jībūtī, Somali: Jabuuti) officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country in the Djibouti ( جيبوتي Jībūtī, Somali: Jabuuti) officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country in the Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common

Conflicts

Until recently most governments were illiberal and corrupt, and several countries were riven with political coups, ethnic violence and oppressive dictators. An illiberal democracy is a governing system in which although fairly free elections take place citizens are cut off from real power due to the lack of Civil liberties. Political corruption is the use of governmental powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain Since the end of colonialism, the region has endured:

Kenya and Tanzania have enjoyed relatively stable governments. The Ethiopian Civil War (1974-1991 began on September 12, 1974 when the Marxist Derg staged a Coup d'état against Emperor Haile Selassie The Eritrean War of Independence ( 1 September 1961 - 29 May 1991) was a conflict fought between the Ethiopian government and Eritrean The Eritrean-Ethiopian War took place from May 1998 to June 2000 between Ethiopia and Eritrea, forming one of the Conflicts in the Horn of Africa The Ogaden War was a conventional conflict between Somalia and Ethiopia in 1977 and 1978 over the Ogaden region of Ethiopia The Somali Civil War is an armed conflict in Somalia that started in 1988 The Second Sudanese Civil War (sometimes referred to as Anyanya II) started in 1983 although it was largely a continuation of the First Sudanese Civil The War in Darfur is a military conflict in the Darfur region of western Sudan. The Burundi Civil War was an armed conflict lasting from 1993 to 2005 The Republic of Uganda is a Landlocked country in East Africa. The Rwandan Genocide was the 1994 mass killing of hundreds of thousands of Rwanda 's minority Tutsis and the moderates of its Hutu majority However politics has been turbulent at times, including the attempted coup d’état in 1982 and the 2007 election riots in Kenya. The 1982 Kenyan coup d'état attempt was a failed attempt to overthrow President Daniel arap Moi 's government The 2007–2008 Kenyan crisis refers to a political economic and humanitarian crisis that erupted in Kenya after incumbent President Mwai Kibaki was declared

Djibouti and the Puntland and Somaliland regions of Somalia have also seen relative stability. Djibouti ( جيبوتي Jībūtī, Somali: Jabuuti) officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country in the

Tanzania has known stable government since independence although there are significant political and religious tensions resulting from the political union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964. Tanzania ˌtænzəˈniːə officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya Zanzibar is now a semi-autonomous state in the United Republic of Tanzania. Tanzania ˌtænzəˈniːə officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya Tanzania and Uganda fought the Uganda-Tanzania War in 1978–1979, which led to the removal of Uganda's despotic leader Idi Amin. Idi Amin Dada (mid 1920s &ndash 16 August 2003 commonly known as Idi Amin, was a Ugandan military dictator and the President of Uganda

References

  1. ^ FAO
  2. ^ IRIN Africa
  3. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica Online
  4. ^ The New Oxford Dictionary of English, Judy Pearsall, ed. 2001. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; p. 582.
  5. ^ Robert Stock, Africa South of the Sahara, Second Edition: A Geographical Interpretation (Texts In Regional Geography), (The Guilford Press: 2004), p. 24
  6. ^ Ian Michler, Kenya And Tanzania: The Insider's Guide (Insiders Guide), (Struik Publishers: 2006), p. 13
  7. ^ Robert M. Maxon, East Africa: An Introductory History, 2 Revised edition, (West Virginia University: 1994), p. 1
  8. ^ Treasured East Africa Safaris
  9. ^ Pearsall, The New Oxford Dictionary of English, p. 582.
  10. ^ Mary Fitzpatrick and Tom Parkinson, Lonely Planet East Africa, 7th edition, (Lonely Planet Publications: 2006), p. 13
  11. ^ Stock, Africa South of the Sahara, Second Ed. , p. 24
  12. ^ Ibid. , p. 26
  13. ^ Michael Hodd, East Africa Handbook, 7th Edition, (Passport Books: 2002), p. 21
  14. ^ IRIN Africa
  15. ^ FAO
  16. ^ Dewar, Robert E. and Wallis, James R; "Geographical patterning in interannual rainfall variability in the tropics and near tropics: An L-moments approach"; in Journal of Climate, 12; pp. 3457-3466
  17. ^ Davis, Mike; Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World; p. Late Victorian Holocausts El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World is a Book by Mike Davis concerning the connection between global climate patterns 263-266. ISBN 1859847390

See also

| Tanzania | align="center" | 38 | align="center" | 95 | align="center" | 36. The Horn of Africa (alternatively Northeast Africa, and sometimes Somali Peninsula; shortened to HOA) is a Peninsula in East Africa The Aksumite Empire or Axumite Empire (sometimes called the Kingdom of Aksum or Axum ( Ge'ez: አክሱም was an important trading See also Puntland The Land of Punt, also called "Pwenet" by the Ancient Egyptians at times synonymous with Ta netjer, the 'land of The Arab Slave trade was the practice of Slavery in West Asia, North Africa, East Africa, and certain parts of Europe (such German East Africa (Deutsch-Ostafrika was a German Colony in East Africa, including what is now Burundi, Rwanda and Tanganyika British East Africa was an area of East Africa controlled by the British in the late 19th century which became a Protectorate covering roughly the area of present-day The East African Campaign was a series of battles and guerilla actions which started in German East Africa and ultimately impacted portions of Mozambique, Northern Italian East Africa ( Italian: Africa Orientale Italiana, or AOI was a short-lived (1936-1941 Italian Colony in Africa consisting of The East African Campaign refers to the battles fought in East Africa during World War II. The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, is a Preferential trading area with nineteen member states stretching from Libya to Zimbabwe. The East African Community ( EAC) is an intergovernmental organisation comprising five east African countries 1 |-| Rwanda | align="center" | 8 | align="center" | 95 | align="center" | 36. 1 |-| Burundi | align="center" | 3 | align="center" | 95 | align="center" | 36. 1 |-| Uganda | align="center" | 30 | align="center" | 95 | align="center" | 36. 1 |-| Kenya | align="center" | 35 | align="center" | 95 | align="center" | 36. 1 |-| Zaire | align="center" | 60 | align="center" | 95 | align="center" | 36. 1 |-

The main article for this category is East Africa.
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