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An earth station or ground station is the surface-based (terrestrial) end of a communications link to an object in outer space. Outer space, often simply called space, comprises the relatively empty regions of the Universe outside the escape velocities of Celestial bodies. The space end of the link is occasionally referred to as a space station (though that term often implies a human-inhabited complex). A space station is an artificial structure designed for Humans to live in Outer space.

An Earth Station with several antennas
An Earth Station with several antennas

The majority of earth stations are used to communicate with communications satellites, and are called satellite earth stations or teleports, but others are used to communicate with space probes, and manned spacecraft. A communications satellite (sometimes abbreviated to comsat) is an artificial Satellite stationed in space for the purposes of Telecommunications. A space probe is a scientific Space exploration mission in which a Robotic spacecraft leaves the Gravity well of Earth and approaches the A spacecraft is a Vehicle or machine designed for Spaceflight. Where the communications link is used mainly to carry telemetry or must follow a satellite not in geostationary orbit, the earth station is often referred to as a tracking station. Telemetry (synonymous with Telematics) is a Technology that allows the remote measurement and reporting of Information of interest to the system designer A geostationary orbit (GEO is a Geosynchronous orbit directly above the Earth 's Equator (0° Latitude) with a period equal to the Earth's

Examples of earth stations include:

Contents

Communications

A satellite earth station is a communications facility with a microwave radio transmitting and receiving antenna and required receiving and transmitting equipment for communicating with satellites (also known as space stations). The Bukit Timah Satellite Earth Station ( Chinese: 武吉知马卫星地面站 Malay: Stesen Satelit Bumi Bukit Timah) is Singapore 's first The Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex (CDSCC is a Ground station that is located in Australia at Tidbinbilla in a valley of the Murrumbidgee Goonhilly Satellite Earth Station is a large telecommunications site located on Goonhilly Downs near Helston on the Lizard peninsula in Cornwall Honeysuckle Creek was a NASA Tracking station near Canberra, Australia, which played an important role in supporting Project Apollo The Kaena Point Satellite Tracking Station is a United States Air Force Military installation in Kaena Point on the island The Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex ( GDSCC) &mdashcommonly called the Goldstone Observatory &mdash is located in California 's Mojave Desert The Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex ( MDSCC) is a Ground station located in Robledo de Chavela, Spain and operated by Ingenieria y Servicios Aeroespaciales Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with Wavelengths ranging from 1 mm to 1 m or frequencies between 0 Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. An antenna is a Transducer designed to transmit or Receive electromagnetic waves In other words antennas convert electromagnetic waves into This article is about artificial satellites For natural satellites also known as moons see Natural satellite.

In the satellite communications industry there are international standards agreed through the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R, formerly the CCIR) and de facto standards set by Intelsat for satellite earth stations of differing capabilities. The ITU Radiocommunication Sector ( ITU-R) is one of the three sectors (divisions or units of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU and is responsible for Intelsat Ltd is the world’s largest commercial Satellite communications services provider They are known as 'Intelsat Earth Station Standards' or 'IESS'. A major defining property is not the size of the 'dish', but the overall antenna gain achieved by the system and the geometry of its sidelobes. Antenna Gain is defined as the ratio of the Radiation intensity of an antenna in a given direction to the intensity of the same antenna as it radiates in all directions The parabolic antenna is a high-gain reflector antenna used for radio television and data communications and also for radiolocation ( RADAR) on the UHF and In general, however, larger dishes give higher gains. In Electronics, gain is a measure of the ability of a circuit (often an Amplifier) to increase the power or Amplitude of a The different types of Intelsat satellite earth station are designated by the word 'Standard' followed by a letter:

Dish diameter usually >26 metres (older), approx 15 metres (newer)
Dish diameter typically 11-13 metres
Dish diameter 3. The Ku band ( pronounced "kay-yoo") is a portion of the Electromagnetic spectrum in the Microwave range of frequencies 05±0. 65 metres (Ku-band)
Dish diameter 5. The Ku band ( pronounced "kay-yoo") is a portion of the Electromagnetic spectrum in the Microwave range of frequencies 0±1. 3 metres (Ku-band)
Dish diameter 4. 3±0. 6 metres (C-band)
Dish diameter 6. C band is a name given to certain portions of the Electromagnetic spectrum, as well as a range of Wavelengths of Light, used for communications 3 metres (C-band)
Dish diameter 7. C band is a name given to certain portions of the Electromagnetic spectrum, as well as a range of Wavelengths of Light, used for communications 3 metres (C-band)
Dish diameter 4. 1±3. 2 metres (C-band), 3. 6±2. 7 metres (Ku-band)
Dish diameter 2. C band is a name given to certain portions of the Electromagnetic spectrum, as well as a range of Wavelengths of Light, used for communications 12±0. 32 metres (C-band)
Dish diameter 2. C band is a name given to certain portions of the Electromagnetic spectrum, as well as a range of Wavelengths of Light, used for communications 42±0. 02 metres (C-band)
Dish diameter 1. The Ku band ( pronounced "kay-yoo") is a portion of the Electromagnetic spectrum in the Microwave range of frequencies 5±0. 3 metres (Ku-band)
Dish diameter 2. The Ku band ( pronounced "kay-yoo") is a portion of the Electromagnetic spectrum in the Microwave range of frequencies 1±0. 3 metres (Ku-band)

Note that satellite earth stations need not be fixed in position. Some terminals may be ship-borne, or vehicle-borne, and others are man-portable, although used only when stationary. These may better be formally termed Mobile Earth Stations, Aircraft Earth Stations or Ship Earth Stations according to Article 1 of the Radio Regulations.

Note also that the uplink (earth station to satellite) frequency is usually the higher frequency listed. See Ku- and C BAND SATELLITES UPLINK, DOWNLINK and TRANSLATION FREQUENCIES. Miteq, New York. Retrieved on 2006-09-11. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul .

Other large industry organisations include INMARSAT and EUTELSAT, each with its own preferred antenna designs. Inmarsat plc ( is an international Telecommunications company originally operating as an Intergovernmental organization

Teleports

A teleport is a communication facility designed to communicate with commercial satellites in orbit around the earth. In addition, a teleport facility provides satellite transmission and reception services to multiple satellites or clients, or both.

Teleports were originally constructed during the middle to latter part the decade that began in 1960 by the companies that constructed, launched and operated commercial and government communication satellites.

The main tasks of the teleport are:

Some teleport facilities offer global coverage through the Intelsat, Eutelsat, Arabsat, Nilesat, Thaicom, Telstarand Amos satellites. Intelsat Ltd is the world’s largest commercial Satellite communications services provider Eutelsat SA is a French -based satellite provider Providing coverage over the entire European continent as well as the Middle East Africa India and significant The Arab Satellite Communications Organization (often abbreviated as Arabsat or ASCO) is a leading Communications satellite operator in the Arab World Nilesat is an Egyptian company and the name of a series of Egyptian communications Satellites The creation of Egyptian Nilesat was stimulated by Egypt's Thaicom is the name of a series of Communications satellites operated out of Thailand. Telstar was the first active Communications satellite (launched in 1962 and the first Satellite designed to transmit telephone and high-speed data communications AMOS is a name for a series of Israeli Communications satellites. C, Ku and Ka band teleport services are often provided. C band is a name given to certain portions of the Electromagnetic spectrum, as well as a range of Wavelengths of Light, used for communications The Ku band ( pronounced "kay-yoo") is a portion of the Electromagnetic spectrum in the Microwave range of frequencies The Ka band (Pronounced "Kay-A Band" covers the frequencies of 26

A teleport can uplink taped programs like video press releases, or live teleconferences. Teleconference is the live exchange and mass articulation of Information among persons and machines remote from one another but linked by a Telecommunications system Studios and teleproduction facilities are connected directly to the uplink via microwave or optical fiber. A microwave link is a communications system that uses a beam of radio waves in the microwave frequency range to transmit Video, audio, or Data between two An optical fiber (or fibre) is a Glass or Plastic fiber that carries Light along its length A signal contribution through a satellite is also possible. In this case the teleport provides "turnaround" service, which means that the channel is received from one satellite and re-transmitted on another satellite.

Cultural References

In the finale of Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds the anonymous NASA technician from Pasadena refers to a number of tracking stations in an effort to make contact with the rest of the Earth, supposedly invaded by the second wave of Martian attack. Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds is a 1978 Concept album by Jeff Wayne and others retelling the Pasadena ( is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. The stations referred to are Bermuda, Houston, DSS-43 Canberra and DSS-63 Madrid. Ba (officially The Bermuda Islands or The Somers Isles) is a British overseas territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. Canberra ( is the capital city of Australia With a population of over 340000 it is Australia's largest inland City. Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain.

References

External links

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