Early world maps cover depictions of the world from Classical times to the Age of Discovery and the emergence of modern Geography (6th century BC to 16th century). "The world " is a proper noun for the planet Earth envisioned from an Anthropocentric or Human Worldview, as a place Classical antiquity (also the classical era or classical period) is a broad term for a long period of cultural History centered on the Mediterranean The Age of Discovery or Age of Exploration was a period from the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century during which Europeans explored The 6th century BC started the first day of 600 BC and ended the last day of 501 BC.
Antiquity
Babylonian world map
The oldest known world map is the Imago Mundi of 6th century BC Babylonia. The 6th century BC started the first day of 600 BC and ended the last day of 501 BC. Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital [1] The map as reconstructed by Eckhard Unger shows Babylon on the Euphrates, surrounded by a circular landmass showing Assyria, Armenia and several cities, in turn surrounded by a "bitter river" (Oceanus), with seven islands arranged around it so as to form a seven-pointed star. Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture The Armenian Highland (Russian Armyanskoye Nagorye; also known as the Armenian Upland or Armenian Plateau, also referred as Eastern Armenia) Ocean (Ὠκεανός was believed to be the world-ocean in Classical antiquity, which the ancient Romans and Greeks considered to be
The accompanying text mentions seven outer regions beyond the encircling ocean. The descriptions of five of them have survived[2]:
- the third island is where "the winged bird ends not his flight," i. e. , cannot reach.
- on the fourth island "the light is brighter than that of sunset or stars": it lay in the northwest, and after sunset in summer was practically in semi-obscurity.
- The fifth island, due north, lay in complete darkness, a land "where one sees nothing," and "the sun is not visible. "
- the sixth island, "where a horned bull dwells and attacks the newcomer"
- the seventh island lay in the east and is "where the morning dawns. "
Anaximander
Anaximander (died ca. Anaximander ( Ancient Greek:) (c 610 BC–c 546 BC was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who lived in Miletus 546 BC) is credited with having created one of the first maps of the world, which was circular in form and showed the known lands of the world grouped around the Aegean Sea at the center. Events and trends 546 BC — Croesus, Lydian king, is defeated by Cyrus of Persia near the River Halys This was all surrounded by the ocean.
Hecataeus of Miletus
Hecataeus of Miletus (died ca. Hecataeus of Miletus (c 550&ndashc 476 BC named after the Greek Goddess Hecate, was a Greek Philosopher of a wealthy 476 BC) is credited with a work entitled Ges Periodos ("Travels round the Earth" or "World Survey'), in two books each organized in the manner of a periplus, a point-to-point coastal survey. Events By place Greece Convicted in Sparta on the charge of accepting a bribe from the Aleudae family whilst leading Periplus is the Latinization of an Ancient Greek word περίπλους ( periplous, contracted from periploos) literally "a sailing-around One on Europe, is essentially a periplus of the Mediterranean, describing each region in turn, reaching as far north as Scythia. In Classical Antiquity, Scythia ( Greek Skuthia) was the area in Eurasia inhabited by the Scythians, from the 8th The other book, on Asia, is arranged similarly to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea of which a version of the 1st century AD survives. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea ( Periplus Maris Erythraei) is a Greek Periplus, describing navigation and trading opportunities Hecataeus described the countries and inhabitants of the known world, the account of Egypt being particularly comprehensive; the descriptive matter was accompanied by a map, based upon Anaximander’s map of the earth, which he corrected and enlarged. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. A map is a visual representation of an area—a symbolic depiction highlighting relationships between elements of that space such as objects, Regions, and Themes Anaximander ( Ancient Greek:) (c 610 BC–c 546 BC was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who lived in Miletus The work only survives in some 374 fragments, by far the majority being quoted in the geographical lexicon Ethnika compiled by Stephanus of Byzantium. Stephanus of Byzantium, also known as Stephanus Byzantinus ( Greek:; fl
Eratosthenes
Eratosthenes (276-194 BC) drew an improved world map, incorporating information from the campaigns of Alexander the Great and his successors. Eratosthenes of Cyrene ( Greek; 276 BC - 194 BC was a Greek Mathematician, Poet, athlete, Geographer and Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' Asia became wider, reflecting the new understanding of the actual size of the continent. Eratosthenes was also the first geographer to incorporate parallels and meridians within his cartographic depictions.
Ptolemy
The Ptolemy world map is a map based on the description of the world contained in Ptolemy's book Geographia, written Circa 150. PtomelyAsiaDetailjpg|thumb|350px|Detail of East and Southeast Asia in Ptolemy 's world map Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca The Geographia or Geography is Ptolemy 's main work besides the Almagest. Although authentic maps of Ptolemy have never been found, the Geographia contains thousands of references to various parts of the old world, with coordinates for most, which seem to have influenced early Islamic maps, and allowed European cartographers to reconstruct Ptolemy's world view when an ancient Greek manuscript was translated into Latin around 1300.
Tabula Peutingeriana (4th century)
The Tabula Peutingeriana (Peutinger table) is an itinerarium showing the cursus publicus, the road network in the Roman Empire. The Tabula Peutingeriana ( Peutinger table) is an Itinerarium showing the Cursus publicus, the road network in the Roman Empire. An itinerarium (plural itineraria) was an Ancient Roman road map Cursus publicus was the courier service of the Roman Empire. It was created by Emperor Augustus to transport messages officials and tax revenues from one province The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial It is a 13th century copy of an original map dating from the 4th century, covering Europe, parts of Asia (India) and North-Africa. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 4th century (per the Julian calendar and Anno Domini / Common era) was that Century India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The map is named after Konrad Peutinger, a German 15-16th century humanist and antiquarian. Conrad peutingerjpg|200px|thumb|right|Painting from Maximilian Museum in Augsburg]] Conrad Peutinger ( October 14, 1465 &ndash December 28, 1547 The map was discovered in a library in Worms by Conrad Celtes, who was unable to publish his find before his death, and bequeathed the map in 1508 to Peutinger. Worms (voɐms is a City in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, on the Rhine River Conrad Celtes (aka Conrad Celtis, Konrad Celtis; February 1, 1459 – February 4, 1508) was a German It is conserved at the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Hofburg, Vienna. Hofburg Imperial Palace is a palace in Vienna, Austria, which has housed some of the most powerful people in Austrian history, including the Habsburg
Cosmas Indicopleustes (6th century)
Around 550 Cosmas Indicopleustes wrote the copiously illustrated Christian Topography, a work partly based on his personal experiences as a merchant on the Red Sea and Indian Ocean in the early 6th century. Events By place Byzantine Empire January 16 — Gothic War (535–552: The Ostrogoths, under King Totila Cosmas Indicopleustes (literally "who sailed to India" of Alexandria was a Greek Merchant and later Monk probably of Nestorian The Christian Topography is a 6th century work originally written as five books by an author known as Cosmas Indicopleustes and expanded to ten to The 6th century is the period from 501 to 600 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Though his cosmogony is refuted by modern science, he has given an historic description of India and Sri Lanka during of the 6th century, which is invaluable to historians. This article discusses scientific theories of creation (cosmogony Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island Cosmas seems to have personally visited the Kingdom of Axum in modern Ethiopia and Eritrea, India and Sri Lanka. Axum, or Aksum, is a City in northern Ethiopia named after the Kingdom of Aksum, a naval and trading power that ruled from the region ca NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page Eritrea () ( Ge'ez: ኤርትራ ʾErtrā, Arabic: إرتريا Iritriya) officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island In 522 CE, he visited the Malabar Coast (South India). The Malabar Coast also known as the Malabarian Coast, is a long and narrow south-western shore line of the mainland Indian subcontinent.
A major feature of his Topography is Cosmas' worldview that the world is flat, and that the heavens form the shape of a box with a curved lid, a view he took from unconventional interpretations of Christian scripture. "The world " is a proper noun for the planet Earth envisioned from an Anthropocentric or Human Worldview, as a place The idea of a flat Earth is the idea that the surface of the Earth is flat (a plane) rather than the view that it is a very close approximation of The sky is the part of the Atmosphere or of Outer space visible from the surface of any Astronomical object. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Cosmas aimed to prove that pre-Christian geographers had been wrong in asserting that the earth was spherical and that it was in fact modelled on the tabernacle, the house of worship described to Moses by God during the Jewish Exodus from Egypt.
Middle Ages
Isidore
The medieval T and O maps originate with the description of the world in the Etymologiae of Isidore of Sevilla (died 636). A T and O map or O-T or T-O map ( orbis terrae, orb or circle of the earth is a type of Medieval World map, sometimes also called A T and O map or O-T or T-O map ( orbis terrae, orb or circle of the earth is a type of Medieval World map, sometimes also called Etymologiae (or Origines, standard abbrev Orig) is an Encyclopedia compiled by Isidore of Seville (died Saint Isidore of Seville ( Spanish: es ''San Isidro'' or es ''San Isidoro de Sevilla'' Latin: latin ''Isidorus Hispalensis'' (c Events By Place Byzantine Empire August 20 — Battle of Yarmuk: Khalid ibn al-Walid 's victory against the This qualitative and conceptual type of medieval cartography represents only the top-half of a spherical Earth. [4] It was presumably tacitly considered a convenient projection of the inhabited portion of the world known in Roman and Medieval times (that is, the northern temperate half of the globe). A map projection is any method of representing the Surface of a sphere or other shape on a plane. The seven climes ( klima, plural klimata, meaning "inclination" referring to the angle between the axis of the Celestial sphere and the horizon The T is the Mediterranean, dividing the three continents, Asia, Europe and Africa, and the O is the surrounding Ocean. A continent is one of several large Landmasses on Earth. They are generally identified by Convention rather than any strict criteria with seven regions An ocean (from Greek, ''Okeanos'' (Oceanus) is a major body of saline water, and a principal component of the Hydrosphere. Jerusalem was generally represented in the center of the map. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Asia was typically the size of the other two continents combined. Because the sun rose in the east, Paradise (the Garden of Eden) was generally depicted as being in Asia, and Asia was situated at the top portion of the map.
Anglo-Saxon world map (circa 1040)
This map appears in a copy of a classical work on geography, the Latin version by Priscian of the Periegesis, that was among the manuscripts in the Cotton library (MS. Priscianus Caesariensis ( fl 500 AD commonly known as Priscian, was a Latin grammarian. The Cotton or Cottonian library was the Library compiled by Sir Robert Bruce Cotton (1571 - 1631 an antiquarian and bibliophile Tiberius B. V. , fol. 56v), now in the British Library. The British Library ( BL) is the National library of the United Kingdom. It is not intended purely as an illustration to that work, for it contains much material gathered from other sources, including some which would have been the most up-to-date available, although it is based on a distant Roman original (similar to the source of another 11th century world map, illustrating an edition of Isidore of Seville)- on which the network of lines appears to indicate the boundaries of imperial provinces. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The date of drawing was formerly estimated at about AD 992-994, based on suggested links to the journey of Archbishop Sigeric of Canterbury from Rome[5] but more recent analysis indicates that, although the information was revised about that time, the map was probably drawn between 1025 and 1050. Sigeric (950? &ndash 28 October 994 was the Archbishop of Canterbury from 990&ndash994 [6] Like the later map by al-Idrisi (see below) this map is clearly outside the largely symbolic early medieval mapping tradition, but equally it is not based on the famous Ptolemaic co-ordinate system. East is at the top, but Jerusalem is not in the centre, and the Garden of Eden is nowhere to be seen. Unusually, all the waterways of Africa, not just the Red Sea, are depicted in red (mountains are green). The depiction of the far East is ambitious, including India and Taprobane (Sri Lanka)- the latter depicted according to the exaggerated classical conception of its size. Unsurprisingly, Britain itself is depicted in some detail. Great Britain, unusually by medieval standards, is shown as one island, albeit with an exaggerated Cornish promontory, and Mona, Ireland and the many Scottish islands are all indicated. The cartographer is slightly confused by Iceland, depicting it both by a version of its classical name 'Thule', north-west of Britain, and as 'Island', logically linked with Scandinavia.
Beatus Mappa Mundi (1050)
Beatus of Liébana (c. Saint Beatus of Liébana (c 730 - c 800 was a Monk, Theologian and Geographer from the Kingdom of Asturias, in northern Spain who worked 730 - 798) was a Spanish monk and theologian. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective He corresponded with Alcuin, and took part in the Adoptionist controversy, criticizing the views of Felix of Urgel and Elipandus of Toledo. Alcuin of York (Alcuinus or Ealhwine, nicknamed Albinus or Flaccus (c Adoptionism, also called dynamic Monarchianism, was a minority Christian belief that Jesus was born merely human and that he became divine later in his life Elipando (named in some sources as Elipandus) (717 - 808? was a Spanish Archbishop and theologian. He is best remembered today as the author of his Commentary on the Apocalypse, published in 776. Events April 14 - Charlemagne spends Easter in Treviso after putting down a revolt by Friuli and Spoleto removing Hrodgaud the Duke of Friuli from The Commentary also contained one of the oldest Christian world maps. Although the original manuscript and map has not survived, copies of the map survives in several of the extant manuscripts.
Mahmud al-Kashgari (1072)
Qarakhanid scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari compiled a "Compendium of the languages of the Turks" in the 11th century. This article refers to the Turkic state Kara-Khanid Khanate (also designated as Qarakhanids Mahmud ibn Hussayn ibn Muhammad al-Kashgari (محمود بن الحسين بن محمد الكاشغري Kaşgarlı Mahmut Mehmud Qeshqeri born in 1005 in Kashgar was The manuscript is illustrated with a "Turkocentric" world map, oriented with east (or rather, perhaps, the direction of midsummer sunrise) on top, centered on the ancient city of Balasagun in what is now Kyrgyzstan, showing the Caspian Sea to the north, and Iraq, Azerbaijan, Yemen and Egypt to the west, China and Japan to the east, Hindustan, Kashmir, Gog and Magog to the south. Balasagun ( Balassagun, Balasaghun, Karabalsagun;, Persian: بلاساغون was an ancient Soghdian city in modern-day Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan (ˈkɻ̩gɪztɑn (AmE or /'kɝgəztan/ (BrE Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан; Russian: Киргизия or Киргизстан or Кыргызстан The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged Sea. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Hindustan (हिन्दुस्तान, ہندوستان,) is one of the popular Names of India. This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir The tradition of Gog and Magog ( Hebrew גוג ומגוג Arabic يأجوج و مأجوج begins in the Hebrew Bible with the reference to Conventional symbols are used throughout- blue lines for rivers, red lines for mountain ranges etc. The world is shown as encircled by the ocean. [7]
The map is now kept at the Pera Museum in Istanbul.
Al-Idrisi Mappa Mundi (1154)
The Arab geographer Al-Idrisi incorporated the knowledge of Africa, the Indian Ocean and the Far East gathered by Arab merchants and explorers with the information inherited from the classical geographers to create the most accurate map of the world at the time. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Abu Abd Allah Muhammad al-Idrisi al-Qurtubi al-Hasani al-Sabti or simply El Idrisi ( Arabic أبو عبد الله محمد الإدريسي Latin: The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface The Far East is a term often used by people in the Western world to refer to the countries of East Asia. This is a sub-article of Islamic economic jurisprudence and Muslim world.
The Tabula Rogeriana was drawn by Al-Idrisi in 1154 for the Norman King Roger II of Sicily, after a stay of eighteen years at his court, where he worked on the commentaries and illustrations of the map. The Tabula Rogeriana (Lit "The map of Roger" was a World map drawn by the Arab geographer, Muhammad al-Idrisi, in 1154. The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. Roger II ( 22 December 1095 &ndash 26 February 1154) was King of Sicily, son of Roger I of Sicily and successor to his The map, written in Arabic, shows the Eurasian continent in its entirety, but only shows the northern part of the African continent. For the superstate in George Orwell 's novel see Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan
On the work of al-Idrisi, S. P. Scott commented:
"The compilation of Edrisi marks an era in the history of science. Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by a global community of researchers Not only is its historical information most interesting and valuable, but its descriptions of many parts of the earth are still authoritative. For three centuries geographers copied his maps without alteration. The relative position of the lakes which form the Nile, as delineated in his work, does not differ greatly from that established by Baker and Stanley more than seven hundred years afterwards, and their number is the same. The mechanical genius of the author was not inferior to his erudition. The celestial and terrestrial planisphere of silver which he constructed for his royal patron was nearly six feet in diameter, and weighed four hundred and fifty pounds; upon the one side the zodiac and the constellations, upon the other-divided for convenience into segments-the bodies of land and water, with the respective situations of the various countries, were engraved. "[8]
Hereford Mappa Mundi (1300)
The Hereford Mappa Mundi is a detailed mappa mundi based on the T and O map style, dating to ca. The Hereford Mappa Mundi is a T and O map derivate, dating to ca Hereford ( ˈhɛrɨfəd is a city, Civil parish and County town of Herefordshire, England. Mappa mundi {{IPA|/ˈmapːa ˈmʊndiː/}} (plural = mappae mundi) is a general term used to describe Medieval European maps of the world A T and O map or O-T or T-O map ( orbis terrae, orb or circle of the earth is a type of Medieval World map, sometimes also called 1300. The map is signed by one "Richard of Haldingham or Lafford". Sleaford is a town within the North Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. Drawn on a single sheet of vellum, it measures 158 cm by 133 cm. The writing is in black ink, with additional red and gold, and blue or green for water (with the Red Sea coloured red). The Red Sea is a Salt water Inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. The captions demonstrate clearly the multiple functions of these large medieval maps, conveying a mass of information on Biblical subjects and general history, in addition to geography.
Da Ming Hun Yi Tu world map (1389)
China developed sophisticated mapping techniques at about the same time as ancient Rome, and never lost them, so by the "medieval" period the country had been mapped with considerable detail and accuracy (see Chinese geography). The Great Ming Amalgamated Map or Da Ming Hun Yi Tu (- characters in left-to-right order, Manchu: dai ming gurun-i uherilehe nirugan See also Geography of China Native Chinese geography begins in the Warring States period (5th century BC When European mapping techniques caught up, about AD 1300, Islamic contacts were able to supply new maps of the Mediterranean area to China, via the communication routes in the Mongol empire, and these prompted Chinese scholars to create world maps, with China at the centre and Europe, half-way round the globe, depicted very small and horizontally compressed at the edge. The Mongol Empire ( Mongolyn Ezent Güren or mn Их Mонгол улс Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368 was the largest contiguous Empire Significantly, Africa was also mapped from an Indian Ocean perspective, showing the Cape of Good Hope area, which Europeans would not visit until much later. The first examples, made in the 1320s, are lost, so the earliest survivor is the elaborate, colourful Da Ming Hun Yi Tu, painted on 17 sq. m. of silk in 1389 for the first Ming emperor.
Kangnido world map (1402)
The Kangnido (the full Hanja name means "Map of Integrated Lands and Regions of Historical Countries and Capitals")[9] is a map of the world made in Korea in 1402. The Honil Gangni Yeokdae Gukdo Jido ("Map of Integrated Lands and Regions of Historical Countries and Capitals" short name Gangnido (Kangnido) is a map of the world Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters. More specifically it refers to those Chinese characters borrowed from Chinese and incorporated Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. Created under the supervision of Korean officials as part of a cultural project of the newly founded Joseon Dynasty,[10] it is the most familiar example of the known-world maps based on Chinese cartographic techniques with additional input from western sources, via Islamic scholarship in the Mongol Empire. The Mongol Empire ( Mongolyn Ezent Güren or mn Их Mонгол улс Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368 was the largest contiguous Empire Superficially similar to the Da Ming Hun Yi Tu (which has been less well known in the West because it is kept in closed archive storage) the Kangnido shows its Korean origin in the enlargement of that country, and incorporates vastly improved (though wrongly positioned, scaled and oriented) mapping of Japan. Elsewhere, the map betrays a decorative rather than practical purpose, particularly in the portrayal of river systems, which form unnatural loops rarely seen on Chinese maps. Nonetheless, it is considered as "superior to anything produced in Europe prior to the end of the fifteenth century". [11]
De Virga world map (1411-1415)
The De Virga world map was made by Albertinus de Virga between 1411 and 1415. The De Virga world map was made by Albertinus de Virga between 1411 and 1415. Albertin de Virga, a Venetian, is also known for a 1409 map of the Mediterranean, also made in Venice. The world map is circular, drawn on a piece of parchment 69. Parchment is a thin material made from Calfskin, Sheepskin or goatskin. 6x44 cm. It consists of the map itself, about 44 cm in diameter, and an extension containing a calendar and two tables.
Bianco world map (1436)
Andrea Bianco's atlas of 1436 comprises ten leaves of vellum, measuring 29 X 38 cm. , in an 18th century binding. The first leaf contains a description of the Rule of Marteloio for resolving the course, with the "circle and square", two tables and two other diagrams. The next eight leaves contain various navigation charts. The ninth leaf contains a circular world map measuring 25 cm in circumference. And the final leaf contains the Ptolemaic world map on Ptolemy's first projection, with graduation. Some believe Bianco's maps were the first to correctly portray the coast of Florida, as a macro-peninsula is attached to a large island labeled Antillia. Antillia (or Antilia) is a semi-mythical island which was reputed during the age of exploration to lie in the Atlantic Ocean far to the west of Portugal Bianco also collaborated with Fra Mauro on the Fra Mauro world map of 1459. Fra Mauro was a 15th century Venetian Camaldolese Monk who kept his cartography workshop in the monastery of San Michel in Isola Murano, in the
Fra Mauro world map (1459)
The Fra Mauro map was made between 1457 and 1459 by the Venetian monk Fra Mauro. The Fra Mauro map, "considered the greatest memorial of medieval cartography" according to Roberto Almagià is a map made around 1450 by the Venetian monk Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the Fra Mauro was a 15th century Venetian Camaldolese Monk who kept his cartography workshop in the monastery of San Michel in Isola Murano, in the It is a circular planisphere drawn on parchment and set in a wooden frame, about 2 meters in diameter. Parchment is a thin material made from Calfskin, Sheepskin or goatskin. The original world map was made by Fra Mauro and his assistant Andrea Bianco, a sailor-cartographer, under a commission by king Afonso V of Portugal. Afonso V (ɐˈfõsu in Portuguese; English Alphonzo) or Affonso (Archaic Portuguese the African ( Port The map was completed on April 24, 1459, and sent to Portugal, but did not survive to the present day. Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Fra Mauro died the next year while he was making a copy of the map for the Seignory of Venice, and the copy was completed by Andrea Bianco.
Martin Behaim globe (1492)
The world globe produced by Martin Behaim in 1492 is considered to be one of the first terrestrial globes ever made. The Erdapfel (earth apple produced by Martin Behaim in 1492 is considered to be one of the first terrestrial Globes ever made Martin (of Behaim ( October 6, 1459 &ndash July 29, 1507) (or Behem, Boemia or Bohemia) was a German A globe is a three- Dimensional scale model of Earth ( terrestrial globe) or other spheroid celestial body such as a planet star or moon It is constructed of a metal ball overlaid with a map of the world known at the time. A map is a visual representation of an area—a symbolic depiction highlighting relationships between elements of that space such as objects, Regions, and Themes
The Americas are not included yet, as the Columbus returned no sooner than March 1493 to Europe. Christopher Columbus (1451–1506 was a Navigator and an Admiral for the Crown of Castile whose voyages to America greatly expanded It shows a rather enlarged Eurasian continent and an empty ocean between Europe and Asia. Interestingly, the Caribbean islands may already be represented as well, even before Colombus's return, under the name of Saint Brendan island. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting Saint Brendan of Clonfert or Bréanainn of Clonfert (c 484 &ndash c Japan and Asian islands are disproportionately large.
After 1492
- Further information: Age of Discovery
Juan de la Cosa map (1500)
Juan de la Cosa, a Spanish cartographer, explorer and conquistador, born in Santoña in the northern autonomous region of Cantabria, made several maps of which the only survivor is the Mappa Mundi of 1500. The Age of Discovery or Age of Exploration was a period from the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century during which Europeans explored Juan de la Cosa (c 1460 &ndash February 28, 1510) was a Spanish cartographer, Conquistador and explorer. This article is about the Spanish explorer soldiers of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuriesfor other uses see Conquistador (disambiguation A Conquistador Santoña is a village in the western coast of the autonomous community of Cantabria, on the north coast of Spain. It is the first known European cartographic representation of the Americas. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America It is now in the Museo Naval in Madrid. Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. Reproductions of it are given by Humboldt in his Atlas géographique et physique.
Cantino world map (1502)
The Cantino planisphere is the earliest surviving map showing Portuguese discoveries in the east and west. The Cantino planisphere (or Cantino World Map is the earliest surviving map showing Portuguese Discoveries in the east and west Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. It is named after Alberto Cantino, an agent for the Duke of Ferrara, who successfully smuggled it from Portugal to Italy in 1502. Ferrara is a city in Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy, capital city of the Province of Ferrara. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The map is particularly notable for portraying a fragmentary record of the Brazilian coast, accidentally discovered in 1500 by the Portuguese explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral and subsequently explored by Gonçalo Coelho and Amerigo Vespucci. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Pedro Álvares Cabral (about 1467/1468/1469 &ndash about 1520 ˈpeðɾʊ ˈaɫvɐɾɨʃ kɐˈβɾaɫ in Portuguese, ˈawvaɾiʃ caˈbɾaw in Brazilian) was Gonçalo Coelho (15th century/16th century Portuguese explorer of the South Atlantic and of the South American coast (expedition to Brazil The Explorer and Cartographer Amerigo Vespucci ( March 9, 1454 - February 22, 1512) was the first person to demonstrate
Waldseemüller and Ringmann map (1507)
The cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann from southern Germany, supported by the mapping friend René II, Duke of Lorraine, collected map data over several years, including information on the most recent discoveries, to build up a new collective work of geography and cartography. The Waldseemüller map, Universalis Cosmographia, is a wall map of the world drawn by German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller originally Martin Waldseemüller (Latinized Martinus Ilacomilus or Hylacomylus, c Matthias Ringmann (1482-1511 was a German cartographer and humanist poet. René II ( May 2 1451 &ndash December 10 1508) was Count of Vaudémont from 1470 Duke of Lorraine from 1473 and Duke of Bar Along with a book they further incorporated, for the first time in history, the name America on a map, holding the strong opinion that it was a new continent that Amerigo Vespucci had discovered on his voyage and not only a few smaller islands as Christopher Columbus did in the West Indies. The Explorer and Cartographer Amerigo Vespucci ( March 9, 1454 - February 22, 1512) was the first person to demonstrate Christopher Columbus (1451 &ndash May 20 1506 was an Italian Navigator, colonizer This is a list of Islands of the Caribbean region, organized by the political territory each island belongs to The great richness and high grade of detail of the resulting map speak for themselves.
Piri Reis map (1513)
The Piri Reis map is a famous world map created by 16th century Ottoman Turkish admiral and cartographer Piri Reis. The Piri Reis map ("Piri" pronounced /piɹi/ is a famous pre-modern World map created by 16th century Ottoman - Turkish admiral and cartographer Piri Reis (full name Hadji Muhiddin Piri Ibn Hadji Mehmed) (about 1465&ndash1554 or 1555 was an Ottoman-Turkish Admiral, geographer and The Piri Reis map ("Piri" pronounced /piɹi/ is a famous pre-modern World map created by 16th century Ottoman - Turkish admiral and cartographer The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Piri Reis (full name Hadji Muhiddin Piri Ibn Hadji Mehmed) (about 1465&ndash1554 or 1555 was an Ottoman-Turkish Admiral, geographer and The surviving third of the map shows part of the western coasts of Europe and North Africa with reasonable accuracy, and the coast of Brazil is also easily recognizable. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Various Atlantic islands including the Azores and Canary Islands are depicted, as is the mythical island of Antillia. The Azores ( Açores ɐˈsoɾɨʃ or) is a Portuguese Archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, about 1500 km (950 mi) from The Canary Islands ( English pronunciation kəˈnæriː ˈaɪləndz Spanish: Islas Canarias, ˈizlas kaˈnarjas are a Spanish Antillia (or Antilia) is a semi-mythical island which was reputed during the age of exploration to lie in the Atlantic Ocean far to the west of Portugal The map is noteworthy for its apparent south-eastward extension of the American continent to depict a southern landmass that some controversially claim is evidence for early awareness of the existence of Antarctica.
Alternatively, it has been suggested that this is actually a record of the coast as far as Cape Horn, explored secretly by Portuguese navigators before 1507 (when it appeared on the Waldseemüller map) and bent south-eastward simply to fit on the parchment. Cabo de Hornos redirects here for the Chilean commune see Cabo de Hornos Chile. The Waldseemüller map, Universalis Cosmographia, is a wall map of the world drawn by German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller originally
Pietro Coppo map (1520)
One of the last world maps to feature the "Dragon's Tail" extending southwards from the far eastern extremity of Asia, the last vestige of Ptolemy's landlocked depiction of the Indian Ocean, nearly 1,500 years earlier. Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the
See also
- Caverio map, made in 1505. The Caverio Map (also known as Caveri Map or Canerio Map is a map drawn by Nicolay de Caveri, circa 1505.
- Here be dragons
- History of cartography
- Johannes Schöner globe, made in 1520. Here Be Dragons is a Historical novel by Sharon Penman, first published in 1985. Cartography or mapmaking (in Greek chartis = map and graphein = write has been an integral part of the human story for a long time (maybe 8000 years Johannes Schöner (1477-1547 a German astronomer and cartographer made some of the oldest Globes still in existence
- Mappa mundi
- Nebra sky disk, a Bronze Age "map" of the cosmos. Mappa mundi {{IPA|/ˈmapːa ˈmʊndiː/}} (plural = mappae mundi) is a general term used to describe Medieval European maps of the world The Nebra sky disk is a Bronze disk of around 30 cm diameter patinated blue-green and inlaid with gold symbols
- Terra Incognita
- The "Zheng He map", a world map dated to the 18th century but claimed to be a copy of an early 15th century map. Terra incognita is the Latin term for "unknown land" used in Cartography for regions that have not been mapped or documented Zheng He ( Birth name 馬三寶 / 马三宝; Arabic / Persian name حجّي محمود شمس Hajji Mahmud Shams) (1371&ndash1433 was a Hui
- Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, considered to be the first true modern atlas. for Theatrum orbis terrarum, sive Atlas novus by Blaeu 1635 see Atlas Maior Theatrum Orbis Terrarum
- Vinland Map, a 15th century map of disputed authenticity
- Waldseemüller map, made in 1507; a corrected version was released in 1513. The Vinland map is purportedly a 15th-century Mappa mundi, redrawn from a 13th-century original The Waldseemüller map, Universalis Cosmographia, is a wall map of the world drawn by German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller originally
- Web mapping
- World map
Notes
- ^ Siebold, Jim Slide 103 via henry-davis. Web mapping is the process of designing implementing generating and delivering maps on the World Wide Web. If you are looking for an editable blank World political map go to A world map is a Map of the surface of the Earth, which may be com - accessed 2008-02-04
- ^ Finel, Irving (1995). A join to the map of the world: A notable discover, 26-27.
- ^ Source
- ^ Michael Livingston, Modern Medieval Map Myths: The Flat World, Ancient Sea-Kings, and Dragons, 2002.
- ^ Siebold, Jim Slide 210 monograph: Cottoniana or Anglo-Saxon Map, via henry-davis. com - accessed 2008-02-04
- ^ British Library Collect Britain, accessed 2008-03-14
- ^ 81 - The First Turkish World Map, by Kashgari (1072) « Strange Maps
- ^ S. P. Scott (1904), History of the Moorish Empire, pp. 461-2.
- ^ Choson Korea in the Ryukoku Kangnido- via IngentaConnect
- ^ BIMCC conference abstract- accessed 2008-03-16
- ^ Peter Jackson, "The Mongols and the West", p. 330
External links
- Ancient Atlas PDF
- Index of Maps of the Early Medieval Period 400-1300 A.D
- Mapping History - a learning resource from the British Library
- Geography And Map Reading Room at the Library of Congress
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic