| History of Switzerland | |
|---|---|
| Early history | (before 1291) |
| Old Swiss Confederacy | |
| Growth | (1291–1516) |
| Reformation | (1516–1648) |
| Ancien Régime | (1648–1798) |
| Transitional period | |
| Napoleonic era | (1798–1814) |
| Restauration | (1814–1847) |
| Switzerland | |
| Federal state | (1848–1914) |
| World Wars | (1914–1945) |
| Modern history | (1945–present) |
| Topical | |
| Military history | |
The early history of Switzerland begins with the earliest settlements up to the beginning of Habsburg rule, which in 1291 gave rise to the independence movement in the central cantons of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden and the Late Medieval growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy. Since 1848, the Swiss Confederation has been a Federal state of relatively autonomous cantons some of which have a history of confederacy that goes back The Old Swiss Confederacy was the precursor of modern-day Switzerland. The growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy began as an alliance between the communities of the valleys in the Central Alps to facilitate the management of common interests such The Protestant Reformation in Switzerland was promoted initially by Huldrych Zwingli, who gained the support of the magistrate (Mark Reust and population of The Early Modern period of Swiss history lasting from formal independence in 1648 to the French invasion of 1798 came to be referred as Year 1798 ( MDCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a During the French Revolutionary Wars, the revolutionary armies boiled eastward enveloping Switzerland in their battles against Austria. Year 1798 ( MDCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1814 ( MDCCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The periods of Restoration and Regeneration in Swiss history last from 1814 to 1847 Year 1814 ( MDCCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1847 ( MDCCCXLVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The rise of Switzerland as a federal state began on September 12 1848 with the creation of a federal constitution which was created in response to a 27-day civil war in Switzerland Year 1848 ( MDCCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year During both World War I and World War II, Switzerland managed to keep a stance of armed neutrality, and was not involved militarily Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar This article deals with the History of Switzerland since 1945 Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The Military history of Switzerland comprises centuries of armed actions and the role of the Swiss military in Conflicts and The 26 cantons of Switzerland are the states of the Federal state of Switzerland. Uri (German) is one of the 26 Cantons of Switzerland. It is located in Central Switzerland. The town of (Schwyz Svitto is the capital of the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland. Unterwalden is the old name for what is now two cantons in central Switzerland, south of Lake Lucerne. The growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy began as an alliance between the communities of the valleys in the Central Alps to facilitate the management of common interests such
Contents |
Prehistory
Archeological evidence from the Wildkirchli cave in Appenzell suggests that hunter-gatherers settled in the lowlands north of the Alps by the late Paleolithic. Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos Wildkirchli is the name of a system of three caves in the Alpstein massif of Appenzell, Switzerland. A hunter-gatherer society is one whose primary subsistence method involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild Foraging and Hunting The term Paleolithic (or Palaeolithic) (from Greek παλαιός palaios, " Old " and λίθος Lithos, "stone" In the Neolithic period, the area was relatively densely populated, as is attested to by the many archeological findings from that period. The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos Remains of pile dwellings have been found in the shallow areas of many lakes. Stilt houses or pile dwellings are houses raised on Piles over the surface of the soil or a body of water
In Neolithic Europe, the Swiss plateau was dominated by the Linear Pottery culture from the 5th millennium BC; it lay on the south-western outskirts of the Corded Ware horizon in the 3rd millennium BC, evolving into the early Bronze Age Beaker culture. Neolithic Europe is the time between roughly from 7000 BC (the approximate time of the first farming societies in Greece) to ca The Swiss Plateau ( plateau suisse in French, Schweizer Mittelland in German) constitutes one of the three major landscapes in The Corded Ware culture, alternatively characterized as the Battle Axe culture or Single Grave culture is an enormous European Archaeological horizon that The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for The Bell-Beaker culture (sometimes shortened to Beaker culture, Beaker people, or Beaker folk; Glockenbecherkultur) ca The first Indo-European settlement likely dates to the 2nd millennium, at the latest in the form of the Urnfield culture from c. The Urnfield culture (c 1300 BC - 750 BC) was a late Bronze Age culture of central Europe. 1300 BC. The Swiss plateau lay in the western part of the pre- or proto-Celtic Halstatt culture, evolving into the Celtic La Tène culture from the 5th century BC. Phonological reconstruction Consonants The phonological changes from Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic Consonants may be summarised as follows The Hallstatt culture was the predominant Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts The La Tène culture was a European Iron Age culture named after the archaeological site In the 1st century BC (late La Tène), the Swiss plateau was occupied by the Helvetii in the west and by the Vindelici in the east, while the Alpine parts of eastern Switzerland were inhabited by the Raetians. The 1st century BC started the first day of 100 BC and ended the last day of 1 BC. The Helvetii were a Celtic tribe and the main occupants of the Swiss plateau in the 1st century BC In the pre-Roman Geography of Europe, Vindelicia simply identifies the country inhabited by the Vindelici, a region bounded on the north by the Danube Raetia (so always in inscriptions classical manuscripts usually use the form Rhaetia) was a province of the Roman Empire, bounded on the west by the country
Roman era
- Further information: Agri Decumates
In 58 BCE, the Helvetii tried to evade migratory pressure from Germanic tribes by moving into Gaul, but were stopped and defeated at Bibracte (near modern-day Autun) by Julius Caesar's armies and then sent back. Agri Decumates was a region of the Roman Empire, covering the Black Forest area between the Main river and the sources of Danube and Rhine The Helvetii were a Celtic tribe and the main occupants of the Swiss plateau in the 1st century BC The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Bibracte, a Gaulish Oppidum or fortified city was the capital of the Aedui and one of the most important Autun is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in Burgundy in eastern France. In 15 BCE, Tiberius and Drusus conquered the Alps, and the region became integrated into the Roman Empire: the Helvetii settlement area became part first of Gallia Belgica and later of the province of Germania Superior, while the eastern part was integrated into the Roman province of Raetia. Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus (or Tiberius I) born Tiberius Claudius Nero (November 16 42 BC – March 16 AD 37) was the second Roman The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Gallia Belgica was a Roman province located in what is now the southern part of the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northeastern Germania Superior ("Upper Germania " so called for the reason that it lay upstream of Germania Inferior, was a province of the Raetia (so always in inscriptions classical manuscripts usually use the form Rhaetia) was a province of the Roman Empire, bounded on the west by the country
The following 300 years saw extensive Roman settlement, including the construction of a road network and the founding of many settlements and cities. The center of Roman occupation was at Aventicum (Avenches), other cities were founded at Arbor Felix (Arbon), Augusta Raurica (Kaiseraugst near Basel), Basilea (Basel), Curia (Chur), Genava (Genève), Lousanna (Lausanne), Octodurum (|Martigny, controlling the pass of the Great St. Bernard), Salodurum (Solothurn), Turicum (Zürich) and other places. Avenches is a Swiss municipality in the canton of Vaud, located in the district of Avenches, of which it is the capital Arbon is a municipality and district capital of the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland. Augusta Raurica is a large Roman Archaeological site and an Open-air museum in Switzerland. "Basilia" redirects here For the Fly Genus, see Basilia (fly. CHUR may refer to CHUR-FM, a radio station in North Bay Ontario Canada Chur, is a city in Switzerland Geneva (Genève is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French -speaking Lausanne ( pronounced, Losanna is a city in Romandy, the French -speaking part of Switzerland, situated on the shores of Lake Geneva Martigny ( German Martinach, Latin Octodurum, sometimes also Octodure in French) is the capital of the French In a range of hills or especially of mountains, a pass (also gap, notch, col, saddle, bwlch, Great St Bernard Pass ( Fr Col du Grand-Saint-Bernard, It Colle del Gran San Bernardo) is the most ancient pass through The city of Solothurn ( German:, Soleure Soletta is the Capital of the Canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. Zürich (, Zürich German: Züri, Zurich, Zurigo; in English generally Zurich) is the largest city in Switzerland and capital of the Military garrisons existed at Tenedo (Zurzach) and Vindonissa (Windisch). For other uses see Legion The Roman Legion (from Latin legio "military levy Conscription," Bad Zurzach is a municipality in the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. Windisch is a municipality in the district of Brugg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
The Romans also developed the Great St. Bernard Pass beginning in the year 47, and in 69 part of the legions of Vitellius used it to traverse the Alps. Great St Bernard Pass ( Fr Col du Grand-Saint-Bernard, It Colle del Gran San Bernardo) is the most ancient pass through Aulus Vitellius Germanicus, born Aulus Vitellius and commonly known as Vitellius ( 24 September, 15 &ndash 22 December, 69 (It is doubtful whether Hannibal, in the Second Punic War some 300 years earlier, had crossed the alps over the Great St. Hannibal (Pronounced in Phoenician: Hanniba'al means " Ba'al is my grace " or " Ba'al has given me grace " 247 BC &ndash The Second Punic War (referred to as "The War Against Hannibal" by the Romans lasted from 218 to 201 BC and involved combatants in the western Bernhard. Historians believe today that he had traveled over a lower and more southerly pass in the Alps between Lake Geneva and the Mediterranean Sea. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " )
In 259, Alamanni tribes overran the Limes and caused widespread devastation of Roman cities and settlements. The Alamanni, Allemanni, or Alemanni were originally an alliance of Germanic tribes located around the upper Main river ( Germany The Limes Germanicus ( Latin for Germanic frontier) was a remarkable line of frontier ( Limes) forts that bounded the ancient Roman The Roman empire managed to reestablish the Rhine as the border, and the cities on Swiss territory were rebuilt. The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge However, it was now a frontier province, and consequently the new Roman cities were smaller and much more fortified.
Christianization and post-Roman era
In the late Roman period in the 3rd and 4th centuries, the Christianization of the region began. Alamannia or Alemannia was the territory inhabited by the Alamanni after they broke through the Roman limes in 213 Legends of Christian martyrs such as Felix and Regula in Zürich probably are based on events that occurred during the persecution of Christians under Diocletian around 298. The persecution of Christians refers to the Religious persecution of Christians both historically and in the current era Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus ( ca. December 22 244 The modern historian Timothy Barnes takes December 22 as his birthdate
The first bishoprics were founded in the 4th and 5th century in Basel (documented in 346), Martigny (doc. Bishopric of Basel may refer to either the Roman Catholic Diocese in Switzerland (German Bistum Basel, Latin Dioecesis Basileensis Martigny ( German Martinach, Latin Octodurum, sometimes also Octodure in French) is the capital of the French 381, moved to Sion in 585), Geneva (doc. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Sion (Bistum Sitten Dioecesis Sedunensis Évêché de Sion in the Swiss canton of Valais, is the oldest bishopric in Switzerland Geneva (Genève is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French -speaking 441), and Chur (doc. The Bishop of Chur (German Bischof von Chur) is the Ordinary of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Chur, Grisons, Switzerland 451). There is evidence from the 6th century for a bishopric in Lausanne, which maybe had been moved from Avenches. The Bishop of Lausanne (French Évêque de Lausanne) was a Prince-Bishop of the Holy Roman Empire and the Ordinary of the Diocese
With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Germanic tribes moved in. The Western Roman Empire refers to the western half of the Roman Empire, from its division by Diocletian in 285 the other half of the Roman Empire was the Eastern Burgundians settled in the Jura, the Rhône valley and the Alps south of Lake Geneva; while in the north, Alamannic settlers crossed the Rhine in 406 and slowly assimilated the Gallo-Roman population, or made it retreat into the mountains. The Burgundians or Burgundes were an East Germanic tribe which may have emigrated from mainland Scandinavia to the island of Bornholm, whose The Jura Mountains are a small Mountain range located north of the Alps, separating the Rhine and Rhone rivers and forming part of The Rhone, or the Rhône is one of the major Rivers of Europe, running through Switzerland and France. Lake Geneva or Lake Léman (Lac Léman Léman Lac de Genève is the second largest freshwater Lake in Central Europe in terms of surface area (after The Alamanni, Allemanni, or Alemanni were originally an alliance of Germanic tribes located around the upper Main river ( Germany The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge This article covers the culture of Romanized areas of Gaul. For the political history of the brief "Gallic Empire" of the 3rd century see Gallic Empire Burgundy became a part of the Frankish kingdom in 534; two years later, the dukedom of Alemannia followed suit. Francia or Frankia, later also called the Frankish Empire (imperium Francorum Frankish Kingdom (Latin regnum Francorum, "Kingdom of the Alamannia or Alemannia was the territory inhabited by the Alamanni after they broke through the Roman limes in 213
The Burgundy kings furthered the Christianization through newly founded monasteries, e. g. at Romanmôtier or St. Maurice in the Valais in 515. Roman Agaunum, the modern Saint-Maurice in the canton Valais in southwesternmost Switzerland, was a minor post confined The Valais ( German:) is one of the 26 Cantons of Switzerland in the southwestern part of the country, around the valley of the Rhône from its In the Alaman part, only isolated Christian communities continued to exist; the Germanic faith including the worship of Wuodan was prevalent. Germanic paganism refers to the religious beliefs of the Germanic peoples preceding Christianization. Odin (ˈoʊdɪn from Old Norse Óðinn) is considered the chief god in Norse paganism. The Irish monks Columbanus and Gallus re-introduced Christian faith in the early 7th century. Not to be confused with St Columba, also Irish and partly his contemporary Saint Gall, Gallen, or Gallus (c 550 - c 646 was an Irish disciple and one of the traditionally twelve companions of Saint Columbanus The Bishopric of Konstanz also was founded at that time. The Bishopric of Constance was a Diocese of the Roman Catholic Church that existed from about 585 until 1821
Early Middle Ages
Under the Carolingian kings, the feudal system proliferated, and monasteries and bishopries were important bases for maintaining the rule. Alamannia or Alemannia was the territory inhabited by the Alamanni after they broke through the Roman limes in 213 Upper Burgundy (also Transjurane Burgundy fr Bourgogne transjurane, also Transjurania) is the part of Burgundy west of the Jura mountains The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolings, or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with its origins in the Feudal society is a sometimes-debated term used to describe the Social order in the Western Europe, Central Europe, and sometimes Japan The Treaty of Verdun of 843 assigned the western part of modern Switzerland (Upper Burgundy) to Lotharingia, ruled by Lothair I, and the eastern part (Alemannia) to the eastern kingdom of Louis the German that would become the Holy Roman Empire. In the Treaty of Verdun of 843 the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious, Charlemagne 's grandsons divided his territories the Carolingian Upper Burgundy (also Transjurane Burgundy fr Bourgogne transjurane, also Transjurania) is the part of Burgundy west of the Jura mountains --> Lotharingia or Lorraine was a short-lived kingdom in Lothair I ( German: Lothar, French: Lothaire, Italian: Lotario) (795 &ndash 29 September 855) Alamannia or Alemannia was the territory inhabited by the Alamanni after they broke through the Roman limes in 213 Louis (also Ludwig or Lewis) the German (also known as Louis II or Louis the Bavarian) (806 &ndash August 28, 876 The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in The boundary between Alamania, ruled by Louis, and western Burgundy, ruled by Lothar, ran along the lower Aare, turning towards the south at the Rhine, passing west of Lucerne and across the Alps along the upper Rhône to Saint Gotthard Pass. Alamannia or Alemannia was the territory inhabited by the Alamanni after they broke through the Roman limes in 213 Burgundy (Bourgogne Burgund is a region historically situated in modern-day France and Switzerland, inhabited in turn by Celts ( Gauls) The Aar ( German Aare) a tributary of the Rhine, is the longest River that both rises and ends entirely within Switzerland. The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge Lucerne ( Italian Lucerna) is a city in Switzerland. It is the capital of the Canton of Lucerne The Rhone, or the Rhône is one of the major Rivers of Europe, running through Switzerland and France. St Gotthard Pass ( Italian: San Gottardo) (el 2108 m. is a high Mountain pass in Switzerland between Airolo in the
Louis the German in 853 assigned a monastery in Zürich as the Fraumünster to his daughter Hildegard. The Fraumünster abbey of Zürich was founded in 853 by Louis the German for his daughter Hildegard According to legend this occurred after a stag bearing an illuminated crucifix between his antlers appeared to him in the marshland outside the town, at the shore of Lake Zürich. A deer is a Ruminant Mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. A crucifix (from Latin cruci fixus meaning "(one fixed to a cross" is a cross with a representation of Jesus ' body or corpus Antlers are the usually large and complex horn -like appendages of most Deer species mostly worn by males only for some species such as Caribou by both Lake Zurich ( Swiss German / Alemannic: Zürisee; German: Zürichsee) is a Lake in Switzerland, extending However, there is evidence that the monastery was already in existence before 853. The Fraumünster is across the river from the Grossmünster, which according to legend was founded by Charlemagne himself, as his horse fell to his knees on the spot where the martyrs Felix and Regula were buried.
In the 10th century, the rule of the Carolingians waned: Magyars destroyed Basel in 917 and St. Gallen in 926, and Saracenes ravaged the Valais after 920 and sacked the monastery of St. Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. "Basilia" redirects here For the Fly Genus, see Basilia (fly. St Gallen ( Saint-Gall San Gallo is the capital of the canton of St Saracen was a term used by Europeans in the Middle Ages for Fatimids at first then later for all who professed the religion of Islam. The Valais ( German:) is one of the 26 Cantons of Switzerland in the southwestern part of the country, around the valley of the Rhône from its Maurice in 939. The Conradines (von Wetterau) started a long time rule over Swabia during this time. The Conradines or Conradiner were a dynasty of Franconian counts and dukes of the 8th to 11th Century named after Conrad the Elder and his son Conrad I The Wetterau is a fertile undulating tract watered by the Wetter, a tributary of the Nidda River, in the western German region of Hesse, between the Swabia, Suabia, or Svebia ( German: Schwaben, Schwabenland or Ländle) is both a historic and linguistic Only after the victory of king Otto I over the Magyars in 955 in the Battle of Lechfeld were the Swiss territories reintegrated into the empire. Otto I the Great ( 23 November 912 &ndash 7 May 973) son of Henry I the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke The Battle of Lechfeld ( 10 August 955) perhaps the defining event for holding off the incursions of the Magyars into Central Europe, was a decisive
High Middle Ages
King Rudolph III of the Arelat kingdom (r. The House of Savoy (Casa Savoia was formed in the early eleventh century in the historical Savoy region Zähringen is the name of an old and influential German noble family taken from the castle and village of that name The palace of Kyburg is a mediaeval castle south of Winterthur. Rudolf III of Burgundy (called Rudolf der Faule in German and Rodolphe le Fainéant meaning sluggard or do-nothing or - le Pieux the Pious in French The Kingdom of Arles ( Arelat) was a Frankish dominion surrounding Arles, established in 933 by combining Upper and Lower Burgundy 993–1032) gave the Valais as his fiefdom to the Bishop of Sion in 999, and when Burgundy and thus also the Valais became part of the Holy Roman Empire in 1032, the bishop was also appointed count of the Valais. Events By Topic Religion July 4 — Saint Ulrich of Augsburg is canonized The Roman Catholic Diocese of Sion (Bistum Sitten Dioecesis Sedunensis Évêché de Sion in the Swiss canton of Valais, is the oldest bishopric in Switzerland The Arelat mostly existed on paper throughout the 11th to 14th centuries, its remnants passing to France in 1378, but without its Swiss portions, Berne and Aargau having come under Zähringer and Habsburg rule already by the 12th cenrtury, and the County of Savoy was detached from the Arelat just before its dissolution, in 1361. France in the Middle Ages covers an area roughly corresponding to modern day France, from the death of Charlemagne in 814 to the middle of the 15th The Swiss Canton of Berne is Bilingual (Kanton Bern Canton de Berne and has a population of about 958000 Aargau ( German; rarely anglicized Argovia) is one of the more northerly cantons of Switzerland. Zähringen is the name of an old and influential German noble family taken from the castle and village of that name For the later history of Savoy see Duchy of Savoy. The Counts of Savoy (Savoia Savoie emerged along with the free communes
The dukes of Zähringen founded many cities, the most important being Freiburg in 1120, Fribourg in 1157, and Berne in 1191. Zähringen is the name of an old and influential German noble family taken from the castle and village of that name Fribourg ( French) (Freiburg or de Freiburg im [[Üechtland]], often Fribourg) is the capital of the Swiss canton of The city of Berne or Bern (, Berne, Berna, Romansh: Berna, Bernese German: Bärn) is the Bundesstadt ( Federal The Zähringer dynasty ended with the death of Berchtold V in 1218, and their cities subsequently thus became independent, while the dukes of Kyburg competed with the house of Habsburg over control of the rural regions of the former Zähringer territory. Berchtold V of Zähringen (1160 – February 18, 1218 in Freiburg im Breisgau) was Duke of Zähringen until his death succeeding his father
Under the Hohenstaufen rule, the alpine passes in Raetia and the St. Gotthard Pass gained importance. St Gotthard Pass ( Italian: San Gottardo) (el 2108 m. is a high Mountain pass in Switzerland between Airolo in the Especially the latter became an important direct route through the mountains. The construction of the "Devil’s Bridge" (Teufelsbrücke) across the Schöllenenschlucht in 1198 led to a marked increase in traffic on the mule track over the pass. Devil’s Bridge is a term applied to two or three dozen ancient Bridges found primarily in Europe. Frederick II accorded the Reichsfreiheit to Schwyz in 1240 in the Freibrief von Faenza in an attempt to place the important pass under his direct control, and his son and for some time co-regent Henry VII had already given the same privileges to the valley of Uri in 1231 (the Freibrief von Hagenau). Frederick II ( December 26, 1194 &ndash December 13, 1250) of the Hohenstaufen dynasty was a Pretender to the title Imperial immediacy (Reichsfreiheit or Reichsunmittelbarkeit) was a privileged feudal and political status a form of statehood which a City, religious The town of (Schwyz Svitto is the capital of the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland. Uri (German) is one of the 26 Cantons of Switzerland. It is located in Central Switzerland. Unterwalden was de facto realm-free, since most of its territory belonged to monasteries, which had become independent even earlier in 1173 under Frederick I "Barbarossa" and in 1213 under Frederick II. Unterwalden is the old name for what is now two cantons in central Switzerland, south of Lake Lucerne. Frederick I Barbarossa (1122 &ndash 10 June 1190) was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned The city of Zürich became reichsfrei in 1218.
The rise of the Habsburg dynasty gained momentum when their main local competitor, the Kyburg dynasty, died out and they could thus bring much of the territory south of the Rhine under their control. Subsequently, they managed within only a few generations to extend their influence through Swabia in south-eastern Germany to Austria. Swabia, Suabia, or Svebia ( German: Schwaben, Schwabenland or Ländle) is both a historic and linguistic Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Rudolph I of Habsburg, who became emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in 1273, instituted a strict rule in his homelands and raised the taxes tremenduously to finance wars and further territorial acquisitions. Rudolph I, also known as Rudolph of Habsburg ( German: Rudolf von Habsburg, Latin Rudolfus) May 1, 1218 &ndash As king, he finally had also become the direct liege lord of the "Forest Communities" (Waldstätten, i. Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed e. Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden), which thus saw their previous independence curtailed.
In the Valais, increasing tensions between the bishops of Sion and the Counts of Savoy led to a war beginning in 1260. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Sion (Bistum Sitten Dioecesis Sedunensis Évêché de Sion in the Swiss canton of Valais, is the oldest bishopric in Switzerland The war ended after the Battle at the Scheuchzermatte near Leuk in 1296, where the Savoy forces were crushed by the bishop's army, supported by forces from Berne. Leuk ( French Loèche) is a municipality in the district of Leuk in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. The city of Berne or Bern (, Berne, Berna, Romansh: Berna, Bernese German: Bärn) is the Bundesstadt ( Federal After the peace of 1301, Savoy kept only the lower part of the Valais, while the bishop controlled the upper Valais.
External links
Literature
- Im Hof, U. : Geschichte der Schweiz, Kohlhammer, 1974/2001. ISBN 3-17-017051-1
- Schwabe & Co. : Geschichte der Schweiz und der Schweizer, ISBN 3-7965-2067-7
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