An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 In Geology, a crust is the outermost solid shell of a planet or moon Seismic waves are Waves that travel through the Earth, most often as the result of a tectonic Earthquake, sometimes from an Explosion Earthquakes are recorded with a seismometer, also known as a seismograph. Seismometers (from Greek Seism - "the shakes" - and Metro - "I measure" are instruments that measure and record motions of the ground including The moment magnitude of an earthquake is conventionally reported, or the related and mostly obsolete Richter magnitude, with magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes being mostly imperceptible and magnitude 7 causing serious damage over large areas. TalkMoment magnitude scale#Real world examples please.--> The moment magnitude scale The Richter magnitude scale, or more correctly local magnitude M L scale assigns a single number to quantify the amount of seismic energy released Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale. The Mercalli intensity scale is a scale used for measuring the intensity of an Earthquake.

At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by a shaking and sometimes displacement of the ground. When a large earthquake epicenter is located offshore, the seabed sometimes suffers sufficient displacement to cause a tsunami. The epicenter or epicentre is the point on the Earth 's surface that is directly above the Hypocenter or focus the point where an Earthquake A tsunami ((tsuːˈnɑːmi is a series of waves created when The shaking in earthquakes can also trigger landslides and occasionally volcanic activity.

In its most generic sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event—whether a natural phenomenon or an event caused by humans—that generates seismic waves. A phenomenon (from Greek φαινόμενoν, pl φαινόμενα - phenomena) is any observable occurrence Seismic waves are Waves that travel through the Earth, most often as the result of a tectonic Earthquake, sometimes from an Explosion Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, huge amounts of gas migration, mainly methane deep within the earth, but also by volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear experiments.

An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its focus or hypocenter. The hypocenter or hypocentre (literally 'below the center' from the Greek υπόκεντρον) refers to the site of an earthquake or to that of a nuclear The hypocenter or hypocentre (literally 'below the center' from the Greek υπόκεντρον) refers to the site of an earthquake or to that of a nuclear The term epicenter means the point at ground level directly above this. The epicenter or epicentre is the point on the Earth 's surface that is directly above the Hypocenter or focus the point where an Earthquake

Contents 1 Naturally occurring earthquakes 1.1 Earthquakes away from plate boundaries 1.2 Deep focus earthquakes 1.3 Earthquakes and volcanic activity 1.4 Earthquake storms 2 Size and frequency of occurrence 3 Effects/impacts of earthquakes 3.1 Shaking and ground rupture 3.2 Landslides and avalanches 3.3 Fires 3.4 Soil liquefaction 3.5 Tsunami 3.6 Floods 3.7 Human impacts 4 Preparation for earthquakes 5 Specific fault articles 6 Major earthquakes 6.1 Pre-20th century 6.2 20th century 6.3 21st century 7 Earthquakes in mythology and religion 8 See also 9 References 10 External links 10.1 Educational 10.2 Seismological data centers 10.2.1 Europe 10.2.2 Japan 10.2.3 United States 10.3 Seismic scales 10.4 Scientific information 10.5 Miscellaneous

Naturally occurring earthquakes

Tectonic earthquakes will occur anywhere within the earth where there is sufficient stored elastic strain energy to drive fracture propagation along a fault plane. The epicenter or epicentre is the point on the Earth 's surface that is directly above the Hypocenter or focus the point where an Earthquake In Geology a fault, or fault line, is a planar rock fracture which shows evidence of relative movement In the case of transform or convergent type plate boundaries, which form the largest fault surfaces on earth, they will move past each other smoothly and aseismically only if there are no irregularities or asperities along the boundary that increase the frictional resistance. A transform fault is a fault which runs along the boundary of a Tectonic plate. In Plate tectonics, a convergent boundary – also known as a convergent plate boundary or a destructive plate boundary – is an actively deforming region Geology, aseismic creep is measurable surface displacement along a fault in the absence of notable Earthquakes An example is along the Calaveras Most boundaries do have such asperities and this leads to a form of stick-slip behaviour. Stick-slip (or "slip-stick" refers to the phenomenon of a spontaneous jerking motion that can occur while two objects are sliding over each other Once the boundary has locked, continued relative motion between the plates leads to increasing stress and therefore, stored strain energy in the volume around the fault surface. This continues until the stress has risen sufficiently to break through the asperity, suddenly allowing sliding over the locked portion of the fault, releasing the stored energy. This energy is released as a combination of radiated elastic strain seismic waves, frictional heating of the fault surface, and cracking of the rock, thus causing an earthquake. Seismic waves are Waves that travel through the Earth, most often as the result of a tectonic Earthquake, sometimes from an Explosion This process of gradual build-up of strain and stress punctuated by occasional sudden earthquake failure is referred to as the Elastic-rebound theory. The elastic rebound theory is an explanation for how energy is spread during earthquakes It is estimated that only 10 percent or less of an earthquake's total energy is radiated as seismic energy. Most of the earthquake's energy is used to power the earthquake fracture growth or is converted into heat generated by friction. A fracture is any local separation or discontinuity plane in a Geologic formation, such as a joint or a fault that divides the rock into two or more Therefore, earthquakes lower the Earth's available elastic potential energy and raise its temperature, though these changes are negligible compared to the conductive and convective flow of heat out from the Earth's deep interior. ^[1]

Earthquakes away from plate boundaries

Where plate boundaries occur within continental lithosphere, deformation is spread out a over a much larger area than the plate boundary itself. In the case of the San Andreas fault continental transform, many earthquakes occur away from the plate boundary and are related to strains developed within the broader zone of deformation caused by major irregularities in the fault trace (e. The San Andreas Fault is a geologic Transform fault that runs a length of roughly 800 miles (1300 km through California in the United States. g. the “Big bend” region). The Northridge earthquake was associated with movement on a blind thrust within such a zone. Another example is the strongly oblique convergent plate boundary between the Arabian and Eurasian plates where it runs through the northwestern part of the Zagros mountains. The Arabian Plate is one of three Tectonic plates (the African Arabian and Indian crustal plates) which have been moving northward over millions of The Eurasian Plate is a Tectonic plate which includes most of the continent of Eurasia (a landmass consisting of the traditional Continents of Europe The Zagros Mountains (جبال زاجروس (رشته كوههاى زاگرس ( Sorani Kurdish: Zagros - زاگرۆس make up Iran 's and Iraq 's The deformation associated with this plate boundary is partitioned into nearly pure thrust sense movements perpendicular to the boundary over a wide zone to the southwest and nearly pure strike-slip motion along the Main Recent Fault close to the actual plate boundary itself. This is demonstrated by earthquake focal mechanisms. The focal mechanism of an Earthquake describes the inelastic deformation in the source region that generates the seismic waves ^[2]

All tectonic plates have internal stress fields caused by their interactions with neighbouring plates and sedimentary loading or unloading (e. g. deglaciation). These stresses may be sufficient to cause failure along existing fault planes, giving rise to intra-plate earthquakes.

Deep focus earthquakes

The majority of tectonic earthquakes originate at depths not exceeding tens of kilometers. In subduction zones, where older and colder oceanic crust descends beneath another tectonic plate, Deep focus earthquakes may occur at much greater depths (up to seven hundred kilometers). In Geology, a subduction zone is an area on Earth where two tectonic plates meet and move towards one another with one sliding underneath the other Oceanic crust is the part of Earth's Lithosphere that surfaces in the Ocean basins A deep-focus earthquake is an Earthquake that occurs at depths between 300 and 700 km beneath the Earth's surface These seismically active areas of subduction are known as Wadati-Benioff zones. A Wadati-Benioff zone (also Benioff-Wadati zone or Benioff zone) is a deep active seismic area in a Subduction zone These are earthquakes that occur at a depth at which the subducted lithosphere should no longer be brittle, due to the high temperature and pressure. The lithosphere (IPA, from the Greek λίθος for "rocky" + σφαίρα for "sphere" is the solid outermost shell of a rocky Planet. A possible mechanism for the generation of deep focus earthquakes is faulting caused by olivine undergoing a phase transition into a spinel structure. The Mineral olivine (when gem-quality also called Peridot) is a Magnesium Iron silicate with the formula ( Mg In Thermodynamics, phase transition or phase change is the transformation of a thermodynamic system from one phase to another The spinels are any of a class of Minerals of general formulation XY2 O 4 which Crystallize in the cubic (isometric ^[3]

Earthquakes and volcanic activity

Earthquakes also often occur in volcanic regions and are caused there, both by tectonic faults and by the movement of magma in volcanoes. Magma (Plurals magmas and magmata) is molten rock that sometimes forms beneath the surface of the Earth (or any other Terrestrial planet Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the Such earthquakes can serve as an early warning of volcanic eruptions.

Earthquake storms

Sometimes a series of earthquakes occur in a sort of earthquake storm, where the earthquakes strike a fault in clusters, each triggered by the shaking or stress redistribution of the previous earthquakes. An earthquake storm is a recently proposed theory about Earthquakes where one triggers a series of other large earthquakes&mdashwithin the same Tectonic plate &mdashas Similar to aftershocks but on adjacent segments of fault, these storms occur over the course of years, and with some of the later earthquakes as damaging as the early ones. An aftershock is an Earthquake that occurs after a previous earthquake (the main shock Such a pattern was observed in the sequence of about a dozen earthquakes that struck the North Anatolian Fault in Turkey in the 20th century, the half dozen large earthquakes in New Madrid in 1811-1812, and has been inferred for older anomalous clusters of large earthquakes in the Middle East and in the Mojave Desert. The North Anatolian Fault (NAF ( Kuzey Anadolu Fay Hattı is a major active right lateral-moving Geologic fault in northern Anatolia which runs along the Tectonic New Madrid (nuːˈmædrɪd is a city in New Madrid County, Missouri, 42 miles (68 km south by west of Cairo Illinois, on the Mississippi River

Size and frequency of occurrence

Minor earthquakes occur nearly constantly around the world in places like California and Alaska in the U. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent S. , as well as in Chile, Peru, Indonesia, Iran, Pakistan the Azores in Portugal, Turkey, New Zealand, Greece, Italy, and Japan,^[4] Larger earthquakes occur less frequently, the relationship being exponential; for example, roughly ten times as many earthquakes larger than magnitude 4 occur in a particular time period than earthquakes larger than magnitude 5. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The Azores ( Açores ɐˈsoɾɨʃ or) is a Portuguese Archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, about 1500 km (950  mi) from Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. In Seismology, the Gutenberg–Richter law expresses the relationship between the magnitude and total number of Earthquakes in any given region and time In the (low seismicity) United Kingdom, for example, it has been calculated that the average recurrences are:

• an earthquake of 3. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located 7 - 4. 6 every year
• an earthquake of 4. 7 - 5. 5 every 10 years
• an earthquake of 5. 6 or larger every 100 years.

The number of seismic stations has increased from about 350 in 1931 to many thousands today. As a result, many more earthquakes are reported than in the past because of the vast improvement in instrumentation (not because the number of earthquakes has increased). The USGS estimates that, since 1900, there have been an average of 18 major earthquakes (magnitude 7. The United States Geological Survey ( USGS) is a scientific agency of the United States government. 0-7. 9) and one great earthquake (magnitude 8. 0 or greater) per year, and that this average has been relatively stable. ^[5] In fact, in recent years, the number of major earthquakes per year has actually decreased, although this is likely a statistical fluctuation. More detailed statistics on the size and frequency of earthquakes is available from the USGS. ^[6]

Most of the world's earthquakes (90%, and 81% of the largest) take place in the 40,000-km-long, horseshoe-shaped zone called the circum-Pacific seismic belt, also known as the Pacific Ring of Fire, which for the most part bounds the Pacific Plate. The Pacific Plate is an oceanic Tectonic plate beneath the Pacific Ocean. ^[7][8] Massive earthquakes tend to occur along other plate boundaries, too, such as along the Himalayan Mountains. Humans can cause earthquakes for example by constructing large dams and buildings, drilling and injecting liquid into wells, and by coal mining and oil drilling. A dam is a barrier that divides waters. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water while other structures such as Floodgates, Levees In Architecture, Construction, Engineering and real estate development the word building may refer to one of the following Any man-made Coal mining is the extraction or removal of Coal from the Earth by Mining. West Texas PumpjackJPG|thumb|right|300px|This Pumpjack located south of Midland TX is a common sight in West Texas. ^[9]

With the rapid growth of mega-cities such as Mexico City, Tokyo or Tehran, in areas of high seismic risk, some seismologists are warning that a single quake may claim the lives of up to 3 million people. A megacity is generally defined as a Metropolitan area with a total Population in excess of 10 million people Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. Tehran (or Teheran) ( Persian: تهران Tehrān) is the capital and largest City of Iran, and the administrative center of ^[10][11][12]

Effects/impacts of earthquakes

1755 copper engraving depicting Lisbon in ruins and in flames after the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, also known as the Great Lisbon Earthquake, took place on November 1 1755 at around 940 in the morning A tsunami overwhelms the ships in the harbor. A tsunami ((tsuːˈnɑːmi is a series of waves created when

Smoldering after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.

Earthquake damage in Anchorage, Alaska (1964). Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent

Earthquake damage in Mexico City (1985). Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico

Earthquake damage in Armenia (1988). Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani

A section of the Cypress viaduct collapsed during the Loma Prieta Earthquake (1989). The Loma Prieta earthquake, also known as the Quake of '89 and the World Series Quake, was a major Earthquake that struck the San Francisco Bay

Kaiser Permanente Building destroyed in the Northridge Earthquake (1994).

Damage in Great Hanshin earthquake (1995) in Kobe, Japan. The Great Hanshin Earthquake, or Kobe earthquake as it is more commonly known outside of Japan, was an Earthquake in Japan that occurred on Tuesday is the capital city of Hyōgo Prefecture and a prominent port city in Japan with a population of about 1

Chūetsu earthquake (2004). The began at 556 pm on Saturday October 23, 2004 (0856 UT, same day

There are many effects of earthquakes including, but not limited to the following:

Shaking and ground rupture

Shaking and ground rupture are the main effects created by earthquakes, principally resulting in more or less severe damage to buildings or other rigid structures. The severity of the local effects depends on the complex combination of the earthquake magnitude, the distance from epicenter, and the local geological and geomorphological conditions, which may amplify or reduce wave propagation. The Richter magnitude scale, or more correctly local magnitude M L scale assigns a single number to quantify the amount of seismic energy released The epicenter or epicentre is the point on the Earth 's surface that is directly above the Hypocenter or focus the point where an Earthquake Wave propagation is any of the ways in which waves travel through a Waveguide. The ground-shaking is measured by ground acceleration.

Specific local geological, geomorphological, and geostructural features can induce high levels of shaking on the ground surface even from low-intensity earthquakes. This effect is called site or local amplification. It is principally due to the transfer of the seismic motion from hard deep soils to soft superficial soils and to effects of seismic energy focalization owing to typical geometrical setting of the deposits. Seismology (from Greek grc σεισμός seismos, "earthquake" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Earthquakes

Ground rupture is a visible breaking and displacement of the earth's surface along the trace of the fault, which may be of the order of few metres in the case of major earthquakes. Ground rupture is a major risk for large engineering structures such as dams, bridges and nuclear power stations and requires careful mapping of existing faults to identify any likely to break the ground surface within the life of the structure. A dam is a barrier that divides waters. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water while other structures such as Floodgates, Levees Bridges is the plural form of Bridge. People Bridges is the Family name of Alicia Bridges, Nuclear power is any Nuclear technology designed to extract usable Energy from atomic nuclei via controlled Nuclear reactions

Landslides and avalanches

Earthquakes can cause landslides and avalanches, which may cause damage in hilly and mountainous areas. A landslide is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of ground movement such as rock falls deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows which can occur This article refers to the natural event For other uses see Avalanche (disambiguation An avalanche is an abrupt and rapid flow of snow often

Fires

Following an earthquake, fires can be generated by break of the electrical power or gas lines. Fire is the heat and light energy released during a Chemical reaction, in particular a combustion reaction. Electric power is defined as the rate at which Electrical energy is transferred by an Electric circuit. In the event of water mains rupturing and a loss of pressure, it may also become difficult to stop the spread of a fire once it has started.

Soil liquefaction

Soil liquefaction occurs when, because of the shaking, water-saturated granular material temporarily loses its strength and transforms from a solid to a liquid. Soil liquefaction describes the behavior of loose saturated unconsolidated soils i See also Grain and Film grain Granularity is a measure of the size of the components or descriptions of components that make up A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. Liquid is one of the principal States of matter. A liquid is a Fluid that has the particles loose and can freely form a distinct surface at the boundaries of Soil liquefaction may cause rigid structures, as buildings or bridges, to tilt or sink into the liquefied deposits.

Tsunami

Undersea earthquakes and earthquake-triggered landslides into the sea, can cause Tsunami. A tsunami ((tsuːˈnɑːmi is a series of waves created when See, for example, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was an undersea Earthquake that occurred at 005853 UTC on December 26 2004 with an Epicentre off the west coast of

Floods

Floods may be a secondary effects of earthquakes, if dams are damaged.

Earthquakes may cause landslips to dam rivers, which then collapse and cause floods.

Human impacts

Earthquakes may result in disease, lack of basic necessities, loss of life, higher insurance premiums, general property damage, road and bridge damage, and collapse of buildings or destabilization of the base of buildings which may lead to collapse in future earthquakes. A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly

The most significant human impact is loss of life

Preparation for earthquakes

• Earthquake preparedness
• Household seismic safety
• HurriQuake nail (for resisting hurricanes and earthquakes)
• Seismic retrofit
• Seismic hazard
• Mitigation of seismic motion
• Earthquake prediction

Specific fault articles

Major earthquakes

Main article: List of earthquakes

Pre-20th century

• Pompeii (62 AD). Earthquake preparedness refers to a variety of measures designed to help individuals businesses and local and state governments in earthquake prone areas to prepare for significant earthquakes Contributions of photographs related to details of preparation are needed The HurriQuake nail is a construction nail designed by Ed Sutt for Stanley-Bostitch a division of Stanley Works, and patented in 2004 See also Earthquake engineering Seismic retrofitting is the modification of existing structures to make them more resistant to seismic activity, When building a house regional seismic hazard maps are used to find the best (or the worst place to locate for Earthquake shaking See also Earthquake engineering Mitigation of seismic motion is an important factor in Earthquake engineering and Construction in Earthquake An earthquake prediction is a Prediction that an Earthquake in a specific magnitude range will occur in a specific region and time window The Alpine Fault is a Geological fault, known as a right-lateral strike-slip fault that runs almost the entire length of New Zealand 's South Island. Note that Diablo Fault and Mount Diablo Fault redirect here The Calaveras Fault is a major branch The Cascadia Subduction zone is a Subduction zone, a type of convergent plate boundary that stretches from northern Vancouver Island to The exposed geology of the Death Valley area presents a diverse and complex story that includes at least 23 formations of Sedimentary units two major gaps in The Indonesian island of Sumatra is located in a highly seismic area of the world The Hayward Fault Zone is a Geologic fault zone capable of generating significantly destructive Earthquakes About 60 kilometers long it lies mainly along the The Hope Fault is a right-lateral oblique slip Fault in the South Island of New Zealand. The Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault is major Geological fault that runs a length of roughly 1000 km in a north-south direction and exhibits current seismicity. The North Anatolian Fault (NAF ( Kuzey Anadolu Fay Hattı is a major active right lateral-moving Geologic fault in northern Anatolia which runs along the Tectonic This article is about the seismic zone in southeastern Missouri The San Andreas Fault is a geologic Transform fault that runs a length of roughly 800 miles (1300 km through California in the United States. The Wasatch Fault is an Earthquake Fault located primarily on the western edge of the Wasatch Mountains in the U The following is a list of major Earthquakes. USGS list of significant earthquakes This is a list of significant earthquakes as listed by the Pompeii is a ruined and partially buried Roman town-city near modern Naples and Caserta in the Italian region of Campania, in
• Aleppo Earthquake (1138).
• Basel earthquake (1356). Major earthquake that struck Central Europe in 1356.
• Carniola earthquake (1511). Carniola (Kranjska Krain is a traditional and historical region of Slovenia. A major earthquake that shook a large portion of South-Central Europe. Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Its epicenter was around the town of Idrija, in today's Slovenia. Idrija (Italian Idria) is a small town and municipality with the same name in Slovenia. Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west It caused great damage to structures all over Carniola, including Ljubljana, and in western Carinthia, particularly in Villach and Klagenfurt which were almost completely destroyed. Carniola (Kranjska Krain is a traditional and historical region of Slovenia. Ljubljana ( is the largest and Capital city of Slovenia. It is located in the center of the country and is a mid-sized city of some 270000 inhabitants The Duchy of Carinthia (Herzogtum Kärnten Vojvodina Koroška was a Duchy located in southern Austria and parts of northern Slovenia. Villach (ˈfɪlax Slovenian Beljak) is the second largest city in Carinthia in the south of Austria, at the Drau River ( Slovenian Klagenfurt guildhall 19072006 01jpg|thumb|220px|City hall in Klagenfurt´s center Neuer Platz]] Klagenfurt am Wörthersee ( Slovene: Celovec) is the Capital There was some minor damage in Venice and other cities, too. Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the
• Shaanxi Earthquake (1556). Deadliest known earthquake in history, estimated to have killed 830,000 in China. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National
• Dover Straits (1580). Though severe Earthquakes in the north of France and southern England are rare the Dover Straits earthquake of 6 April 1580 appears to have been the largest
• Dubrovnik earthquake (1667). Disastrous earthquake in Dubrovnik, Croatia killed about 3/5 of the population. ||-||-||-||-||-||-||} Dubrovnik (ˈdǔbro̞ːʋniːk Dalmatian: Ragusa; Latin: Ragusium, also Rhausium, Rhaugia; Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between
• Port Royal Earthquake (1692). Port Royal, Jamaica was the centre of Shipping Commerce in the Islands of the Greater Antilles which make up the northeastern An earthquake on June 7, 1692, largely destroyed Port Royal, a safe harbor for pirates, causing two thirds of the city to sink into the Caribbean Sea. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins Port Royal, Jamaica was the centre of Shipping Commerce in the Islands of the Greater Antilles which make up the northeastern Piracy is Robbery committed at sea or sometimes on shore without a commission from a sovereign Nation (as distinct from Privateering For the region see Caribbean. The Caribbean Sea (kəˈrɪbiən or /ˌkærɨˈbiːən/ is a tropical Sea in the Western Hemisphere
• The great Sicilian earthquake (1693). Sicilian Baroque is the distinctive form of Baroque architecture that took hold on the island of Sicily As many as 100,000 may have died.
• Cascadia Earthquake (1700).
• Tokyo earthquake (1703). officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. 37,000 died.
• Kamchatka earthquakes (1737) The third biggest earthquake on record measuring 9. The Kamchatka earthquakes were a pair of Megathrust earthquakes occurring off the coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, in Russia on October 16, 3 on the Richter scale.
• Lisbon earthquake (1755), one of the most destructive and deadly earthquakes in history, killing between 60,000 and 100,000 people and causing a major tsunami that affected parts of Europe, North Africa and the Caribbean. The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, also known as the Great Lisbon Earthquake, took place on November 1 1755 at around 940 in the morning A tsunami ((tsuːˈnɑːmi is a series of waves created when North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting
• Calabria earthquake (1783). Series of 6 earthquakes in Calabria, Italy killed 50,000. Calabria ( Latin: Brutium) is a region in southern Italy, south of Naples, located at the "toe" of Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest ^[13]
• Quito earthquake. Quito, officially San Francisco de Quito, is the Capital of Ecuador in northwestern South America. (1797) Quito, Viceroyalty of Peru, now the capital of Ecuador, was devastated by an earthquake. Quito, officially San Francisco de Quito, is the Capital of Ecuador in northwestern South America. Created in 1542 the Viceroyalty of Peru (in Spanish, Virreinato del Perú) was a Spanish colonial administrative district that originally contained most of Spanish-ruled For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. 40,000 died.
• New Madrid Earthquake (1811), and another tremor (1812) that also struck the small Missouri town, was reportedly the strongest ever in North America and made the Mississippi River temporarily change its direction and permanently altered its course in the region. The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to
• Fort Tejon Earthquake (1857). Estimated Richter Scale above 8, said the strongest earthquake in Southern California history.
• Great Neapolitan Earthquake (1857). The Great Neapolitan Earthquake was an earthquake that occurred on December 16 1857, in the Basilicata region of Italy southeast of the city of Naples Estimated Richter Scale of 6. 9. 11,000 dead.
• 1872 Lone Pine earthquake (1872). The Great Lone Pine earthquake was one of the largest Earthquakes to hit California in recorded history Might been strongest ever measured in California with an estimated Richter Scale of 8. 1 said seismologists. Seismology (from Greek grc σεισμός seismos, "earthquake" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Earthquakes
• Charleston earthquake (1886). Largest earthquake in the southeastern United States, killed 100.
• Ljubljana earthquake (14. IV. 1895), a series of powerful quakes that ultimately had a vital impact on the city of Ljubljana, being a catalyst of its urban renewal. Ljubljana ( is the largest and Capital city of Slovenia. It is located in the center of the country and is a mid-sized city of some 270000 inhabitants Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst
• Assam earthquake of 1897 (1897). The Assam earthquake of 1897, measuring more than 8 on the Richter scale destroyed all masonry structures Large earthquake that destroyed all masonry structures, measuring more than 8 on the Richter scale.

20th century

• San Francisco Earthquake (1906). Between 7. 7 and 8. 3 magnitudes; killed approximately 3,000 people and caused around $400 million in damage; most devastating earthquake in California and U. S. history.
• Messina Earthquake (1908). The Messina Earthquake was an earthquake that occurred on December 28, 1908. Killed about 60,000 people.
• Gansu earthquake (1920). 1920 Haiyuan earthquake ( was an earthquake that occurred on December 16, 1920. Killed 200,000 in Gansu province, China. ( is a province located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National ^[14]
• Great Kantō earthquake (1923). The struck the Kantō plain on the Japanese main island of Honshū at 1158 on the morning of September 1, 1923. On the Japanese island of Honshū, killing over 140,000 in Tokyo and environs. or Honshu is the largest Island of Japan. The nation's main island, it is south of Hokkaidō across the Tsugaru Strait, north of officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū.
• 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake. The 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake, also known as the Napier earthquake, occurred in New Zealand at 1047 am on Tuesday February 3, 1931, killing Occurred in the Hawkes Bay in the North Island of New Zealand leaving 256 dead. Geography The region is situated on the east coast of the North Island. The North Island is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, the other being the South Island. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island
• 1933 Long Beach earthquake
• 1935 Balochistan earthquake at Quetta, Pakistan measuring 7. The Long Beach earthquake of 1933 took place on March 10, 1933 at 1755 PST ( March 11, 0155 UTC) with a magnitude The 1935 Balochistan Earthquake (بلوچستان زلزلہ occurred on May 31 1935 at 302am at Quetta Balochistan, Pakistan, then part of British India 7 on the Richter scale. Anywhere from 30,000 to 60,000 people died
• 1939 Erzincan earthquake at Erzincan, Turkey measuring 7. The Erzincan earthquake of 1939 was a major Natural disaster that hit the province of Erzincan in eastern Turkey at 157 am (GMT 1157 pm on December Erzincan ( Zazaish: Erzıngan) is the capital of Erzincan Province in the eastern Anatolian region of Turkey. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches 9 on the Richter scale.
• Ashgabat earthquake (1948). The 1948 Ashgabat earthquake, at a magnitude 73 Mw, occurred at on 5 October 1948 near Ashgabat, Turkmenistan (then Earthquake in Ashgabat, Soviet Union measuring 7. Ashgabat ( Aşgabat in Turkmen) (or formerly Ashkhabad or Poltoratsk is the Capital and largest city of Turkmenistan, a country in The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 3 on the Richter scale killed over 110,000 (2/3 the population of the city). ^[15]
• Assam earthquake of 1950 (1950). The Assam earthquake of 1950 on August 15, 1950, measured 86M on the Richter scale. Earthquake in Assam, India measures 8. Assam) ( Assamese: অসম Ôxôm) is a northeastern state of India with its capital at Dispur, a suburb of the city 6M.
• Kamchatka earthquakes (1952 and 1737), measuring >9. The Kamchatka earthquakes were a pair of Megathrust earthquakes occurring off the coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, in Russia on October 16, 0.
• Great Kern County earthquake (1952). This was second strongest tremor in Southern California history, epicentered 60 miles North of Los Angeles. Major damage in Bakersfield, California and Kern County, California, while it shook the Los Angeles area. Kern County is a County located in the southern Central Valley of the U
• 1959 Yellowstone earthquake, formed Quake Lake in southern Montana, USA
• Great Chilean Earthquake (1960). The 1959 Yellowstone earthquake also known as the Hebgen Lake earthquake in southwestern Montana. Quake Lake (also known as Earthquake Lake) is a Lake in southwestern Montana, United States. The 1960 Valdivia earthquake or Great Chilean Earthquake (Gran terremoto de Valdivia of 22 May, 1960 is the most powerful Earthquake ever Strongest earthquake ever recorded,^[16] 9. 5 on Moment magnitude scale, and generated tsunamis throughout the Pacific ocean. A tsunami ((tsuːˈnɑːmi is a series of waves created when It measured 9. 6 on the Richter scale. The Richter magnitude scale, or more correctly local magnitude M L scale assigns a single number to quantify the amount of seismic energy released ^[17]
• 1960 Agadir earthquake, Morocco with around 15,000 casualties. The 1960 Agadir Earthquake took place on February 29, 1960, at 2340 in the evening Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa
• 1963 Skopje earthquake, measuring 6. The 1963 Skopje earthquake (Скопски земјотрес 1963 transliterated Skopski zemjotres 1963) was an Earthquake which occurred in 1 on the Richter scale kills 1,800 people, leaves another 120,000 homeless, and destroys 80% of the city.
• Good Friday Earthquake (1964) In Alaska, it was the fourth biggest earthquake recorded,^[16] measuring 9. 2M. and generated tsunamis throughout the Pacific ocean.
• 1966 Tashkent Earthquake. Ruined most of Tashkent, Uzbek SSR, USSR (now Uzbekistan), tens of thousands of deaths. The Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (Ўзбекистон Совет Социалистик Республикаси O`zbekiston Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikasi; Узбекская The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly
• Ancash earthquake (1970). The 1970 Ancash earthquake or Great Peruvian Earthquake was an undersea Earthquake that occurred on May 31 of that year Caused a landslide that buried the town of Yungay, Peru; killed over 40,000 people. A landslide is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of ground movement such as rock falls deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows which can occur Yungay is a town in the Ancash Region in north central Peru, South America.
• Sylmar earthquake (1971). The 1971 San Fernando earthquake (also known as Sylmar earthquake) struck the San Fernando Valley near Sylmar at 60055 a Caused great and unexpected destruction of freeway bridges and flyways in the San Fernando Valley, leading to the first major seismic retrofits of these types of structures, but not at a sufficient pace to avoid the next California freeway collapse in 1989. The San Fernando Valley or The Valley is an urbanized Valley located in the north-western section of the city of Los Angeles California, United States See also Earthquake engineering Seismic retrofitting is the modification of existing structures to make them more resistant to seismic activity,
• Managua earthquake (1972), which killed more than 10,000 people and destroyed 90% of the city. The 1972 Nicaragua earthquake refers to the Earthquake that occurred at 1229 a The earthquake took place on December 23, 1972 at midnight. Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• Friuli earthquake (1976), Which killed more than 2,000 people in Northeastern Italy and in the Slovenian Littoral on the 6th of May
• Tangshan earthquake (1976). Friuli ( Friulian: Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Slovenian Littoral (Primorska Litorale Küstenland is a historical region of Slovenia. The Tangshan earthquake ( also known as the Great Tangshan earthquake or GTE, was a natural disaster that occurred on July 28, 1976. The most destructive earthquake of modern times. The official death toll was 255,000, but many experts believe that two or three times that number died.
• Guatemala 1976 earthquake (1976). Guatemala (República de Guatemala) is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west the Pacific Ocean to the southwest The 1976 Guatemala Earthquake struck on February 4, 1976. It was a 7 Causing 23,000 deaths, 77,000 injuries and the destruction of more than 250,000 homes.
• Vrancea, Romania earthquake (1977). 7. 2-7. 4 on the Richter scale. Over 1500 people killed, the majority in the Romanian capital Bucharest.
• Coalinga, California earthquake (1983). 6. 5 on the Richter scale on a section of the San Andreas Fault. Six people killed, downtown Coalinga, California devastated and oil field blazes. Coalinga (koʊˈlɪŋɡə also pronounced by local residence as kʌˈlɪŋɡə is a city in Fresno County, California, United States.
• Great Mexican Earthquake (1985). The 1985 Mexico City earthquake was one of the most devastating Earthquakes in the history of the Americas Killed over 6,500 people, according to official Mexican government reports, but as many as 30,000 people are thought to have been killed (they disappeared and never reappeared after the initial Earthquakes).
• Great San Salvador Earthquake (October 10, 1986). The Great San Salvador Earthquake happened on October 10, 1986 at 1150 local time a major Earthquake struck El Salvador, causing considerable Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Killed over 1,500 people.
• Whittier Narrows earthquake (1987). The Whittier Narrows earthquake struck the southern San Gabriel Valley and surrounding communities of Southern California at 742 a
• 1989 Newcastle earthquake, Australia
• Armenian earthquake (1988). The 1989 Newcastle earthquake was a magnitude 56 Earthquake that occurred in Newcastle New South Wales on Thursday 28 December 1989 The Spitak Earthquake (also called Leninakan Earthquake and Gyumri Earthquake) was a tremor with a Magnitude of 6 Killed over 25,000.
• Loma Prieta earthquake (1989). The Loma Prieta earthquake, also known as the Quake of '89 and the World Series Quake, was a major Earthquake that struck the San Francisco Bay Severely affecting Santa Cruz, San Francisco, San Jose and Oakland in California. Santa Cruz is the County seat and largest city of Santa Cruz County, California, United States. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city Oakland (ˈoʊklənd founded in 1852 is the eighth-largest city in the U California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. This is also called the World Series Earthquake. For other events named "World Series" see World Series (disambiguation. It struck as Game 3 of the 1989 World Series was just getting underway at Candlestick Park in San Francisco. The 1989 World Series was played between the Oakland Athletics and the San Francisco Giants. Candlestick Park (also commonly referred to as Candlestick or The Stick) is an outdoor sports and entertainment stadium located in San Francisco California The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city Revealed necessity of accelerated seismic retrofit of road and bridge structures.
• Iran Earthquake (1990). 7. 7 on the Richter scale. Killed over 35,000 in Gilan Province, southwest of Caspian sea. The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged Sea. ^[18]
• Luzon Earthquake (1990). The 1990 Luzon earthquake occurred on Monday July 16, 1990, at 426 PM local time in the Philippines. On 16 July 1990, an earthquake measuring 7. Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) 7 on the Richter scale struck the island of Luzon, Philippines. Luzon is the largest and most economically and politically important Island in the Philippines and one of the three island groups in the country with Visayas
• Landers, California earthquake (1992). Serious damage in the small town of Yucca Valley, California and was felt across 10 states in Western U. Yucca Valley is an incorporated town located in San Bernardino County, California, United States. S. Another tremor measured 6. 4 struck 3 hours later and felt across Southern California.
• August 1993 Guam Earthquake, measuring 8. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) 2 on the Richter scale and lasting 60 seconds.
• 1993 Latur earthquake Latur Earthquake,an earthquake of magnitude 6. The Latur earthquake struck India on September 30 1993. The main area affected was the Maharashtra State in Western India. 3 on Richter Scale rocked the districts of Latur and Osmanabad in Maharashtra in India. Maharashtra ( Marathi: mahārāṣṭra, IPA) is a state located on the western coast of India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The degree of fury was such that dwellings in several villages of these 2 districts were totally converted to debris. In adjoining Karnataka state, 9 people were killed and about 16,000 people injured. Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India A huge number of houses were damaged. ^[19]
• Northridge, California earthquake (1994). Damage showed seismic resistance deficiencies in modern low-rise apartment construction.
• Sakhalin earthquake (1995). Neftegorsk (Нефтего́рск called Vostok (ru Восто́к before 1970 was an oil -producing Urban-type settlement in Sakhalin Measuring 7. 6 on the Richter scale, killing over 2,000 people in Sakhalin, Russia. Sakhalin (Сахали́н səxʌˈlʲin Japanese:nihongo|樺太|karafuto or; Chinese: 庫頁 Kùyè also Saghalien, is a large elongated Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending ^[20]
• Great Hanshin earthquake (1995). The Great Hanshin Earthquake, or Kobe earthquake as it is more commonly known outside of Japan, was an Earthquake in Japan that occurred on Tuesday Killed over 6,400 people in and around Kobe, Japan. is the capital city of Hyōgo Prefecture and a prominent port city in Japan with a population of about 1 For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics.
• 1998 Afghanistan earthquake (1998). 6. 9 on the Richter scale. Some 125 villages were damaged and 4000 people killed. ^[21]
• Athens earthquake (1999). 5. 9 on the Richter scale, it hit Athens on September 7. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Epicentered 10 miles north of the Greek capital, it claimed 143 lives.
• Chi-Chi earthquake (1999) Also called the 921 earthquake. Chichi earthquake ( also known as the 921 earthquake ( occurred at 14715 Struck Taiwan on September 21, 1999. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Over 2,000 people killed, destroyed or damaged over ten thousand buildings. Caused world computer prices to rise sharply.
• Armenia, Colombia (1999) 6. Armenia is the capital of Quindío, a department in Colombia. 2 on the Richter scale, Killed over 2,000 in the Colombian Coffee Grown Zone.
• 1999 İzmit earthquake measuring 7. The 1999 İzmit Earthquake was an approximately 76 magnitude earthquake that struck northwestern Turkey on August 17, 1999 5 on the Richter scale and killed over 40,000 people and left approximately half a million people homeless in northwestern Turkey. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches
• Hector Mine earthquake (1999). 7. 1 on the Richter scale, epicentered 30 miles east of Barstow, California, widely felt in California and Nevada. Barstow is a city in San Bernardino County, California, United States. Nevada ( is a state located in the western region of the United States of America.
• 1999 Düzce earthquake at Düzce, Turkey measuring 7. The Düzce earthquake of 1999 was an Earthquake that occurred on 12 November, 1999 at 18 Düzce is the capital City of Düzce Province in Turkey. Overview Area 1065 km²Population 156 Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches 2 on the Richter scale.
• Baku earthquake (2000). 2000 Baku earthquake occurred on Saturday November 25, 2000 measuring 7 on the Richter scale in the Epicentre with 63 in Baku and

21st century

• Nisqually Earthquake (2001). The Nisqually earthquake was an intraslab Earthquake, occurring at 1054 a
• El Salvador earthquakes (2001). The 2001 El Salvador earthquakes were two earthquakes which hit El Salvador within exactly one month of each other on January 13 and February 13 2001 7. 9 (13 January) and 6. Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks 6 (13 February) magnitudes, killed more than 1,100 people. Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed
• Gujarat Earthquake (26 January 2001). The 2001 Gujarat earthquake occurred on January 26, 2001, which coincided with the 51st celebration of Republic Day (India at 0317 hrs GMT Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar.
• Hindu Kush earthquakes (2002). The 2002 Hindu Kush earthquakes were two Earthquakes which hit the Hindu Kush mountain range area in Afghanistan on March 3 and March 25 Over 1,100 killed.
• Molise earthquake (2002) 26 killed. The 2002 Molise earthquake was a magnitude 59 Earthquake that hit the Italian regions of Molise and Puglia on October 31 2002
• Bam Earthquake (2003). Bam is a city in Kerman Province of Iran. The city is the center of Bam County. Over 40,000 people are reported dead.
• Parkfield, California earthquake (2004). Parkfield Earthquake is a name given to various large Earthquakes that occurred in the vicinity of the little town of Parkfield California, in the United States Not large (6. 0), but the most anticipated and intensely instrumented earthquake ever recorded and likely to offer insights into predicting future earthquakes elsewhere on similar slip-strike fault structures.
• Chūetsu earthquake (2004). The began at 556 pm on Saturday October 23, 2004 (0856 UT, same day
• Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake (26 December 2004). The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was an undersea Earthquake that occurred at 005853 UTC on December 26 2004 with an Epicentre off the west coast of By some estimates, the second largest earthquake in recorded history (estimates of magnitude vary between 9. 1^[16] and 9. 3). Epicentered off the coast of the Indonesian island of Sumatra, this massive earthquake triggered a series of gigantic tsunamis that smashed onto the shores of a number of nations, causing 230,000 fatalities. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two A tsunami ((tsuːˈnɑːmi is a series of waves created when
• Sumatran (Nias) Earthquake (2005). The 2005 Sumatra earthquake, referred to as the Nias Earthquake by the scientific community was a major earthquake on 28 March 2005 located off the west coast of northern
• Fukuoka earthquake (2005). The Fukuoka earthquake struck Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan at 1053 am JST on March 20
• Northern Chile Earthquake (2005). 7. 9 (13 June). Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Killed only 15 people, but left many poor families homeless.
• Kashmir earthquake (2005) (also known as the Great Pakistan earthquake). The 2005 Kashmir Earthquake (also known as the South Asian earthquake or the Great Pakistan earthquake) was a major earthquake centred in Azad Kashmir Killed over 79,000 people; and many more injured.
• Lake Tanganyika earthquake (2005). An Earthquake along the East African Great Rift Valley faultline struck at 121955 ( UTC) (141955 local time at the Epicentre) on
• May 2006 Java earthquake (2006). The May 2006 Java Earthquake occurred at 0554 local time on 27 May 2006 (2254 GMT 26 May) in the Indian Ocean
• July 2006 7.7 magnitude Java earthquake which triggered tsunamis (2006). The US Geological Survey placed the epicentre of the quake at, and its hypocentre at a depth of 48 A tsunami ((tsuːˈnɑːmi is a series of waves created when
• October 2006 6.6 magnitude Kona, Hawaii earthquake (2006). The 2006 Hawaii earthquake was an offshore Earthquake occurring 10 km (6 miles southwest from Puakō Hawai'i, United States, on Sunday October 15
• November 2006 8.1 magnitude north of Japan (2006). The Kuril Islands earthquake happened at late evening in local time (829pm in JST) on November 15, 2006 with epicentre at 46 degrees 42
• December 26, 2006, 7.2 magnitude, southwest of Taiwan (2006). The 2006 Hengchun earthquake occurred on Tuesday December 26 2006 at 1225 UTC (2025 local time) with an Epicenter off the
• Sumatra Earthquakes March 06, 2007, 6.4 and 6.3 magnitude, Sumatra, Indonesia (2007). September 2007 Sumatra earthquakesThe March 2007 Sumatra earthquakes were two Earthquakes which hit near the northern end of Lake Singkarak in Sumatra,
• March 25, 2007, 6.9 magnitude, off the west coast of Honshū, Japan (2007). At 942 am on March 25, 2007, the, a magnitude 69 Earthquake, struck the Hokuriku region of Japan, near the Noto Peninsula
• April 1, 2007, 8.1 magnitude, Solomon Islands (2007). The 2007 Solomon Islands earthquake took place on April 2, 2007, near the island of Gizo, in the Solomon Islands.
• 2007 Guatemala Earthquake 6. The 2007 Guatemala earthquake occurred on June 13, 2007 occurred at 192946 UTC (132946 local time) 7 magnitude (2007).
• July 16, 2007, 6.6 magnitude, Niigata prefecture, Japan (2007). The Chūetsu Offshore Earthquake (平成19 年（2007 年）新潟県中越沖地震) was a powerful magnitude 6
• 2007 Peru earthquake 8. The 2007 Peru earthquake was an Earthquake measuring 80 on the Moment magnitude scale that hit the central coast of Peru on Wednesday August 15 0 magnitude, August 15 (2007)^[22]
• September 2007 Sumatra earthquakes 8. The September 2007 Sumatra earthquakes were a series of Earthquakes that struck the Java Trench off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, three 0 magnitude September 12 (2007)^[23]
• November 14, 2007, 7.7 magnitude, Antofagasta, Chile (2007). The 2007 Antofagasta earthquake was an Earthquake registered on November 14, 2007 at 154053 UTC (124053 local time
• November 29, 2007, 7. 4 magnitude, Caribbean Sea (2007).
• December 20, 2007 6.8 magnitude, Gisborne, New Zealand (2007). The December 2007 Gisborne earthquake was an Earthquake of magnitude 6
• February 20, 2008 Sumatra earthquake 7. Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two 5 magnitude^[24]
• February 25, 2008 Sumatra earthquake 7. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two 3 magnitude. The quake was centered about 160 km (100 miles) south-southwest of Padang. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center issued a local tsunami watch. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC operated by NOAA in Ewa Beach Hawaii, USA, is one of two tsunami warning centers in the United States A tsunami ((tsuːˈnɑːmi is a series of waves created when ^[25]
• March 21, 2008 China earthquake 7. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National 2 magnitude. The quake happened in Yutian County, Xinjiang, a remote region in the Kunlun Mountains far from any residential areas. The Keriya (Kériye County ( Chinese: 于田县 Pinyin: Yútián Xiàn كېرىيە ناھىيىسى|Kériye Nahiyisi|Keriyə Nah̡iyisi is a county within the The Kunlun Mountains ( Mongolian: Хөндлөн Уулс is one of the longest Mountain chains in Asia, extending more than 3000 Km. ^[26]
• March 29, 2008 Sumatra earthquake 6. Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two 3 magnitude. The epicenter was about 175 miles (281 kilometers) south of Banda Aceh -- in a region hard-hit by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. Banda Aceh is the provincial capital and largest city of Aceh, Indonesia, located on the island of Sumatra, with an Elevation of 21 m The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was an undersea Earthquake that occurred at 005853 UTC on December 26 2004 with an Epicentre off the west coast of The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center issued warnings on the possibility of the quake triggering tsunamis on coasts near its epicenter. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC operated by NOAA in Ewa Beach Hawaii, USA, is one of two tsunami warning centers in the United States A tsunami ((tsuːˈnɑːmi is a series of waves created when ^[27]
• April 8, 2008 earthquake 7. Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common 5 magnitude. The quake was in the southern Pacific Ocean, about 85 kilometers southwest of Vanuatu. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions Vanuatu, officially the Republic of Vanuatu ( French: République de Vanuatu, Bislama: Ripablik blong Vanuatu) is an Island
• May 12, 2008 earthquake 8.0 magnitude about 60 kilometers northwest of Chengdu in the Sichuan province in China, killed over 65,000 people, expected to soar and China admits quake death toll could exceed 80,000. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common The 2008 Sichuan earthquake ( or " Great Sichuan Earthquake " which measured at 8 ( located in southwest People's Republic of China, is the capital of Sichuan province and a Sub-provincial city. ( Postal map spelling: Szechwan and Szechuan) is a province in western China with its capital in Chengdu. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National

Earthquakes in mythology and religion

In Norse mythology, earthquakes were explained as the violent struggling of the god Loki. Norse mythology comprises the indigenous pre-Christian religion, beliefs and Legends of the Scandinavian peoples including those who settled on Iceland In Cryptography, LOKI89 and LOKI91 are Block ciphers designed as possible replacements for the Data Encryption Standard (DES When Loki, god of mischief and strife, murdered Baldr, god of beauty and light, he was punished by being bound in a cave with a poisonous serpent placed above his head dripping venom. In Old Norse, áss (or ǫ́ss ás, plural æsir, feminine ásynja, feminine plural ásynjur) is the term denoting one of the principal Loki's wife Sigyn stood by him with a bowl to catch the poison, but whenever she had to empty the bowl the poison would drip on Loki's face, forcing him to jerk his head away and thrash against his bonds, causing the earth to tremble. Sigyn ( Old Norse "victorious girl-friend" is a goddess and wife of Loki in Norse mythology. ^[28]

In Greek mythology, Poseidon was the god of earthquakes. Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance In Greek mythology, Poseidon ( Greek:; Latin: Neptūnus) was the god of the Sea and as "Earth-Shaker" ^[29]

See also

References

External links

Educational

• 12 of the Most Destructive Earthquakes at HowStuffWorks
• How to survive an earthquake - Guide for children and youth
• Guide to earthquakes and plate tectonics
• Earthquakes — an educational booklet by Kaye M. The Prose Edda, also known as the Younger Edda, Snorri's Edda ( Snorra Edda) or simply Edda, is an Snorri Sturluson (1178 – September 23, 1241) was an Icelandic historian poet and politician Shedlock & Louis C. Pakiser
• The Severity of an Earthquake
• USGS Earthquake FAQs
• IRIS Seismic Monitor - maps all earthquakes in the past five years.
• Latest Earthquakes in the World - maps all earthquakes in the past week.
• Earthquake Information from the Deep Ocean Exploration Institute, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
• Geo.Mtu.Edu — How to locate an earthquake's epicenter
• Photos/images of historic earthquakes
• earthquakecountry.info Answers to FAQs about Earthquakes and Earthquake Preparedness
• Interactive guide: Earthquakes - an educational presentation by Guardian Unlimited
• Geowall — an educational 3D presentation system for looking at and understanding earthquake data
• Virtual Earthquake - educational site explaining how epicenters are located and magnitude is determined
• HowStuffWorks — How Earthquakes Work
• CBC Digital Archives — Canada's Earthquakes and Tsunamis
• Earthquakes Educational Resources - dmoz

Seismological data centers

Europe

• International Seismological Centre (ISC)
• European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre (EMSC)
• Global Seismic Monitor at GFZ Potsdam
• Global Earthquake Report – chart
• Earthquakes in Iceland during the last 48 hours
• Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Italy
• Database of Individual Seismogenic Sources (DISS), Central Mediterranean
• Portuguese Meteorological Institute (Seismic activity during the last month)

Japan

• Earthquake Information of Japan, Japan Meteorological Agency
• International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering (IISEE)
• Building Research Institute
• Database for the damage of world earthquake, ancient period (3000 BC) to year of 2006- Building Research Institute (Japan) (建築研究所) in Japanese
• Weathernews Inc.(Seismic activity during the last 7 days), in Japanese language. The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI is a private nonprofit research and higher education facility dedicated to the study of all aspects of marine science and engineering and guardiancouk, formerly known as Guardian Unlimited, is a British website owned by the Guardian Media Group.
  • Weathernews Inc Global web site

United States

• EQNET: Earthquake Information Network
• The U.S. National Earthquake Information Center
• Southern California Earthquake Data Center
• The Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC)
• Putting Down Roots in Earthquake Country An Earthquake Science and Preparedness Handbook produced by SCEC
• Recent earthquakes in California and Nevada
• Seismograms for recent earthquakes via REV, the Rapid Earthquake Viewer
• Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS), earthquake database and software
• IRIS Seismic Monitor - world map of recent earthquakes
• SeismoArchives - seismogram archives of significant earthquakes of the world

Seismic scales

• The European Macroseismic Scale

Scientific information

• Earthquake Magnitudes and the Gutenberg-Richter Law. SimScience. Retrieved on 2006-08-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures
• Hiroo Kanamori, Emily E. Brodsky (June 2001). "The Physics of Earthquakes". Physics Today 54 (6): 34.  

Miscellaneous

• Reports on China Sichuan earthquake 12/05/2008
• Kashmir Relief & Development Foundation (KRDF)
• PBS NewsHour - Predicting Earthquakes
• USGS – Largest earthquakes in the world since 1900
• The Destruction of Earthquakes - a list of the worst earthquakes ever recorded
• Los Angeles Earthquakes plotted on a Google map
• the EM-DAT International Disaster Database
• Earthquake Newspaper Articles Archive
• Earth-quake.org
• PetQuake.org- official PETSAAF system which relies on strange or atypical animal behavior to predict earthquakes. (Link broken 03:33, 2 June 2008 (UTC))
• A series of earthquakes in southern Italy - November 23 1980, Gesualdo
• Recent Quakes WorldWide
• Real-time earthquakes on Google Map, Australia and rest of the world
• Earthquake Information - detailed statistics and integrated with Google Maps and Google Earth
• Kharita - INGV portal for Digital Cartography - Last earthquakes recorded by INGV Italian Network (with Google Maps)
• Kharita - INGV portal for Digital Cartography - Italian Seismicity by region 1981-2006 (with Google Maps)

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