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For other meanings, see Eastlink (disambiguation).

EastLink
Length 45 km
Direction North – South
Start Eastern Freeway,
Donvale, Melbourne
Primary destinations Nunawading
Ringwood
Dandenong
Frankston
End Frankston Freeway,
Seaford, Melbourne
Construction dates March 2005 - June 29, 2008
Major junctions Springvale Road
Ringwood Bypass
Monash Freeway
Frankston Freeway
Owner ConnectEast
Operator ConnectEast
Map of EastLink and surrounding roads. For legend, click the image
Map of EastLink and surrounding roads. The Eastern Freeway is an urban Freeway in Melbourne, Australia. Donvale is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Its Local Government Area is the City of Manningham. The United Kingdom Road Network is an extensive network of routes connecting its settlements The network is of varied quality and capacity Nunawading (ˌnʌnəˈwɒdɪŋ is a Suburb of Melbourne, Australia, in the state of Victoria. Ringwood is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Its Local Government Area is the City of Maroondah. See also Mount Dandenong Victoria for the mountain and a different suburb with similar name Frankston is a seaside suburb of Melbourne, in the state of Victoria, Australia. Moorooduc Highway|Mornington Peninsula Freeway Frankston Freeway is a very short stretch of Melbourne Freeway that was designed to upgrade Wells Road Seaford is a Suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is in the Local Government Area of the City of Frankston Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Route 40, or the Bell / Springvale State Highway is the longest urban highway in Melbourne (other than the Princes Highway) linking The Ringwood Bypass is a short stretch of road extending from EastLink to Maroondah Highway in Melbourne, Australia. West Gate Freeway|CityLink|Princes Freeway Monash Freeway is an urban freeway in Victoria, Australia linking Melbourne 's CBD to its southeastern Moorooduc Highway|Mornington Peninsula Freeway Frankston Freeway is a very short stretch of Melbourne Freeway that was designed to upgrade Wells Road ConnectEast is an Australian Proprietary Company responsible for the finance design construction and operation of Melbourne's EastLink motorway project ConnectEast is an Australian Proprietary Company responsible for the finance design construction and operation of Melbourne's EastLink motorway project For legend, click the image
The bridge of EastLink over Dandenong Creek, in Ringwood/Wantirna
The bridge of EastLink over Dandenong Creek, in Ringwood/Wantirna
The EastLink Operations Centre in Ringwood
The EastLink Operations Centre in Ringwood
Construction of EastLink over Boronia Road in Wantirna
Construction of EastLink over Boronia Road in Wantirna
EastLink looking south from the Koomba Road footbridge
EastLink looking south from the Koomba Road footbridge

EastLink will be a A$2. The Australian dollar ( sign: $; code: AUD) is the Currency of the Commonwealth of Australia, including Christmas 5 billion tolled freeway linking a large area of Melbourne's eastern and south-eastern suburbs. A toll road, (also known as a tollway, turnpike, pike, or toll highway, especially if it is constructed to Freeway standards Melbourne ( is the second most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 3 It is a part of Melbourne's Metropolitan Ring Road project. It was originally proposed as a toll-free road, however the state government later reneged and imposed tolls. The Federal Government subsequently withdrew their partial funding. This continues to be a source of ongoing controversy.

EastLink will be electronically tolled with no booths, using a system similar to (and interoperable with) the one used on the CityLink freeway. Monash Freeway|Tullamarine Freeway|West Gate Freeway CityLink is a system of tolled urban Freeways in Melbourne, Victoria, On May 11, 2008, it was officially announced that EastLink will open to traffic on Sunday June 29, 2008 and in conjuction with the opening, a month long toll-free period will occur before regular tolling commences. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common

Contents

Route

EastLink will begin from the eastern end of the Eastern Freeway at Nunawading, tunnelling under the Mullum-Mullum Creek area, heading towards Ringwood. Nunawading (ˌnʌnəˈwɒdɪŋ is a Suburb of Melbourne, Australia, in the state of Victoria. Mullum-Mullum Creek is a Creek to the east of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Ringwood is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Its Local Government Area is the City of Maroondah. It will then travel 40 km south towards Frankston, going through the suburbs Wantirna, Wantirna South, Scoresby, Rowville, Mulgrave, Dandenong North, Noble Park, Keysborough, Dandenong South, Bangholme, and Carrum Downs, before ending at the northern end of the Frankston Freeway. Frankston is a seaside suburb of Melbourne, in the state of Victoria, Australia. Wantirna is a Suburb of Melbourne, Australia, in the state of Victoria. Wantirna South is a Suburb of Melbourne, Australia, in the state of Victoria. Scoresby is a Suburb of Melbourne, Australia, in the state of Victoria. Rowville is a Suburb of Melbourne, Australia. It is situated in the local municipality of the City of Knox. Mulgrave is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The local government area is the City of Monash. Dandenong North is a south-eastern suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Noble Park is a Suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia approximately 30 km south-east of the Central business district. Keysborough is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The local government area is the City of Greater Dandenong. Dandenong South is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Bangholme is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Its Local Government Area is the City of Greater Dandenong. Carrum Downs, sometimes known as Botany Park is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The majority of the freeway will have three lanes running in each direction, however further to the south it will have mainly two lanes.

Exits and Intersections

EastLink
Northbound exits Distance from
Eastern Freeway
(km)
Distance from
Frankston Freeway
(km)
Southbound exits
End EastLink
continues as Eastern Freeway
to Melbourne
0 45 Start EastLink
from Eastern Freeway
Donvale
Springvale Road
Donvale
Springvale Road
MELBA TUNNEL -- -- MULLUM-MULLUM TUNNEL
Ringwood
Ringwood Bypass
5 40 Ringwood
Ringwood Bypass
Ringwood
Whitehorse Road
Ringwood
Whitehorse Road
BELGRAVE / LILYDALE
RAIL LINE
BELGRAVE / LILYDALE
RAIL LINE
Ringwood
Canterbury Road
7 38 Ringwood
Canterbury Road
Wantirna
Boronia Road
9 36 Wantirna
Boronia Road
Wantirna
Burwood Highway
11 34 Wantirna
Burwood Highway
Scoresby
Ferntree Gully Road
14 31 Scoresby
Ferntree Gully Road
Rowville
Wellington Road
16 29 Rowville
Wellington Road
no exit -- 27 Mulgrave
Police Road
Dandenong North
Monash Freeway
19 26 Dandenong North
Monash Freeway
Noble Park
Princes Highway
21 24 Noble Park
Princes Highway
GIPPSLAND RAIL LINE 19 22 GIPPSLAND RAIL LINE
no exit -- 21 Keysborough
Cheltenham Road
Keysborough
Dandenong Bypass
26 19 Keysborough
Dandenong Bypass
Keysborough
Greens Road
27 18 Keysborough
Greens Road
Carrum Downs
Thompsons Road
38 7 Carrum Downs
Thompsons Road
no exit 45 0 Carrum Downs
Rutherford Road
Start EastLink
continues from Frankston Freeway
End EastLink
continues as Frankston Freeway
to Frankston

History

Management and Recent History

In 2004, the overall project fell under the management of a newly formed SEITA (Southern and Eastern Integrated Transport Authority), an autonomous division of the state Department of Infrastructure. The Eastern Freeway is an urban Freeway in Melbourne, Australia. Melbourne ( is the second most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 3 The Eastern Freeway is an urban Freeway in Melbourne, Australia. Donvale is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Its Local Government Area is the City of Manningham. Route 40, or the Bell / Springvale State Highway is the longest urban highway in Melbourne (other than the Princes Highway) linking Donvale is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Its Local Government Area is the City of Manningham. Route 40, or the Bell / Springvale State Highway is the longest urban highway in Melbourne (other than the Princes Highway) linking Ringwood is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Its Local Government Area is the City of Maroondah. The Ringwood Bypass is a short stretch of road extending from EastLink to Maroondah Highway in Melbourne, Australia. Ringwood is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Its Local Government Area is the City of Maroondah. The Ringwood Bypass is a short stretch of road extending from EastLink to Maroondah Highway in Melbourne, Australia. Ringwood is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Its Local Government Area is the City of Maroondah. The Maroondah Highway (also known as Whitehorse Road from Balwyn to Croydon) is a major east-west thoroughfare in the eastern suburbs of Melbourne Ringwood is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Its Local Government Area is the City of Maroondah. The Maroondah Highway (also known as Whitehorse Road from Balwyn to Croydon) is a major east-west thoroughfare in the eastern suburbs of Melbourne The Belgrave railway line is a Broad gauge electric Suburban railway in Melbourne, Australia. The Lilydale railway line is a Suburban electric railway in Melbourne, Australia. The Belgrave railway line is a Broad gauge electric Suburban railway in Melbourne, Australia. The Lilydale railway line is a Suburban electric railway in Melbourne, Australia. Ringwood is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Its Local Government Area is the City of Maroondah. Ringwood is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Its Local Government Area is the City of Maroondah. Wantirna is a Suburb of Melbourne, Australia, in the state of Victoria. Wantirna is a Suburb of Melbourne, Australia, in the state of Victoria. Wantirna is a Suburb of Melbourne, Australia, in the state of Victoria. Burwood Highway is a major transportation link with Melbourne's eastern suburbs Wantirna is a Suburb of Melbourne, Australia, in the state of Victoria. Burwood Highway is a major transportation link with Melbourne's eastern suburbs Scoresby is a Suburb of Melbourne, Australia, in the state of Victoria. Scoresby is a Suburb of Melbourne, Australia, in the state of Victoria. Rowville is a Suburb of Melbourne, Australia. It is situated in the local municipality of the City of Knox. Rowville is a Suburb of Melbourne, Australia. It is situated in the local municipality of the City of Knox. Mulgrave is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The local government area is the City of Monash. Dandenong North is a south-eastern suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. West Gate Freeway|CityLink|Princes Freeway Monash Freeway is an urban freeway in Victoria, Australia linking Melbourne 's CBD to its southeastern Dandenong North is a south-eastern suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. West Gate Freeway|CityLink|Princes Freeway Monash Freeway is an urban freeway in Victoria, Australia linking Melbourne 's CBD to its southeastern Noble Park is a Suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia approximately 30 km south-east of the Central business district. The Princes Highway is a segment of Australia's Highway 1 that extends from Sydney to Adelaide and Port Augusta South Australia Noble Park is a Suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia approximately 30 km south-east of the Central business district. The Princes Highway is a segment of Australia's Highway 1 that extends from Sydney to Adelaide and Port Augusta South Australia The Orbost railway line (also known as the Gippsland line) is a railway serving the Latrobe Valley and Gippsland regions of Victoria, The Orbost railway line (also known as the Gippsland line) is a railway serving the Latrobe Valley and Gippsland regions of Victoria, Keysborough is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The local government area is the City of Greater Dandenong. Route 10, also known as the Lower Dandenong State Highway is a 18 kilometre stretch of continuous road in the southeastern suburbs of Melbourne, Australia Keysborough is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The local government area is the City of Greater Dandenong. The Dingley Freeway is a partially completed semi-freeway standard road which runs east to west through the southern suburbs of Melbourne, Australia. Keysborough is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The local government area is the City of Greater Dandenong. The Dingley Freeway is a partially completed semi-freeway standard road which runs east to west through the southern suburbs of Melbourne, Australia. Keysborough is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The local government area is the City of Greater Dandenong. Keysborough is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The local government area is the City of Greater Dandenong. Carrum Downs, sometimes known as Botany Park is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Thompsons Road is a major urban arterial road in the south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Carrum Downs, sometimes known as Botany Park is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Thompsons Road is a major urban arterial road in the south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Carrum Downs, sometimes known as Botany Park is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Moorooduc Highway|Mornington Peninsula Freeway Frankston Freeway is a very short stretch of Melbourne Freeway that was designed to upgrade Wells Road Moorooduc Highway|Mornington Peninsula Freeway Frankston Freeway is a very short stretch of Melbourne Freeway that was designed to upgrade Wells Road Frankston is a seaside suburb of Melbourne, in the state of Victoria, Australia. For the road authority see EastLink (Melbourne SEITA (Societe Nationale d'Exploitation Industrielle des Tabacs et Allumettes was the former The Government of Victoria, under the Constitution of Australia, ceded certain legislative and judicial powers to Management of the freeway itself during and after construction is the responsibility of ConnectEast (a privately listed company). ConnectEast is an Australian Proprietary Company responsible for the finance design construction and operation of Melbourne's EastLink motorway project Thiess-John Holland, a group formed by the partnership of two major constructon companies, is responsible for the construction of the project.

EastLink's construction began in March 2005, and is scheduled to open on June 29, 2008. Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common

It is reported that EastLink was combined into a single project from the Eastern Freeway Extension Tunnel and the Scoresby Freeway projects by the Victorian State Government in 2003, although the project never had these divisions and the entire length (from the Eastern Freeway at Springvale Road to the Frankston Freeway) was always proposed as the "Eastern Ring Road".

Naming history

Over the years the name of the project has changed several times.

Many residents believe there was nothing wrong with its original name, and argue that although most never knew what its original name was, it would have been much easier to remember and lead to no confusion.

On February 27, 2008, it was announced that the EastLink / Monash Freeway interchange would be named the "Tom Wills Interchange", after the founder of Australian rules football Tom Wills. Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Australian (rules football, or simply known as football, footy or Aussie rules, is a Team sport played between two teams of 18 players Thomas Wentworth "Tom" Wills (19 August 1835 – 3 May 1880 was an Australian all-round sportsman who is credited along with his cousin Henry Colden Harrison [2]

On March 24, 2008 Tim Pallas announced that the twin tunnels would be named 'Melba' and 'Mullum Mullum', in the inbound and outbound direction, respectively[3]. Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Timothy Hugh Pallas (born 7 January, 1960) is an Australian politician

Tolling

EastLink will be electronically tolled and toll charges will be made via transmitting electronic devices called "tags" which are placed on the inside of the windscreen of the vehicle behind the rear vision mirror. Tolls can be charged in three different ways.

If a driver travels on EastLink without taking any of the three actions above to pay for the toll(s), a "safety net" will be applied and the cost of the toll(s) plus a account processing fee will be sent to the registered vehicles' owner. If they do not pay the safety net bill, they will receive a AUD$100 fine. The Australian dollar ( sign: $; code: AUD) is the Currency of the Commonwealth of Australia, including Christmas

Prices and discounts

Prices for the use of the tollway vary greatly. For cars, a one way trip between two consecutive interchanges starts from 33¢ for sections between Maroondah Highway and High Street Road, right up to a one way trip through the tunnel section between Maroondah Highway / Ringwood Bypass and Springvale Road which costs $2. The Maroondah Highway (also known as Whitehorse Road from Balwyn to Croydon) is a major east-west thoroughfare in the eastern suburbs of Melbourne The Ringwood Bypass is a short stretch of road extending from EastLink to Maroondah Highway in Melbourne, Australia. 28. Lower rates apply to motorcycles while higher rates apply for some 4WD's, some utility vehicles, buses and trucks.

Discounts are also offered to car drivers. A 20% discount applies to the cost of any trip(s) taken on a Saturday or Sunday and also to one way trips between two consecutive interchanges (excluding the tunnels) on weekdays. At any time, cars will not be charged more than $4. 96 for a one way trip on EastLink.

"Breeze" tag

ConnectEast has developed a tag called "Breeze" specifically for EastLink, but can be used on any electronic toll road in Australia including CityLink. Monash Freeway|Tullamarine Freeway|West Gate Freeway CityLink is a system of tolled urban Freeways in Melbourne, Victoria, It is about half of the size of the CityLink developed tag, the "e-TAG". e-TAG is an Electronic toll collection system used on Tollways throughout Australia. It's design represents the "free flow driving experience that EastLink will provide". The Breeze tag will be available to obtain from June 9, 2008. Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common

Shared pedestrian/bicycle path (EastLink Trail)

The EastLink Trail running through southern Koomba Park
The EastLink Trail running through southern Koomba Park

A shared walking/cycle path is also planned to follow the same route as the EastLink project. Koomba Park is one of the parks comprising the Dandenong Valley Parklands in the eastern suburbs of Melbourne, Australia. According to SEITA, once complete, cyclists and pedestrians will be able to cycle or walk the entire distance uninterrupted along a 3 metre wide dedicated concrete path. Concrete is a construction material composed of Cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as Fly ash and Slag [4][5][6]

The path will follow the tollway as follows:

There are also footbridges being built over roads such as the Maroondah Highway and the Princes Highway. A 60 metre footbridge is also being built over Burwood Highway at the Mountain Highway intersection. Burwood Highway is a major transportation link with Melbourne's eastern suburbs Mountain Highway (also known as Wantirna-Sassafras Road) is a 18km highway in Eastern Melbourne. Most intersections on the path will be grade separated, however in a few cases, the crossing is via pedestrian signals.

A panoramic view of EastLink looking north from the Heatherton Road bridge.
A panoramic view of EastLink looking north from the Heatherton Road bridge.


Controversies

Environmental issues

Many environmental groups in Melbourne's east and south-east object to the project, due to a number of factors, including vehicle emissions and disruption of habitat (in places such as the Mullum Mullum Valley and Dandenong Valley Wetlands). Mullum-Mullum Creek is a Creek to the east of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. However, the road was the subject of an extensive Environmental Effects Statement (June 1998), which was followed by an extensive public hearing process in April 1999 before the final Government decision to proceed.

According to EastLink's builders, the road will relieve traffic congestion throughout Melbourne's eastern and south-eastern suburbs, resulting in more efficient traffic flow, therefore reducing fuel consumption and exhaust output. [9]

During the planning phase (then a VicRoads project), a large debate surrounding damage to the Mullum Mullum Valley occurred. VicRoads (Roads Corporation Victoria is a subordinate authority which is the State's road and traffic authority in Victoria, Australia. Mullum-Mullum Creek is a Creek to the east of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. A number of options for the path of the road through the valley were considered. The option chosen - for two 1. 6 km tunnels - was the second-to-most expensive, and the second-to-most environmentally friendly. [10] Other options considered in planning included a surface road for the entire length, much shorter tunnels, and slightly longer tunnels.

Construction progress

Looking south along the northbound carriageway of EastLink with the Heatherton Road overpass in the background.
Looking south along the northbound carriageway of EastLink with the Heatherton Road overpass in the background.

All major construction has now been completed and Eastlink is now set to open on June 29, 2008. Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Pedestrians will be able to walk the entire length of the tollway on the 15th of June 2008. Finishing works and clean-up is set to occur over the next few weeks.

Tunnel lining is just about completed. All bridges are complete, with many of them open. Electrical service installation (including tolling equipment, street lights and traffic lights) is well underway along the entire route, and in some locations has been tested and are already in operation.

References

  1. ^ Silkstone, Dan. "Naming and blaming launches tollway", The Age, 2005-03-24, pp. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland  10.  
  2. ^ EastLink interchange honours one of football's founders SEITA. February 27 2008]]. Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation Retrieved on March 26, 2008. Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  3. ^ East Link Twin Tunnels named as Melba and Mullum Mullum Herald Sun March 24, 2008. The Herald Sun is a morning Tabloid Newspaper based in Melbourne, Australia Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  4. ^ Melbourne and Geelong's shared paths in Google Maps
  5. ^ Melbourne and Geelong's shared paths in Google Earth
  6. ^ Thiess John Holland - shared path information
  7. ^ "Chaos after EastLink bungle", Herald Sun, 2006-08-28, pp. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital  Internet Article.  
  8. ^ (2006-04-10) Mornington Peninsula Shire Council Meeting Minutes. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama [1], Internet Article.  
  9. ^ Gardiner, John (March 2006). "In the Headlights", EastLink News (PDF), ConnectEast, page 2. Retrieved on 2006-07-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France.  “Vehicles travelling at reasonably consistent speeds use less fuel . . . emissions are all reduced by better and more consistent speeds. ” 
  10. ^ Costa, Gabrielle. "Government compromises on freeway", The Age, 2000-10-14, p. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces  4.  
  11. ^ Dandenong Bypass opens early with EastLink set to follow (html), SEITA. Retrieved on 2007-12-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian  

External links

Official website

Associated organisations

Other links


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