The eagle is used in heraldry both as a charge (something drawn on the shield) or as a supporter (something holding the shield up). Eagles are large birds of prey which are members of the Bird order Falconiformes and family Accipitridae, and belong to several genera Heraldry in its most general sense encompasses all matters relating to the duties and responsibilities of officers of arms. In Heraldry and Vexillology, a charge is an image occupying the field on an escutcheon (or shield In Heraldry, supporters are figures usually placed on either side of the shield and depicted holding it up Parts of the eagle’s body such as its head, wings or leg are also used as a crest or charge. The word crest is often mistakenly applied to a Coat of arms.
In addition, it symbolized immortality, courage, farsightedness and strength. It is considered to be the king of the air and the messenger of the highest Gods. After old faith it looks directly when flying up into the sun, why it is also a symbol for the ascent in the sky and the release of the soul. Mythologically, it is connected by the Greeks with the God Zeus, by the Romans with Jupiter, and by the Germanic tribes with Odin. Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance Zeus (zjuːs in Greek: nominative: Zeús /zdeús/ genitive: Diós; Modern Greek /'zefs/ in Greek mythology Roman mythology, or more appropriately Latin mythology, refers to the mythological beliefs of the Italic people inhabiting the region of Latium and its In Roman mythology, Jupiter was the king of the gods and the god of Sky and Thunder. The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic Odin (ˈoʊdɪn from Old Norse Óðinn) is considered the chief god in Norse paganism. [1]
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Use of the eagle
In the same way that a lion is considered the king of beasts the eagle is regarded as the pre-eminent bird in heraldry. It has been more widely used and more highly regarded in Continental European heraldry than in English heraldry. Continental Europe, also referred to as mainland Europe or simply the Continent, is the Continent of Europe, explicitly excluding European For instance, in the roll of Henry III of England (reigned 1216-1272) there are only three eagles. Henry III (1 October 1207 &ndash 16 November 1272 was the son and successor of John "Lackland" as King of England, reigning for fifty-six years from 1216
Eagles are often (outside of Italian heraldry) drawn with the beak, tongue and talons in a different colour to the rest of the body. In Heraldry, tinctures are the colours used to Emblazon a Coat of arms. In that case they are blazoned “langued and armed colour. In Heraldry and heraldic Vexillology, a blazon is a formal description of most often a Coat of arms or Flag, which enables a person to ”
An eagle can appear either single or double-headed. Polycephaly is a condition of having more than one head The term is derived from the stems poly- meaning 'many' and kephal- meaning "head" On at least one occasion a three-headed eagle is seen. [1]
Symbolism
Iranian Empires (Persia) are among the first who used eagle as a standard. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia The Derafsh-e Kavian ( Derafš-e Kāvīān, Middle Persian) was the legendary royal standard of the Sassanid kings To the pagans, the eagle was an emblem of Jupiter, the god of the sky. The eagle and lion of Inishowen were used as Celtic drudic holy symbols. Inishowen (Inis Eoghain is a historical peninsular region in County Donegal, and also the largest peninsula in Ireland. In 102 B. C. the Roman Consul Gaius Marius decreed that the eagle would be the symbol of the Senate and People of Rome. Consul (abbrev cos; Latin plural consules) was the highest elected office of the Roman Republic and an appointive office under the Empire This article is about the Roman statesman who reorganized the army and was seven times Consul SPQR is an initialism from a Latin phrase Senātus Populusque Rōmānus ("The Senate and the People of Rome" or "The It is said that when the Second Temple of Jerusalem was being expanded and renovated in 20 B. C. , Herod the Great offended the people by mounting a Roman golden eagle over the gate. Herod (הוֹרְדוֹס Horodos, Greek: Herōdes) also known as Herod I or Herod the Great (73 BC – 4 BC in Jericho When Herod died some years later, his opponents tore down the eagle. It is believed that the Prophet Muhammad’s first standard or flag in 7th century A. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics D. was a plain flag with no insignia on it to contradict the national standard of the opposing pagan Quraish tribe, Al-Uqaab, that had a black eagle on white background, the sacred Eagle that carried pagan prayers from Earth to the Sky.
Central Asian Turkish Shamans carried a wooden stick pole with seven or nine horizontal sticks forming stairs to an Eagle put on the top of the stick during their rituals. The eagle was regarded, for example, as a holy bird, a protective spirit, and the guardian of heaven. Heaven may refer to the physical heavens the sky or the seemingly endless expanse of the Universe beyond It was also a symbol of potency and fertility. Eagles on tombstones reflected the Shamanistic belief that the souls of the dead rose up to Heaven in the form of birds or were accompanied and protected by the eagle while traveling in the underworld and the sky. A headstone, tombstone or gravestone is a marker normally carved from stone, placed over or next to the site of a Burial The soul, according to many religious and philosophical beliefs is the self-awareness, or Consciousness, unique to a particular living Eagle also was believed to be a carrier of prayers to the sky. Prayer is the act of attempting to communicate with a Deity or spirit The Altaic figures carved into rocks suggest that the eagle also was a sign of grandeur and magnificence among the Turks.
The Turkish shamanistic religious heritage of Asian roots survived to some extent after their acceptance of Islam and migration westwards. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The metaphorical meaning of the name of Tougrul Beig (993-1063 A. D. ) who founded the Seljuk State as its foremost commander was “Eagle”. The Seljuq (also Seljuq Turks, Seldjuks, Seldjuqs, Seljuks; in Turkish Selçuklular; in Ṣaljūqīyān; in The spirit of the Türkmen is accepted as 'horse' in the fifth and as “eagle” in the third period. The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae.
In mediæval and modern heraldry eagles are often said to indicate that the armiger (person bearing the arms) was courageous, a man of action and judicious. Armiger may also refer to the AGM Armiger anti-radiation missile Where an eagle's wings were spread (“displayed”) it was said to indicate the bearer’s rôle as a protector. When mythological beasts are used, such as a griffin (part eagle, part lion) they indicate that the bearer of the arms possessed a combination of those animals’ qualities. The griffin is a Legendary creature with the body of a Lion and the head and often wings of an Eagle.
Sumerian and Hittite eagles
At the base of Ab-ú’s statue, found in the Old Sumerian shrine of Eshnunna (Tell Asmar), his symbol of a lion-headed eagle, with outstretched wings and talons, is shown as diving down upon his prey, arranged mirror-symmetrically. Sumer ( Sumerian: sux-Latn [[Ki (earth ki]]-[[EN (cuneiform en]]-'''ĝir15''', Akkadian: Šumeru; possibly Biblical Shinar The lion ( Panthera leo) is a member of the family Felidae and one of four Big cats in the Genus Panthera. Eagles are large birds of prey which are members of the Bird order Falconiformes and family Accipitridae, and belong to several genera The lion-headed eagle was also known as the Ningirsu (storm-bird) in the Sumerian city of Lagash and said to have appeared as one or two lion-head eagles on recently excavated historical artifacts. The two-headed eagle later was an emblem of twin gods depicting power and omniscience. An emblem is a pictorial Image, abstract or representational that epitomizes a Concept — e Power is a measure of a person's ability to control the environment around them including the behavior of other people Omniscience (ɒm'nɪsɪəns (or Omniscient Point-of-View in writing is the capacity to know everything infinitely or at least everything that can be known about a character It appeared on monuments of the first Hittite Empire in central Anatolia and was an attribute of Nergal. Hittites is the conventional English-language term for an ancient people who spoke an Indo-European language and established a kingdom centered in Hattusa Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Another very archaic Mesopotamic symbol survived in Phoenecian culture was the Gryphon, mythical beast with the lower body of a lion and upper body of an eagle.
Twin-headed eagle and the Turks
The Seljuk Turks emigrating from Central Asia occupied Baghdad in 1055 and Tougrul captured Mosul, and upon returning to Baghdad in 1058 was given the title of the '’King of the East and West'’. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous The Seljuks were even more anxious to have their rule legitimized: seen as aliens they were unpopular with the townsfolk of Persia and Iraq, and Tougrul's investiture by the Caliph in 1058, in a magnificent ceremony during which two crowns were held over his head as symbols of his regal authority over East and West, confirmed that the he now was the Commander of the Faithful. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah At the time the double-headed eagle became his and the Seljuk state’s coat of arms and flag, one head symbolizing the east and the other one symbolizing the west. The double-headed eagle is a common symbol in Heraldry and Vexillology. As the Seljuk Empire’s insignia, the twin-headed eagle appears in Turkish coins from 11th century and onwards as well as a number of architectural remains scattered in central and east Anatolia. main - title Coin keywords numismatics coin review These architectural remains also depict palm trees under bicephalous eagle as the tree of life, symbolizing peace and prosperity. Seljuk Turkish Sultans’ use of references to the east and the west as well as the palm tree of life were inspired by the passages in Quran:
“And the pains of childbirth drove Mary to the trunk of a palm-tree: She cried in her anguish: 'Ah! would that I had died before this! would that I had been a thing forgotten and out of sight!' But (a voice) cried to her from beneath the palm-tree: 'Grieve not! for thy Lord hath provided a rivulet beneath thee. And shake towards thyself the trunk of the palm-tree: It will let fall fresh ripe dates upon thee. So eat and drink and cool thine eye. And if thou dost see any man, say, 'I have vowed a fast to Most Gracious, and this day will I enter into not talk with any human being'. At length she brought the (baby Jesus) to her people, carrying him in her arms. Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) They said: 'O Mary! truly an amazing thing hast thou brought!' (19:23-27) (Moses) said (to the Pharaoh): 'He is the god of the East and the West, and all between; if you only had sense'(28:28) Now I do call to witness the Lord of all points in the East and the West (70:40) (He is) Lord of the East and the West: there is no god but He: take Him therefore for (thy) Disposer of Affairs (73:9)”.
Seljuk Turks, led by AlpArslan whose name meant "a valiant lion" and who was the nephew of Tougrul Beg, captured Jerusalem from the Egyptians in 1071, the same year as they entered Anatolia through Manzikert, introducing to the localities the bicephalous eagle standard of Seljuks of Rum (Roma) which transcended to generations from subsequent interface of nations through the crusades. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the
Arab heraldry
Arabs used the eagle in their heraldry before Islam. The Quraishi hawk, used today in the coats of arms of Yemen, Syria and the UAE, was also used by the Quraish tribe, the strongest in Arabia. Quraish is also the name of a Surah in the Qur'an. Quraysh or Quraish (Arabic ar قريش
Another very popular eagle, used by Arab states today and historically, is the Saladin Golden Eagle. Salahadin Ayyubi ( Arabic:صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب Kurdish: سهلاحهدین ئهیوبی Selah'edînê Eyubî; c The Golden Eagle ( Aquila chrysaetos) is one of the best known birds of prey in the Northern Hemisphere Used by Saladin in the 12th century, it is also used in the coats of arms of several Arab countries today, such as Egypt, Iraq and Palestine.
Western European heraldry
Charlemagne was a Frankish ruler and the first Holy Roman Emperor from AD 800 - 814, in days when no 'France' or 'Germany' existed. Charlemagne (ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus meaning Charles the Great) (747 – 28 January 814 was King of the Franks from 768 to his The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. He had the statue of a black eagle with single head placed on top of his palace in Aachen. ( Ripuarian: Oche, Dutch: Aken, Spanish: Aquisgrán, Italian: Aquisgrana, French, A frequently encountered misquote, mostly by copy circulation on the world wide web is “When Charlemagne was made 'Kaiser of the Holy Roman Empire', he joined the two heads together, one looking east and the other west, thus symbolizing the union of these two powers. ” There is no printed or built genuine material left from his time showing any evidence of his use of a double-headed eagle as his coat of arms. The double-headed eagle is a common symbol in Heraldry and Vexillology. A stained glass artwork found in a later period church reflects the adaptation of his symbols as artists’ representation expressed much later than Charlemagne’s reign, showing half of the body of a single-head black eagle as the symbol of the German emperors next to a fleur-de-lis as the symbol of the kings of France in two halves of a shield, as the sign of dichotomy of his reign, and that is not considered a chronologically accurate evidence that he might indeed have used a double-headed eagle as his crest at his time, see here. For the Blackford Oakes novel see Stained Glass (novel The term stained glass refers either to the material of coloured Glass or to the art The fleur-de-lys (or fleur-de-lis, plural fleurs-de-lis ˌfləː(rdəˈliː (ˌfləː(rdəˈlɪs in Quebec) translated from French as "lily The double-headed eagle is a common symbol in Heraldry and Vexillology.
According to Carl-Alexander von Volborth the first instance of the use of an eagle as an heraldic charge is the Great Seal of the Margrave Leopold IV of Austria in 1136. Carl-Alexander von Volborth (born February 21, 1919) is a German -born American heraldic artist and heraldist Margrave (marchio is the English and French form (recorded since 1551 of the German Title Markgraf (from Mark " Leopold IV, the Generous (c 1108&ndash October 18, 1141) was Margrave of Austria from 1136 and Duke of Bavaria from 1139 until his On the seal his figure carries a shield charged with an eagle. Also from about this time is a coin, minted in Maastricht (the Netherlands), dating from between 1172 and 1190 after contacts with the East via the crusades. Maastricht ( Dutch; Limburgish and city dialect Mestreech; French: Maestricht or Maëstricht; Spanish: The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands It shows a single-headed eagle, see here.
From the reign of Frederick Barbarossa in 1155 the eagle became a symbol of the Holy Roman Empire in its one-headed state. Frederick I Barbarossa (1122 &ndash 10 June 1190) was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in The eagle was clearly derived from the Roman eagle and continues to be important in the heraldry of those areas once within the Holy Roman Empire. Within Germany the placement of one’s arms in front of an eagle was indicative of princely rank under the Holy Roman Empire. The first mention of a double-headed eagle in the West dates from 1250 in a roll of arms of Matthew Paris for Emperor Frederick II. The double-headed eagle is a common symbol in Heraldry and Vexillology. Matthew Paris (c 1200 &ndash 1259 was a Benedictine monk English chronicler, artist in Illuminated manuscripts and Cartographer Frederick II ( December 26, 1194 &ndash December 13, 1250) of the Hohenstaufen dynasty was a Pretender to the title
Eastern imperial eagles
The double-headed eagle became the symbol of the Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos. History Early history Christianity in Byzantium existed from the time of the Twelve Apostles, but it was in the year 330 that the Roman Emperor Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey The double-headed eagle is a common symbol in Heraldry and Vexillology. Michael VIII Palaiologos or Palaeologus ( Greek: Μιχαήλ Η΄ Παλαιολόγος Mikhaēl VIII Palaiologos) (1223 &ndash December 11 Palaiologos recaptured Constantinople from the Crusaders in 1261 and adopted the double-headed eagle as his symbol of the dynasty's interests in both Asia and Europe. The double-headed eagle is a common symbol in Heraldry and Vexillology. It represented looking towards the East (Asia Minor, traditional power center of the Byzantine-government in exile after the IVth Crusade) and the West (newly reconquered land in Europe) centered on Constantinople. The Fourth Crusade (1202&ndash1204 was originally designed to conquer Muslim Jerusalem by means of an invasion through Egypt. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS The Byzantine double-headed eagle has been seen in late 13th century, certainly pre-dating the development of the same in western heraldry. This article is about the city See also Byzantine Empire. Byzantium ( Greek: Βυζάντιον Latin: la BYZANTIVM The double-headed eagle is a common symbol in Heraldry and Vexillology.
In Russia it was Ivan III of Russia who first assumed the two-headed eagle, when, in 1472, he married Sophia, daughter of Thomas Palæologus, and niece of Constantine XI, the last Emperor of Byzantium. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Ivan III Vasilevich (Иван III Васильевич ( 22 January 1440, Moscow – 27 October 1505, Moscow also known as Ivan the Great Zoe Palaiologina ( Greek Ζωή Παλαιολόγου, Russian Софья Фоминична Палеолог, c Thomas Palaiologos or Palaeologus ( Greek: Θωμάς Παλαιολόγος Thōmas Palaiologos) (1409 &ndash May 12, 1465) was Constantine XI Palaiologos or Palaeologus ( Greek: Κωνσταντίνος ΙΑ' Δραγάσης Παλαιολόγος Kōnstantinos XI Dragasēs Palaiologos The two heads symbolised the Eastern or Byzantine Empire and the Western or Roman Empire. The Western Roman Empire refers to the western half of the Roman Empire, from its division by Diocletian in 285 the other half of the Roman Empire was the Eastern
Later use of the eagle
Napoleon used an eagle, again derived from an Ancient Roman eagle, as did his nephew Napoleon III. Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Although they were presented with Regimental Colours the regiments of Napoleon I tended to carry at their head the Imperial Eagle. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC The signa militaria were the Roman military Ensigns or standards The most ancient standard employed by the Romans is said to have been a handful ( maniple Napoléon III, also known as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (full name Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte) (20 April 1808 9 January 1873 was the first President An eagle remains in the arms of the House of Bonaparte. Bonaparte is a French family name of Italian origin Originally Buonaparte, this family claims numerous influential descendents including Corsican
Since 20 June 1782, the United States has used an American Bald Eagle, wings displayed, on its Great Seal. Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. Year 1782 ( MDCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Bald Eagle ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus) is a Bird of prey found in North America that is most recognizable as the national bird and The Great Seal of the United States is used to authenticate certain documents issued by the United States federal government.
The Mexican coat of arms and the Mexican flag bear an "eagle perched upon a nopal, devouring a serpent". The Coat of Arms of Mexico has been an important symbol of Mexican politics and culture for centuries The Flag of the United Mexican States or Mexico is a vertical tricolor of Green, White, and Red with Opuntia Nopales are a Vegetable made from the young stem segments of Prickly pear, carefully peeled to remove the spines They are particularly
The flag of Egypt illustrates an eagle as its official coat of arms. The flag of Egypt ( علم مصر) in its current form was adopted on October 4, 1984. The Egyptian Coat of arms ( شعار مصر) is a Golden eagle looking towards the viewer's left ( Dexter
Many modern states and individuals continue to use the eagle in their arms. These include:
- Poland (see Coat of arms of Poland)
- Austria (see Coat of arms of Austria)
- Germany (see Coat of arms of Germany)
- Albania (see Coat of arms of Albania)
- Romania (see Coat of arms of Romania)
- Moldova (see Coat of arms of Moldova)
- Brandenburg, a German State
- Anhalt-Zerbst, a German district in Saxony-Anhalt
- the German cities of Nuremberg, Frankfurt, Schweinfurt, Goslar, Aachen
- Tyrol, a County of the Holy Roman Empire, and the modern Austrian State of Tyrol. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The White Eagle (Orzeł Biały is the national Coat of arms of Poland. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The coat of arms of Austria has been used since the end of World War I to symbolize Austria. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The coat of arms of Germany is a symbol of Germany; the Coat of arms feature an eagle. This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. The coat of arms of Albania is an adaptation of the Flag of Albania. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The Coat of arms of Romania was adopted in the Romanian Parliament on 10 September, 1992 as a representative coat of arms for Romania Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania The coat of arms of Moldova consists of a stylized eagle holding a cross in its beak and a sceptre and an Olive branch in its claws Brandenburg ( Lower Sorbian: Bramborska; Upper Sorbian: Braniborska) is one of the sixteen states of Germany. Germany (Deutschland is a Federal Republic consisting of sixteen States, known in German as Länder (singular Anhalt-Zerbst was a district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise the districts Potsdam-Mittelmark ( Brandenburg Saxony-Anhalt ( Sachsen-Anhalt) is one of the sixteen ''Bundesländer'' (federal states that make up the Federal Republic of Germany. Schweinfurt ( German for Swine ford) is a city in the Lower Franconia region of Bavaria in Germany on the right Goslar is a historic Town in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is the administrative centre of the district of Goslar and located on the northwestern ( Ripuarian: Oche, Dutch: Aken, Spanish: Aquisgrán, Italian: Aquisgrana, French, Tyrol is a region in Western Central Europe, which included the present day Austrian state of Tyrol (consisting of North Tyrol and East The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in Austria is a federal republic made up of nine States, known in German as Länder (singular Land) Tyrol ( Tirol) is a state or Bundesland, located in the west of Austria.
- the Italian Provinces of Trento and Bolzano-Bozen, along with the city of Trento. In Italy, a Province (in Italian provincia) is an administrative division of intermediate level between Municipality ( Comune The Province of Trento (Provincia autonoma di Trento also called Trentino, is an Autonomous province of Italy. The Province of Bolzano-Bozen (Provincia autonoma di Bolzano Autonome Provinz Bozen Ladin: Provinzia Trento (traditional English Trent; Italian: Trento; German: Trient; Latin: Tridentum; Note that many
- Iraq (see Coat of arms of Iraq)
In Spain the eagle, though it was long used by the kings of Aragon as a symbol of Saint John the Evangelist, came to be associated with the regime of Francisco Franco and since his death has been removed from official usage. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The Coat of arms or state emblem of Iraq includes the golden eagle of Saladin associated with 20th-century pan-Arabism bearing a shield Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Crown of Aragon was a permanent union of multiple titles and states in the hands of the King of Aragon. Saint John the Evangelist (d ca 110 יוחנן " The LORD is merciful" Standard Hebrew Yoḥanan, Tiberian Hebrew
References
- ^ German Wikipedia article Adler (Wappentier), i.e. Eagle (heraldic animal)
See also
- Gallery of flags with animals#Birds of prey
- Double-headed eagle
- Spreadeagle (heraldry)
- Imperial Eagle
- Lion (heraldry)
External links
- The Arms of Byzantium
- Arthurian Heraldry
- Fleur-de-lis designs
- A Glossary of Terms used in Heraldry by James Parker
- The Heraldic Eagle: The Story Behind The Bird
- International Civic Heraldry
- Pimbley's Dictionary of Heraldry – E
- QM Web (Quartermaster Museum)
- The Imperial College of Heraldry
- Russian College of Heraldry
Further reading
- Fox-Davies, A. SpecialShortpages.--> The double-headed eagle is a common symbol in Heraldry and Vexillology. C. ; A Complete Guide to Heraldry, Bloomsbury Books, London, 1985
- Puttock, Colonel A. G. ; Heraldry in Australia, Child & Associated Publishing Pty. Ltd. Frenchs Forest, 1988
- von Volborth, Carl-Alexander; Heraldry, Customs, Rules and Styles, New Orchard Editions, Poole, 1981
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