Eadweard Muybridge
Born	Edward James Muggeridge April 9, 1830(1830-04-09) Kingston upon Thames, England
Died	May 8, 1904 (aged 74) Kingston upon Thames
Burial place	Woking
Occupation	Photographer

Eadweard J. Muybridge (April 9, 1830 – May 8, 1904) was an English photographer, known primarily for his early use of multiple cameras to capture motion, and his zoopraxiscope, a device for projecting motion pictures that pre-dated the celluloid film strip that is still used today. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland This is a list of notable Photographers who already have articles A camera is a device used to capture images either as still Photographs or as sequences of moving images ( Movies or Videos. In Physics, motion means a constant change in the location of a body The zoopraxiscope is an early device for displaying motion pictures. Celluloid is the name of a class of compounds created from Nitrocellulose and Camphor, plus dyes and other agents

Contents 1 Early life and career 2 Photographing the West 3 Stanford and the galloping question 4 Murder acquittal 5 Other Works 6 Zoopraxiscope entertainer 7 Death 8 Legacy 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links

Early life and career

Muybridge was born Edward James Muggeridge at Kingston upon Thames, England. Kingston upon Thames is the principal settlement of the Royal Borough England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland He is believed to have changed his first name to match that of King Eadweard as shown on the plinth of the Kingston coronation stone, which was re-erected in Kingston in 1850. For Scotland 's Coronation Stone see Stone of Scone. For the Irish Coronation Stone see Lia Fáil. Although he didn't change his first name until the 1870s, he changed his surname to Muygridge early in his San Francisco career and then changed it again to Muybridge at the launch of his photographic career or during the missing years between. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city

In 1855 Muybridge arrived in San Francisco, starting his career as a publisher's agent and bookseller. Year 1855 ( MDCCCLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year He left San Francisco at the end of that decade, and after a stagecoach accident in which he received severe head injuries returned to England for a few years. He reappeared in San Francisco in 1866 as a photographer named Muybridge and rapidly became successful in the profession, focusing almost entirely on landscape and architectural subjects. (He is not known to have ever made a photographic portrait, though group shots by him survive. ) His photographs were sold by various photographic entrepreneurs on Montgomery Street (most notable the firm of Bradley & Rulofson), San Francisco's main commercial street, during those years. Henry William Bradley (1813–1891 was an American photographer William Herman Rulofson ( September 27 1826 – November 2 1878) was a Canadian-American Photographer, who with his partner

Photographing the West

Muybridge began to build his reputation in 1867 with photos of Yosemite and San Francisco (many of the Yosemite photographs reproduced the same scenes taken by Carleton Watkins). The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city Carleton E Watkins ( November 11, 1829 – June 23, 1916) was a noted 19th century California photographer Muybridge quickly became famous for his landscape photographs, which showed the grandeur and expansiveness of the West. The images were published under the pseudonym “Helios. ” In the summer of 1868 Muybridge was commissioned to photograph one of the U. Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap S. Army's expeditions into the recently territorialized Alaska purchase. The Alaska Purchase (otherwise known as Seward's Folly or Seward's Icebox) by the United States from the Russian Empire occurred in 1867 at the behest

In 1871 the California Geological Survey invited Muybridge to photograph for the High Sierra survey. The American bison ( Bison bison) is a Bovine Mammal, also commonly known as the American buffalo. Although it was not until 1880 that the California State Mining Bureau predecessor to the California Geological Survey, was That same year he married Flora Stone. He then spent several years traveling as a successful photographer. By 1873 the Central Pacific Railroad had advanced into Indian territory and the United States Army hired Muybridge to photograph the ensuing Modoc Wars. The Central Pacific Railroad was the California-to-Utah portion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in North America The Indian Territory, also known as The Indian Country, The Indian territory or the Indian territories, was land set aside within the United States The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. The Modoc War, or Modoc Campaign (also known as the Lava Beds War) was an armed conflict between the Native American Modoc tribe and the

Stanford and the galloping question

In 1872, former Governor of California Leland Stanford, a businessman and race-horse owner, had taken a position on a popularly-debated question of the day: whether all four of a horse's hooves left the ground at the same time during a gallop. Year 1872 ( MDCCCLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The Governor of California is the highest executive authority in the state government whose responsibilities include making annual "State of the State" addresses Amasa Leland Stanford ( March 9, 1824 June 21, 1893) was an American Tycoon, Politician and founder of This article is about the sport For other uses see Horserace (drinking game or Horse race (politics. Stanford sided with this assertion, called "unsupported transit", and took it upon himself to prove it scientifically. (Though legend also includes a wager of up to $25,000, there is no evidence of this. ) Stanford sought out Muybridge and hired him to settle the question. ^[1] Muybridge's relationship with Stanford was long and fraught, heralding both his entrance and exit from the history books.

To prove Stanford's claim, Muybridge developed a scheme for instantaneous motion picture capture. Muybridge's technology involved chemical formulas for photographic processing and an electrical trigger created by the chief engineer for the Southern Pacific Railroad, John D. Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt Photographic processing is the Industrial process by which conventional Photographic film is treated after Photographic exposure in order to produce the Isaacs. It is important to underscore Muybridge's collaboration with John D. Isaacs. The design for the trigger to set off each camera was what eluded Muybridge for so long and without Isaacs' help, Muybridge's contraption would never have come into existence.

In 1877, Muybridge settled Stanford's question with a single photographic negative showing Stanford's racehorse Occident airborne in the midst of a gallop. This negative was lost, but it survives through woodcuts made at the time.

By 1878, spurred on by Stanford to expand the experiment, Muybridge had successfully photographed a horse in fast motion using a series of twenty-four cameras. The first experience successfully took place on June 11 with the press present. Muybridge used a series of 12 stereoscopic cameras, 21 inches apart to cover the 20 feet taken by one horse stride, taking pictures at one thousandth of a second. The cameras were arranged parallel to the track, with trip-wires attached to each camera shutter triggered by the horse's hooves.

This series of photos, taken at what is now Stanford University, is called The Horse in Motion, and shows that the hooves do all leave the ground — although not with the legs fully extended forward and back, as contemporary illustrators tended to imagine, but rather at the moment when all the hooves are tucked under the horse, as it switches from "pulling" from the front legs to "pushing" from the back legs. Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in

The relationship between the mercurial Muybridge and his patron broke down in 1882 when Stanford commissioned a book called The Horse in Motion as Shown by Instantaneous Photography which omitted actual photographs by Muybridge, relying instead on drawings and engravings based on the photographs, and which gave Muybridge scant credit for his work.

The lack of photographs was likely simply due to the printing constraints of the time but Muybridge took it as a slap in the face and filed an unsuccessful law suit against Stanford. ^[1]

Murder acquittal

In 1874, still living in the San Francisco Bay Area, Muybridge discovered that his wife had a lover, a Major Harry Larkyns. Year 1874 ( MDCCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common On October 17, 1874, he sought out Larkyns; said, "Good evening, Major, my name is Muybridge and here is the answer to the letter you sent my wife"; he then killed the Major with a gunshot. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost ^[2]

Muybridge believed Larkyns to be his son's true father, although, as an adult, he bore a remarkable resemblance to Muybridge. He was put on trial for murder, but was acquitted as a "justifiable homicide. The United States' concept of justifiable homicide in Criminal law stands on the dividing line between an Excuse, justification and an Exculpation " The inquiry interrupted his horse photography experiment, but not his relationship with Stanford, who paid for his criminal defense.

An interesting aspect of Muybridge's defense was a plea of insanity due to a head injury Muybridge sustained following his stagecoach accident. Friends testified that the accident dramatically changed Muybridge's personality from genial and pleasant to unstable and erratic. Although the jury dismissed the insanity plea, it is not unlikely that Muybridge did experience emotional changes due to brain damage in the frontal cortex, often associated with traumatic head injuries (for a description of Muybridge's suggested neurological injury, see Shimamura, 2002).

After the acquittal, Muybridge left the U. S. for a time to take photographs in Central America, returning in 1877. Year 1877 ( MDCCCLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common He had his son, Florado Helios Muybridge (nicknamed "Floddie" by friends), put in an orphanage. As an adult, Floddie worked as a ranch hand and gardener. In 1944 he was hit by a car in Sacramento and did not survive his injuries. ^[3]

This episode in Muybridge's life is the subject of The Photographer, a 1982 opera by Philip Glass, with words drawn from the trial and Muybridge's letters to his wife. The Photographer is a Chamber opera by Composer Philip Glass that is based on the Homicide trial of Photographer Eadweard Muybridge Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Philip Glass (born January 31

Other Works

Several of his photographic sequences were published in 1980 as coffee-table books under the title Studies of Animal Locomotion.

Zoopraxiscope entertainer

Hoping to capitalize upon the considerable public attention those pictures drew, Muybridge invented the Zoopraxiscope, a machine similar to the Zoetrope, but that projected the images so the public could see realistic motion. The zoopraxiscope is an early device for displaying motion pictures. A zoetrope is a device that produces an illusion of action from a rapid succession of static pictures The system was, in many ways, a precursor to the development of the motion picture film. His presentations, in Europe and the United States, were widely acclaimed by both the public and specialist audiences of scientists and artists.

At the Chicago 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, Muybridge gave a series of lectures on the Science of Animal Locomotion in the Zoopraxographical Hall, built specially for that purpose in the "Midway Plaisance" arm of the exposition. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Year 1893 ( MDCCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The World's Columbian Exposition (also called The Chicago World's Fair) a World's Fair, was held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary He used his zoopraxiscope to show his moving pictures to a paying public making the Hall, the very first commercial movie theater. The zoopraxiscope is an early device for displaying motion pictures. ^[4]

At the University of Pennsylvania and the local zoo Muybridge used banks of cameras to photograph people and animals to study their movement. The models, either entirely nude or with as little clothing as a cache-sexe, were photographed in a variety of undertakings, ranging from boxing, to walking down stairs, to throwing water over one another and carrying buckets of water. Nudity is the state of wearing no Clothing. The term' "nudity" can also occasionally be used to refer to wearing significantly less clothing than expected A cache-sexe is an item often a small garment that covers its user's genitals Between 1883 and 1886 he made a total of 100,000 images, working under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania. The University of Pennsylvania (also known as Penn) is a private University located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. They were published as 781 plates comprising 20,000 of the photographs; a collection titled Animal Locomotion. ^[4] Muybridge's work stands near the beginning of the science of biomechanics and the mechanics of athletics. Biomechanics is the application of mechanical principles on living organisms

Recent scholarship has pointed to the influence of Étienne Jules de Marey on Muybridge's later work. Étienne-Jules Marey ( March 5, 1830 – May 21, 1904) was a French scientist and chronophotographer, born in Muybridge visited Marey's studio in France and saw Marey's stop-motion studies before returning to the U. S. to further his own work in the same area. However, whereas Marey's scientific achievements in the realms of cardiology and aerodynamics (as well as pioneering work in photography and chronophotography) are indisputable, Muybridge's efforts were to some degree artistic rather than scientific. As Muybridge himself explained, in some of his published sequences he substituted images where exposures failed, in order to illustrate a representative movement (rather than producing a strictly scientific recording of a particular sequence). Also, his creation of images of nude women in all manner of poses seems rooted in prurient rather than scientific impulses.

Similar setups of carefully timed multiple cameras are used in modern special effects photography with the opposite goal: capturing changing camera angles with little or no movement of the subject. Bullet time (or bullet-time) is a computer enhanced simulation of variable speed (ie The illusions used in the Film, Television, Theater, or Entertainment industries to simulate the imagined events in a story are traditionally called Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing

Death

Eadweard Muybridge returned to his native England in 1894, published two further, popular books of his work, and died on May 8, 1904 in Kingston upon Thames while living at the home of his cousin Catherine Smith, Park View, 2 Liverpool Road. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on Kingston upon Thames is the principal settlement of the Royal Borough The house has a British Film Institute commemorative plaque on the outside wall. The British Film Institute ( BFI) is a charitable organisation established by Royal Charter to encourage the development of the arts of film television Muybridge was cremated and his ashes interred at Woking.

Legacy

In 1985 the music video for Larry Gowan's single "(You're A) Strange Animal" prominently featured animation rotoscoped from Muybridge's work. Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) A music video is a Short film or video that accompanies a complete piece of music most commonly a Song with lyrics Lawrence Gowan (born November 22, 1956) is a Canadian musician Rotoscoping is an Animation technique in which Animators trace over live-action film movement frame by frame for use in Animated films Originally In 1986 in the John Farnham music video for the song Pressure Down the galloping horse sequence is used in the background. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) John Peter Farnham, AO (born July 1, 1949) is a British-born Australian pop Singer. In 1993, U2 made a video to their song "Lemon" into a tribute to Muybridge's techniques. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) " Lemon " is the fourth song and second single from U2 's 1993 album Zooropa. In 2004, the electronic music group The Crystal Method made a music video to their song "Born Too Slow" which was based on Muybridge's work, including a man walking in front of a background grid. The Crystal Method is an American Electronic music duo consisting of Ken Jordan and Scott Kirkland

A documentary of his life and work, titled Eadweard Muybridge, Zoopraxographer was made by filmmaker Thom Andersen, in 1974. Thom Andersen (born 1943 Chicago) is a filmmaker film critic and teacher

Composer Philip Glass's 1982 opera The Photographer is based on Muybridge's murder trial, the libretto including text from the transcript. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Philip Glass (born January 31 The Photographer is a Chamber opera by Composer Philip Glass that is based on the Homicide trial of Photographer Eadweard Muybridge A promotional music video of an excerpt of the opera dramatized the murder and trial and included a considerable number of Muybridge images.

In the summer of 2004, during the Summer Olympic Games which were held in Greece, the Boston Museum of Fine Arts housed an exhibition highlighting ancient Greece and included 2 of Muybridge's photograph plates hanging next to more modern representations of athletes as part of the exhibit. The Summer Olympic Games or the Games of the Olympiad are an International Multi-sport event, usually quadrennial organised by the International The Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts, is one of the largest museums in the United States attracting over one million visitors a year

Kingston University, London, UK has a building named in recognition of his work as one of Britains most influential photographers. Carola Unterberger-Probst (born 9 May 1978 in Salzburg) aka ' or Carola Unterberger', is an internationally known Austrian Kingston University is a University in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames, south-west London.

Influenced:

• John Gaeta - The basic principles of Muybridge's photography were redirected to create the "bullet time" slow-motion film technique seen in The Matrix. John Gaeta (born c 1968 is an academy award winning Visual effects designer best known for his work on the ''Matrix'' film trilogy and Speed Racer where Bullet time (or bullet-time) is a computer enhanced simulation of variable speed (ie The Matrix is a 1999 science fiction - martial arts - Action film written and directed by Larry and Andy Wachowski and
• Étienne-Jules Marey - recorded first series of live action with a single camera
• Thomas Eakins - an artist who worked with and continued Muybridge's motion studies and incorporated the findings into his own artwork
• Thomas Edison - owns patent for motion picture camera
• William Dickson - credited as inventor of motion picture camera
• Marcel Duchamp - see Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2
• Animators and artists still use Muybridge's work as a reference

References

Further reading

• Arthur P. Shimamura. Muybridge in Motion: Travels in Art, Psychology, and Neurology, 2002, History of Photography, Volume 26, Number 4, 341-350.
• Rebecca Solnit. River of Shadows: Eadweard Muybridge and the Technological Wild West, 2003 ISBN 0-670-03176-3.

External links

• Eadweard Muybridge at Encyclopædia Britannica
• Eadweard Muybridge at Who's Who of Victorian Cinema
• Muybridge Chronology Muybridge Lifetime Chronology,Comparative Timeline and Blog. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc Who's Who of Victorian Cinema is a reference work on film pioneers by Stephen Herbert and Luke McKernan
• 3D computer graphic version of "The Horse In Motion" study using motion capture technology
• Tesseract 20 Min experimental film telling the story of Eadweard Muybridge's obsession with time and its image at the turn of the century.
• Animation made of the first moving pictures in film history by Carola Unterberger-Probst
• Burns, Paul. The History of the Discovery of Cinematography An Illustrated Chronology
• 1872, Yosemite American Indian Life Muybridge was one of the most prolific photographers of early Yosemite American Indian life.
• Selected items from the Eadweard Muybridge Collection, University Archives and Record Center, University of Pennsylvania
• Link to The Muybridge Collection at Kingston Museum, Kingston Upon Thames, Surrey. Kingston upon Thames is the principal settlement of the Royal Borough
• The University of South Florida Tampa Library's Special Collections Department retains copies of Muybridge's 11-volume Animal Locomotion Studies and similar publications by E.-J. Marey
• Website for the Film: Freezing Time on the life of Muybridge directed by Andy Serkis and written by Keith Stern. Andy Serkis (born 20 April, 1964) is an English Actor, director and Author. Keith Alan Stern (Born in New London Connecticut, US on September 1, 1952) has produced some of the most popular biographical websites
• "The Horse In Motion" made with online animation tool.
• Eadweard Muybridge. Photography. Victoria and Albert Museum. The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A) in London is the world's largest museum of decorative arts and design housing a permanent collection Retrieved on 2007-11-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare
• Eadweard Muybridge stereoscopic photographs of the Modoc War, via Calisphere, California Digital Library

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